Kuzindikira mmene mayanjano a boma akukhalira ofunika kuti mumvetsetse bwino ntchito yopanga malamulo ndi kuyendetsa boma. Federal, boma, ndi maboma a m'dziko lililonse ali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi udindo, koma mayiko amene ali ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana amapangitsa mgwirizano wovuta ndi kusagwirizana. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza kugwirizana kwa mayanjano, kusagwirizana, kusokonezeka, ndi njira zotsimikizirika zimene zimalongosola mphamvu za boma, kutengera pa zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko ndi madongosolo a boma okhazikitsidwa.

Mmene Boma Linasinthira

Maiko ambiri okhala ndi dongosolo la boma lolinganiza mampambo atatu: dziko (lokhala), chigawo (chigawo kapena chigawo), ndi malo akwawo (m’dziko kapena m’chigawo). Mlingo uliwonse umachokera ku malamulo a malamulo kapena malamulo amene amandandalika ntchito zenizeni, mphamvu zosonkhetsa misonkho, ndi malo a kulamulira.

Boma la Federal

Chigawo cha boma chimasamalira nkhani za dziko: chitetezo cha dziko, lamulo lakunja, malonda a dziko, kusamuka, malamulo a ndalama, ndi msonkho wa boma. Imakhazikitsanso miyezo yotakata ya madera onga ngati chitetezo cha malo, ufulu wa anthu, ndi thanzi la anthu. Mabungwe a Federal, onga U.S. ul Web ya boma yoyang'anira dziko, imayendetsa maprogramu amene amakhudza nzika m'dziko lonselo.

Boma

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchedwa "ulamuliro wa boma" . ndi ulamuliro wa kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa onse m'malire awo. Mathayo a boma amaphatikizapo maphunziro a boma (K-12 ndi maphunziro apamwamba), makwalala a boma, kukhazikitsa ntchito, kukhazikitsa malamulo aupandu, ndi kuyang'anira maprogramu a boma onga Medicaid. Malamulo a boma, akazembe, ndi makhoti amamasulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo.

Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma akomweko ndi zolengedwa za boma, zimene zimachokera ku malamulo a boma kapena malamulo. Amayendetsa ntchito zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: malo ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito, misewu ya kumaloko, madzi ndi zinyalala, apolisi ndi zinyalala, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, mapaki, ndi malaibulale. Matauni, matauni, madera a sukulu, ndi madera apadera (m’chingale, akuluakulu a misewu) aliyense wafotokoza malire ndi ntchito zake.

Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu: Federalism ndi Intergovernment Relations

Asayansi andale amalongosola maunansi a boma kupyolera m'malensi a chipani cha boma. Universitys [layer-cake] imayerekezera magawo opatukana ndi osiyana a ulamuliro. Upanikizi [1] [[FLT]] (kapeni yogwirizana)] (kachipangizo kamodzi) imawona mathayo otsagana ndi ndalama zogawiridwa. Chigwirizano chatsopano cha boma [ chimayesa kubwerera ku maulamuliro kupyolera ndi devotion. Kumvetsa zitsanzo zimenezi kumathandizira chifukwa chake kugwirizana ndi kulimbana zonse ziŵiri n’zopanga m’dongosolo.

M’zochitika, ulamuliro wamakono wochuluka umagwira ntchito pansi pa mgwirizano wa boma. Federal imapatsa ndalama zaumoyo ndi mikhalidwe ina, ndipo zopinga zimapatsa mosinthasintha kwambiri . Kupanga kugwirizana kwa zachuma komwe kumagwirizanitsa mlingo umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, . Utumiki wa Kufufuza kwa Pansi nthaŵi zonse umapereka kuti boma ndi maboma akuthandiza kupitirira $700,000,000 pachaka, kuphimba madera onga kayendedwe, maphunziro, ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Maboma

Ngakhale kuti pali kuthekera kwa kukangana, kugwirizana ndiko mwambo m’nkhani zambiri za malamulo. Kusinthana kumachokera pa zolinga zofanana, zilamuliro zalamulo, kapena kudalirana kwa onse. Pansipa pali mbali zazikulu zimene kugwirizana kwa boma kuli kowonekera kwambiri.

Kusamalira Zamsanga ndi Kulabadira Ngozi

Masoka achilengedwe salemekeza malire a dziko. Stafford Act ku United States imakhazikitsa dongosolo la chithandizo cha boma pamene boma ndi chuma chakumeneko zagonjetsedwa. FEMA imagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe a boma oyang’anira zangozi, amenenso amagwira ntchito ndi anthu oyamba kuyankha. Kuyankha kwa mphepo ya Hurricane Harvey mu 2017 kunasonyeza kugwirizana kothandiza kwambiri: Kuthawa kwa boma, boma loteteza a National Guard Computements, ndi maprogramu a boma ndi kukonzanso zinthu zowonongeka zochitidwa ku tandem.

Matenda a Umoyo Wapoyera

Mliri wa Covid ndi 19 woyesedwa pakati pa boma pa mlingo wosayerekezereka. Mabungwe a Federal onga CDC anapereka chitsogozo ndi kugaŵira mankhwala ndi ndalama. Maboma adagwiritsira ntchito ma locking, madongosolo a kupima, ndi maakatemera. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dziko anachita kujambula ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. Madongosolo a Cooperated onga ngati Public Health Emergency Limblenency (PEP) kugwirizana kogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa boma ndi makampani a zaumoyo a m'dzikolo. Komabe, mliri woukiranso unavumbula kulephera kwa kagwirizanidwe kake, ndipo unasonyeza mmene mgwirizano ungagwere mofulumira pansi pa chitsenderezo cha ndale.

Kusunga Ndalama

Malo aakulu a zamaziko . . . . . . . . . . kuphatikiza pa Infraclactive Investicement ndi Jobs Act. Mabungwe a boma a za Transport, amene kenaka amagwirizana ndi maboma. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingagwiritsire ntchito ndalama za boma kukulitsa msewu, pamene mzindawo ukuyang'anira njira zoyendera ndi zizindikiro za pamsewu. Maprojekiti ameneŵa amafunika kukambirana kwa nthaŵi zonse kuti apeŵe kuchedwa ndi kukwera mtengo kwa makampani.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndi dzikolo, koma boma limachita mbali yaikulu mwa kupereka ndalama ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. M'chaka cha 2015, Students Reefeds Act (ESA) inalowa mmalo mwa Kupanda Mwana Wosiidwa, kupatsa kulolera kwinaku akuyang'anira boma ndi kuyesa. Maboma amapanga mapulani awoawo a kuwongolera sukulu, zimene ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya U. Maboma a m'dziko a ku United States amagwiritsa ntchito mapulaniwo, kulemba aphunzitsi, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Njira imeneyi imafunikira kukakamiza kwa Implicy , boma limalimbikira kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kuchirikiza chuma cha dziko la U.

Kulimbana Pakati pa Maboma

Pamene maudindo akufika poipa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, mikangano ingabuke pa ulamuliro wa boma, ndalama, ziphunzitso zandale, kapena kungofotokoza zolinga zosiyana.

Mikangano Yosonkhezera

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, Supremacy Claus ya Konsichushoni imapatsa lamulo la boma malo oyamba. Koma nthaŵi zina amatsutsa malamulo a boma amene amawawona kukhala ochenjerera. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a malo okhala . Monga ngati Cooc Water Act kapena steas mes mes . . Maboma angaperekenso malamulo amene amatsutsa mwachindunji malamulo a boma, monga malamulo a m'mizinda yopatulika amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma loletsa anthu kuloŵa m’dziko. Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imeneyi imathera m'makhoti a boma, zimene ziyenera kusankha ngati lamulo la boma lachotsedwa.

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana ndi Kuthetsa Mavuto

Boma la boma nthaŵi zambiri limakhazikitsa zofunika pa maboma ndi madera popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira . Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Chikalata cha ID (Kufuna kuwonjezera miyezo ya laisensi ya dalaivala), ADA (A America Okhala ndi Chilango Chopunduka), ndi mbali za Child Lend Bend Act . Boma ndi atsogoleri a kumaloko amatsutsa kuti malamulo otero amapondereza bajeti yawo ndi kuchepetsa kulolera. Chikalata cha Mandadaipedis Reform Act cha 1995 chinayesa kuletsa kachitidweka, koma mikangano ikupitirizabe.

Kusagwirizana kwa Zifukwa ndi Magaŵano

Kugaŵanitsa ndale zadziko kwakulitsa nkhondo pakati pa boma. Maboma olamuliridwa ndi chipani china kuposa boma la boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakana zoyesayesa za boma kupyolera m'milandu, kukana kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu, kapena kutsata kwa "nulliation" zigamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zitokoso za boma ku Affordble Care Act Medicaid Act ya Medicaid, Kukula kwa Power Plan, ndi Chivovice , ndi Chivovovanijaniji. Koma pamene boma ligwirizana kwambiri ndi malo ena a boma, kugwirizana kumakhala kosavuta. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene maunansi a maofesi a boma sangokhala chabe alamulo koma andale.

Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo Zapanthaŵi Yake

Pambali imodzi ya lamulo, milingo yambiri ya boma inganene kuti ndi yaulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo losungitsa limaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma (FBI, DEA, ATF), apolisi a boma, ndi madipatimenti a apolisi a kumaloko. Magulu a ntchito amodzi alipo, koma nkhondo zamphamvu pa utsogoleri, chuma, ndi ngongole zingafooketse. Mofananamo, muuyang'aniro wa dziko, mabungwe a boma onga Bureau of Land Management kulamulira matrakiti aakulu, pamene maboma akulamulira maiko ndi maboma akuno amakakamiza kukhazikitsa [1] Kulimbana pa kubweretsa chuma, kusungidwa, ndi chitukuko.

Kupenda Mlandu wa Kugwirizana ndi Kukangana

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zikutithandiza kuzindikira zinthu zazikulu zimene tafotokoza pamwambapa.

Kupenda 1: Mphepo Katrina (2005) Kulephera ndi Phunziro

Mphepo Katrina imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala kusweka kwa kugwirizanitsa kwa boma. Boma la boma (FEMA) linachedwa kuyankha, akuluakulu a boma (Louisiana) ndi atsogoleri a dziko (New Orleans) anali ndi malamulo otsutsana otha kusamuka, ndipo kulephera kwa kulankhulana kunapangitsa kuti achedwe kuyesayesa kwa kupulumutsa. Zotsatirapo zinapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu: Mapangano a Prester-Katrina Emergency Management Reformation Act a 2006 analimbitsa ntchito ya FEMA, ndi malamulo atsopano operekera malamulo ndi ogwirizana. Mafunde oyendera mphepo , Sandy, Savelvrey, adasonyeza kuwongolera zinthu zazikulu pothandizana ndi mavuto omwe adakalipo.

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Kulembetsa Mwalamulo – Ntchito Yalamulo

Pa 2025, maboma ambiri alola mankhwala ndi chamba, komabe lamulo la boma limaikabe chida chachimuna monga ndandanda yanga yolamulira. Kulimbana kumeneku kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo kwa mabizinesi, mabanki, ndi ogula. Boma lagwiritsira ntchito loweruza loimira boma . Lea Cole Metrindandum ndi chitsogozo chotsatira chingachititse chipwirikiti chimene chimafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo m'maiko omwe amayenderana ndi mikhalidwe ina. Komabe, mkanganowo umapitirizabe: nyumba zolandiriramo anthu a boma sizingagwiritsire ntchito mabizinesi a boma, ndipo antchito angayang'anizane ndi mlandu wa boma. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza bwino mmene maluwa a malamulo pamilingo osiyanasiyana angayambire chipwirikiti chimene chimafuna kuti malamulo ayendetse kapena kuti apitirizebe kulolera.

Kuphunzira za M’tsogolo 3: Kukula kwa Madesiki M’manja mwa ASA

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inalingalira za kufutukuka kwa Medicaid m'dziko lonselo, yochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi boma. Pamene khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti maboma sangakakamizidwe kufutukuka, kugawidwa kunabuka: maboma ambiri anafutukuka, koma angapo (makamakamaka ku South) anakana. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku malo operekera malipo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu achikulire ayambe kukambirana m'mayiko osakhala a boma la boma la boma la boma la boma ndi apange mikangano yosakhazikika. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, maboma ena osungidwa anafutukulidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kusintha kapena kukambirana kwa ndale. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene zisonkhetso za za zachuma zingasonkhetse kugwirizana koma mmene boma ndi kuukira kwa ndale zadziko.

Njira Zothetsera Mikangano ndi Kusonkhezera Chigwirizano

Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwachibadwa m’maunansi a boma, mabungwe ndi njira zakula kuti zithetse zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana ndi mikangano.

Misonkhano ndi Mabungwe Ogwirizana a Boma

Nyumba zoyendera nthawi zonse zimasonkhanitsa akuluakulu a boma ochokera m'mbali zonse. Bungwe la National Guergent Association of Cities, National League of Cities, ndi National Association of Counies zimathandiza kukambirana ndi kukopa. Bungwe la Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), ngakhale kuti linasiya ntchito, lomwe linkapezekapo pofufuza ndi kuvomereza. Masiku ano, mabungwe a boma amachititsa mapulogalamu omvetsera ndi kupatsa makampani kuti agwirizane ndi boma ndi anzawo a m’dzikolo.

Zopangira ndi Zida Zopangira Zinthu

Malo othandizira adakali chipangizo chachikulu chothandizira kugwirizana. Malo operekera ndalama [1] (zogwirizana ndi zolinga zina) amapereka ulamuliro wa boma, pamene chiwiya chopatsa ndalama (zifuno zokhala ndi zingwe zochepa]) zimapereka kusinthika kwa boma. Kugaŵana [[FT:5], ngakhale kuti masiku ano n’kosapezeka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1970. Wairs [FLT:] imalola kuti ayese ndi njira zina zoyendera mapulogalamu a dziko (g., MEDIC], kapena njira zoperekera ntchito zina zoyendetsera ntchito. Zidamasinthasintha zimenezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zida zogwirizana ndi kukambirananso monga mmene zikanachitira.

Kutsutsa ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Pamene kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko kwalephera, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amathetsa mikangano ya boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likulongosola kaŵirikaŵiri malire a mphamvu ya boma ndi boma . Mwachitsanzo, mu Printz v. United States (1997) kuswa lamulo la boma limene linalamula lamulo loletsa kuyang'anira malamulo a boma kuyang'ana malo akumbuyo, ndipo mu NFIB v. Selius [1] (20:2) amachepetsa mphamvu ya boma kukakamiza chivomerezo cha Médid. Litigtion ndi yokwera mtengo ndi nthaŵi, koma imapereka chigamulo pamene kugwirizana kumaoneka kukhala kosatheka.

Magulu a Ntchito ndi Mapangano Ogwirizana

Pofuna kukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, maboma osiyanasiyana amapanga mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs) amaphatikiza FBI ndi boma ndi malamulo a m'deralo. Mofananamo, mayiko osiyanasiyana monga Regional Greenhouse Gas Initive (RGGI) amagwirizana pakati pa mayiko, ndi kulimbikitsana. Mabungwewa angapeze zotsatira zimene palibe mlingo uliwonse umene ungakwaniritse paokha.

Kulinganiza Zochita ndi Umodzi: Chida Chomera

Mkangano waukulu m’dongosolo lirilonse la boma uli pakati pa chikhumbo cha kudziimira kwa dziko ndi kufunika kwa umodzi wa dziko. Maboma akutsutsa kuti iwo ali oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndi zosoŵa za chitaganya. Maboma amanena kuti iwo ali malaboratori a demokrase, kuyesa malamulo a dziko lonse asanapite. Bomalo limanenetsa kuti miyezo ya umodzi njofunika kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu, chipambano chachuma, ndi chisungiko cha dziko.

Kulinganiza bwino sikusinthasintha; kumasintha ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi kakhalidwe ka zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe linasintha mphamvu ya boma kuti lichotse malamulo a boma. Komabe, kusintha kwa ufulu wa 1996 wochotsedwa kubwerera ku boma. Lerolino, mikangano pa malamulo a zanyengo, ufulu wosankha, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo imapitirizabe kuyesa kulinganiza kumeneku. Chiyeneretso chogwira mtima kwambiri chimachitika pamene mlingo uliwonse ulemekeza ntchito ndi ntchito zalamulo za ena m’malo monyalanyaza ulamuliro wake wa malamulo a boma.

Kumaliza

Mmene milingo ya boma imagwirira ntchito pamodzi iri nkhani ya zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana ndi kulimbana, zolinga zogwirizana ndi kupikisana. Makonzedwe a boma, boma, ndi maboma akumaloko amayambitsa kusagwirizana kosapeŵeka, komanso kutheketsa kusinthika ndi kusintha. Unansi wa boma umafunikira kulankhulana koonekeratu, kulemekezana, ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu zothetsera kusiyana kwake. Mwa kuphunzira njira za kugwirizana ndi kusemphana maganizo ndi kutsutsana kwa dala ndi kuchititsa anthu kukhala ogwirizana bwino lomwe.