Kumvetsa Zipilala Zitatu za Ulamuliro

Tsiku lililonse, nzika zimachita zinthu ndi mautumiki a boma, kuyambira kumwa madzi oyera ndi kuyendetsa galimoto pa misewu yotetezereka kufikira pakulandira makalata ndi kukhoma misonkho. Komabe anthu ambiri amavutika kumvetsetsa [[FLT: 0] mlingo wa boma ndilo limachititsa. Chotsogolerachi chimalongosola bwino lomwe ntchito za boma, boma, ndi maboma akumaloko, kulongosola mmene mlingo uliwonse umayambukirira moyo wanu ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi kupanga chitaganya chokhazikika.

Kudziŵa kuti ndiwe uti amene angakupatseni mlandu . Ndinu amene mufunika kugwirizana kwambiri ndi oimira anu ndi ochirikiza kusintha. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, wovota watsopano, kapena munthu amene akufuna kudziŵa bwino za moyo wa anthu, mfundo yofutukulidwa imeneyi idzakupatsani chithunzi chabwino cha mmene mphamvu ndi udindo zimagawidwira.

Kodi Boma Limatsogolera Pati?

Maiko ambiri a demokrase, kuphatikizapo United States, amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma . Dongosolo limeneli limagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma a chigawo chaching'ono. Mu U.S., milingo itatu yaikulu ndi:

  • Faderal (m'dziko) [1] – liwongo la zinthu zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse.
  • State – imasamalira nkhani zolunjika ku maboma 50.
  • malo a malo amodzi – amalamulira mizinda, magawo, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera.

Mlingo uliwonse umachokera ku malamulo kapena chikalata. Malamulo a U.S. amapereka mphamvu zina ku boma la boma (m’chitsanzo, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo), pamene akusunga zina kaamba ka maboma (m’jere, kuchititsa masankho, kuyang'anira malonda a zamalonda a dziko). Maboma a kumaloko, amapangidwa ndi maboma a boma ndipo amakhala ndi ufulu wochepa.

Malo ozungulira amenewa amateteza chinthu chimodzi kuti chisakhale champhamvu kwambiri ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti anthu amene akukhudzidwa ndi zinthuzo apanga zosankha zawo. Komabe, zimapangitsanso kuti misewu ikhale yovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya misewu ingakhale yopereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ndi kuyang’anira deralo.

Boma Ladziko: Udindo wa M’dzikolo

Boma lapadera limakhala pamwamba pa atsogoleri apamwamba. Ndilo ulamuliro wapamwamba koposa m'dziko ndi malamulo ake mwachisawawa amaloŵa mmalo boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko (pansi pa Supremacy Claus wa U.S. Constitution). Boma la boma liri ndi nthambi zitatu: lamulo (Conal Conferne), mkulu (Prezidenti ndi mabungwe), ndi khoti lamilandu (makhoti alamulo).

Udindo wa Boma la Federal

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Boma la boma limasunga magulu ankhondo, mapangano, limaimira dziko m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse, ndi kufalitsa mapasipoti . Ndilo mlingo wokha umene ungalengeze nkhondo kapena kuchita nawo nkhondo.
  • Commission Commerce and Economic Policy: Congress imayang'anira malonda pakati pa maboma ndi mitundu yachilendo. Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda imayang'anira mapangano a malonda apadziko lonse, pamene Federal Reserve imayang'anira njira za ndalama kuletsa kukwera kwa mitengo ndi ntchito.
  • Sacial Security and Medicare : Maprogramu a boma ameneŵa amapereka ndalama ndi inshuwalansi ya thanzi kwa opuma pantchito, anthu olumala, ndi ena. Amalipiritsidwa ndi misonkho ya pepala yosonkhanitsidwa m'dziko lonse.
  • Environmental Protection : The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi, kutaya zinyalala zaupandu, ndi kusungika kwa makemikolo. Maboma angatsatire miyezo yolimba kwambiri, koma lamulo la boma limapereka maziko.
  • Ufulu wa kusamutsidwa ndi kugaŵidwa: malamulo a Federal monga Civil Rights Act imaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, chipembedzo, ndi kulemala. Boma la boma limalamuliranso malamulo a za kusamukira, kukonza chilengedwe, ndi chisungiko chamalire.

Udindo wina waukulu woiŵalidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi [[FL:0] ndalama zothandizira kufufuza ndi kupita patsogolo . Ntchito zonga National Institutes of Health (NIH) ndi National Science Foundation (NSF) imaloŵetsa mabiliyoni m'kufufuza kwa sayansi ndi zamankhwala kumene kumapindulitsa dziko lonse.

Kaamba ka kusweka kwa tsatanetsatane kwa maulamuliro a boma, kujambula kwa White House kwa boma la U.S. kuli chiyambi chabwino koposa.

Mmene Boma la Federal Limakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Pamene mutumiza kalata, United States Postal Service .a kampani ya boma imaipereka. Pamene mudya chakudya, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imatsimikizira chisungiko chake. Pamene muyendetsa galimoto pamsewu wapakati pa chigawo cha dziko, ndalama za boma zinathandizira kumanga. Ngakhale foni yanu imadalira pa kugawidwa ndi boma ndi Federal Communies Commissions (FCCC). Boma la boma limakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono, ngakhale kuti kukhalapo kwake kungamve kukhala kutali.

Boma: Mabungwe a Demokalase

Maboma akugwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma koma ali ndi ufulu waukulu. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, kazembe, kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, ndi kayendetsedwe ka mabwalo a milandu. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa " Mabungwe a democracy" chifukwa chakuti angayesetse malamulo a zaumoyo (monga ngati kusintha kwa zaumoyo, miyezo ya maphunziro, ndi malamulo a malo okhala) asanavomerezedwe m’dzikolo.

Udindo wa Boma

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: United States amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, sukulu za boma zopereka ndalama K-12 (kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa misonkho ya boma ndi ya malo), ndi kuyang'anira mayunivesite a anthu onse. Iwo amayesanso ndi kuphunzitsa.
  • Kusintha: [[FT:1] Madipatimenti a Boma a zoyendera osamalira misewu ya boma, maulalo, ndi madongosolo a zaulendo. Amayang'aniranso kutumiza dalaivala ndi kulembetsa galimoto.
  • Kusamalira ndi Umoyo wa Anthu: [[FLT :1] United States imagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a Medicaid (ndi ndalama za boma), kuyang'anira zipatala ndi inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kuyendetsa ndawala za umoyo wa anthu. Maboma amasunganso kulembetsa kwa kubadwa, imfa, maukwati, ndi zisudzulo.
  • Public Safety and Criminal Justice: Apolisi a boma olondera misewu ndi madera akumidzi; makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu ndi yachiŵeniŵeni. Ndende za boma zopereka mlandu wa milandu yaupandu, pamene makomiti a boma amamasula zosankha.
  • Kusintha ndi Kulinganiza Malamulo: Madziko akusonkhanitsa misonkho ya malipiro, misonkho ya malonda, ndi zoikizira zina. Amagawira ndalama za maphunziro, za zamwambo, mautumiki a kakhalidwe, ndi zina zambiri. Ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaposa mabiliyoni a madola pachaka.
  • Kusankha ndi Kumasulira: United States amakhazikitsa malamulo a chisankho (ndi zitsogozo za boma), kujambula malire a chigawo cha msonkhano ndi malamulo (kukonzanso), ndi kuyendetsa masankho a boma, boma, ndi maofesi a kumaloko.

Chifukwa chakuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu yolamulira thanzi ndi chisungiko m’malire awo, angapange malamulo pa nkhani monga kuletsa mfuti, kuchotsa mimba, kuletsa chamba, ndi machiritso osayenera amene amasiyana mokulira kuchokera ku boma limodzi kupita ku lina.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kubwezeretsa Malo Okhala Otsika

California, mwachitsanzo, ili ndi bungwe lake la malo okhala (CELAPA) ndipo imakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima ya kutulutsa galimoto kuposa boma la boma. Mayiko ena angatsatire miyezo ya California kapena kugwirizana ndi zofuna za boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa maboma kusinthana ndi malamulo a malo oyamba akwawo.

Boma Lakumene Mumakhala ndi Kugwira Ntchito

Maboma a kumaloko ndi oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chisonkhezero chachindunji kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Amaphatikizapo mizinda, mizinda, matauni, midzi, ndi zigawo zapadera (monga mapulatifomu a sukulu, maulamuliro a madzi, ndi madera a malaibulale). Maboma a kumaloko amapeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, ndipo amatsogozedwa ndi bwanamkubwa wa mzinda kapena bungwe, bungwe la mzinda kapena chigawo, ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana.

Udindo wa Boma Lakumeneko

  • Ntchito za Public ndi Unitials: maboma a kumaloko amapereka madzi oyera akumwa, mankhwala ochotsera zimbudzi, zosungira zinyalala, ndi magetsi a m’khwalala.
  • Lamulo la kumaloko: Madipatimenti a apolisi olondera madera, kuchitapo kanthu pa ngozi, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a kumaloko. Madipatimenti a moto amasamalira moto, zachipatala, ndi ntchito zopulumutsa.
  • Kumanga ndi Dziko Likugwiritsiridwa ntchito: Makampani akumalo amasankha kumene nyumba, mabizinesi, ndi mafakitale angamangidwe. Amalamulira malamulo omanga, ukulu wa magalimoto, ndi katundu kugwiritsa ntchito [1] Kuipitsa mkhalidwe wa malo okhala.
  • Mapiri, Zosangulutsa, ndi Malaibulale: Matauni ndi malo oŵerengera akugwira ntchito m'mapaki a onse, malo a anthu, maiwe osambira, ndi malaibulale. Makhalidwe ameneŵa amawonjezera moyo ndipo amachirikizidwa makamaka ndi misonkho ndi ndalama za katundu za kumaloko.
  • Kuphunzitsa (Magawo a SS): [[FLT ] Ngakhale kuti boma limakhazikitsa malamulo, ma pulatifomu a sukulu akugwira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za sukulu za boma: kubwereka aphunzitsi, kuvomereza, ndi kukonza malo. Makomiti a sukulu amasankhidwa ndi nzika za kumaloko.
  • Zosankha za Kumalo a Ukwati ndi Chikalata: Akalaliki a County amayang'anira kulembetsa kwa voti, kuchititsa voti, ndi kusunga zolembera za katundu, laisensi ya ukwati, ndi zilolezo za malonda.

M'mayiko ambiri, maboma a m'dziko alinso ndi mphamvu ya boma [1] (-"FLT:1]) [1] ulamuliro wokhazikitsa malamulo a thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, ndi ubwino wa moyo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo a phokoso, lash, kuchotsa chipale chofeŵa, ndi kutsatsa malonda.

Chitsanzo Chenicheni cha Dziko: Chiboo pa Main Street

Tangolingalirani kuti pali chiboo pa Main Street. Ngati Main Street ndi msewu wa mzinda, dipatimenti ya boma ya mzinda idzaikonza. Ngati ndi msewu wa boma, dipatimenti ya boma ya zoyendera imene imaisamalira. Ngati ndi msewu wapakati, boma la boma (Federal Highway Administration) limapereka ndalama, koma boma limayang'anira kukonza. Kumvetsa mlingo wa msewu kumathandiza nzika kuyendetsa madandaulo awo [1] ndi zimene iwo amasankha kuchita.

Mmene Boma Limathandizira

Palibe mlingo umene umagwira ntchito paokha. Oyambitsa anapanga dongosolo la mphamvu [[FLT: 0] zogaŵikana ndi zoyanjana zimene zimafuna kugwirizana / ndipo nthaŵi zina nkhondo.

Njira Zothandiza Kwambiri

  • Antrects-in-Aid: Boma la boma limapereka ndalama ku maboma ndi madera kaamba ka zolinga zakutizakuti: kumanga makwalala, kusintha maphunziro (m’chitsanzo,, Umutwe Ini kuthandizira pa sukulu zolandira zotsika), maprogramu a zaumoyo (m’m., Médicaid), ndi tsoka. Ndalama zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe (milongo yomangilira) ya boma limenelo.
  • Malamulo: Boma la boma lingafune maboma kutsata malamulo ena, monga ngati miyezo ya malo okhala kapena zofunika za kupezeka pansi pa Aamereka ndi Chiletso. Nthaŵi zina malamulo ameneŵa amalipiritsidwa; nthaŵi zina sawavomereza.
  • Mabungwe a Interstate: [[FT:1] United States amapangana ndi wina ndi mnzake , mwachitsanzo, kuti agaŵane ufulu wa madzi, kuyang'anira maulamuliro a m'deralo, kapena kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za kumenyana. Mabungwe ameneŵa amafuna chilolezo cha msonkhano.
  • Kupululidwa: Pamene lamulo la boma linyalanyaza mwachindunji boma kapena lamulo lakwawoko [1] Monga ngati m'kusungitsa anthu kusamutsidwa kapena kutaya zonyansa zangozi kumachitika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, malamulo a boma angachotse malamulo a kumaloko (m’jere, boma loletsa ziletso za pulasitiki).
  • Maprogramu ambiri amakono a [1] Amaphatikizapo masiteshoni onse atatu. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ikufuna mabungwe a boma kupenda kuwonongeka kwa malo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi boma ndi mabungwe a komweko. Kuyankha ku tsoka lachilengedwe monga mphepo ya Katrina kapena mliri wonga CHOVID-19 kumasonyeza kufunika kwa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu [1] ndi zimene zimachitika pamene ziwonongeka.

Onani ndi Kulinganiza Malo

Chifukwa chakuti mphamvu imatha, nzika zili ndi njira zambiri zothandizira. Ngati simukonda lamulo la boma, mungasonkhezere chiŵalo chanu cha Congress. Ngati lamulo la boma silikugwira ntchito, mungatha kuthamangira ku nyumba yovomerezeka ya boma kapena kuchirikiza kutsogolera kwa bungwe la boma. Kumaloko, kupezeka pa msonkhano wa bungwe la mzinda kapena kumvetsera kwa bungwe la sukulu kungatulutse zotsatirapo. Kupezeka kwa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri kumeneku kuli chimodzi cha mphamvu zazikulu za boma.

Kumvetsa Mfundo za Boma N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kudziwa mlingo umene mukupitako kungakuthandizeni:

  • Mwini magetsi. Mungayeze oyembekezera ozikidwa pa mphamvu zenizeni za ofesi imene akufuna. Wokaloŵa msonkhano wa mzinda sangasinthe lamulo la boma la kusamuka, ndipo woyendetsa wa United States sangathe kukonza chiboo cha kumaloko.
  • Kuthetsa mavuto mofulumira. Kuyang'anizana ndi dandaulo la phokoso la mnansi? Apolisi akomweko kapena malamulo a tauni yosungidwa. Osati bwanamkubwa wa lamulo latsopano la boma? Nthumwi yanu mu Congress ndiyo kukambitsirana kolondola.
  • akuluakulu a boma akakhala ndi mlandu. Ngati boma lilephera kupereka maphunziro mokwanira, mumadziŵa amene ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu [1] ndi amene angavote. Ngati boma la boma linyalanyaza chitetezo cha dziko, pulezidenti ndi Congress ali ndi mlandu.
  • Kusintha m'zamalonda. Mungaike chikole chanu pamlingo woyenera: kukakamiza masinthidwe akuno kukonza malo kuti alimbikitse nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, ochirikiza malamulo a mkhalidwe wadziko, kapena ndawala ya ndawala ya boma ya kusintha kwa zachuma.

Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza Zolakwika za Maboma

Nzika zambiri zimakhulupirira malingaliro olakwika amene angatsogolere ku kugwiritsidwa mwala kapena kuchita zinthu zosayenera.

Lingaliro Lolakwa 1: “Boma Ladziko Limalamulira Chilichonse”

Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma sililamulira ntchito ya nthaka, apolisi, maphunziro ambiri, kapena malamulo a ukwati, ngakhale kuti limapereka zisonkhezero kapena miyezo yocheperapo.

Lingaliro Lachibadwidwe Lachiŵiri: “Boma la M’dziko Lilibe Pamwamba pa Boma Lakumeneko”

Mayiko angawononge malamulo a m’maderawo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka malamulo a m’mizinda, amene amalola maboma a m’maderawo kukhazikitsa malamulo pankhani za nkhaŵa za kumaloko popanda kudodometsedwa. M’mayiko ena, mizinda ingakhoze kukhoma misonkho kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa mfuti amene amaposa zofunika za boma.

Lingaliro Lolakwa 3: “Maboma Onse Ali Ogwirizana Mofanana”

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala aakulu ndi akuluakulu, koma angagwiritsirire ntchito mu dziko lonse ukatswiri ndi chuma. Maboma a m’dziko angakhale ofunitsitsa ndi ovomereza koma angakhale opanda zipangizo kapena ntchito. Kupambana kwa mlingo uliwonse kumadalira pa utsogoleri, ndalama, ndi dongosolo la zomangamanga.

Zimene Mungachite Kuti Mukhale ndi Thayo Losiyanasiyana la Boma

Nazi njira zimene zingathandize kuti munthu azichitapo kanthu pa mbali iliyonse:

  • Fateral :[FLT :1] Kulankhula m'masankho a pulezidenti ndi a countain; lankhulani ndi oimira anu pankhani; tumikirani pa komiti kapena bungwe la boma; funsirani ntchito ya boma; fotokozani za malamulo olingaliridwa kupyolera mwa [[FLT:].gov
  • Chigawo: Kusintha m'masankho a boma ndi m'boma; pezekani m'maholo a tauni ndi senator yanu; chitira umboni pa mapepala pa kapitoli ya boma; gwirizanani ndi bungwe la boma (m'jere, mkhalidwe wa malo, maphunziro apamwamba).
  • Lonke: Pitani ku msonkhano wa m'mizinda ndi bungwe la sukulu; wodzifunira wa komiti ya kumaloko (malo, mapaki, laibulale); thamangirani ku ofesi; tenga mbali m'zoyeretsa za chitaganya; lipoti nkhani zochokera pa 311 kapena pawebusaiti ya mzinda.

Ngati muchita zambiri, njirayo imagwira ntchito bwino.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo la Mphamvu Yogawana

Boma la boma, boma, ndi malo a komweko limapanga upo wa kudziŵerengera mlandu, uliwonse wokhala ndi mathayo osiyana koma ogwirizana. Palibe mlingo wachibadwa wapamwamba; uliwonse uli ndi nyonga ndi zofooka. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene amagawira mphamvu(ndipo mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi) ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi, mukhoza kuyang'anira mautumiki a boma kuti asinthe, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’demokrase.

Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka maziko, koma luso lenileni limachokera ku chidziŵitso. Yambani mwa kuchezera webusaiti ya boma lanu, kuŵerenga malamulo a boma lanu, ndi kutsatira bungwe la boma limene limakusangalatsani.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, Consitution Annoted imapereka mafotokozedwe audindo a ulamuliro wa boma, ndi Conference ya National of State Legislatures imapereka chuma chapamwamba pa ntchito za boma.