Kudutsa United Kingdom, malo a boma akutembenukira kwambiri ku kugwirizana kwa anthu kwaumwini (PPPs) monga njira yopezera ndalama ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zazikulu za kupita patsogolo kwa mizinda. Pogwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma zapakati zokhala ndi chitsenderezo chosalekeza ndi mizinda yopikisana ndi kuikiza ndalama, maulamuliro ameneŵa akupereka njira yodziwitsa yomangira nyumba, makampani a zoyendera, ndi kubwezeretsanso malo a anthu onse. Mwakuphatikiza pamodzi kagulu kagulu ka anthu ndi kagulu kachipembedzo ndi ukatswiri, a meya akufunafuna kupita patsogolo pa mavuto ena aakulu kwambiri oyang'anizana ndi mizinda ya Britain, kuyambira pa vuto la nyumba zoyendera ukonde mpaka pa khoka.

Njira imeneyi si yatsopano - UK yagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zaumwini pa maprojekiti a anthu kuyambira pa bungwe la Private Manication (PFI) la 1990 – koma ntchito ya osankhidwa mwachindunji a meya, makamaka awo okhala ndi maulamuliro onse pamodzi, yapatsa PPPS mphamvu yatsopano. Majur kumadera onga Greater Manchester, West Midwands, ndi London tsopano ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa zoyendera, nyumba, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma, kuwapanga kukhala othandizira kwambiri m'kuyesa ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zogwirizana.

Kodi Anthu Amagwirizana Bwanji?

Mapangano a anthu onse ndi makonzedwe apadera amene bungwe laumwini limapanga, kumanga, kuchirikiza ndalama, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa ntchito ya onse . Nthaŵi zambiri panyengo ya zaka 25 mpaka 30. Kubwerera, mnzake amalandira mitsinje ya ndalama, makamaka kuchokera ku anthu onse monga ndalama zolipidwa, kapena ku malipiro a antchito monga ngati kugulitsa mathiransi kapena mathikiti. Cholinga chake n’chokhudzana ndi maupandu ndi mphotho: chigawo cha anthu chimapeza ndalama zofikira kumalikulu ndi ku zigawo zachipembedzo, pamene mnzake akubwerera kutsogolo, kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kubwerera ku malonda ake.

UK wagwiritsira ntchito ma PPP m'magawo osiyanasiyana — kuyambira ku sukulu ndi zipatala kupita ku misewu ndi njanji. Mapilo amakono a PPP asintha kukhala a mitundu yopepuka yonga ngati kumanga ndi kumanga ndi kumanga (DBFM) mapangano, limodzinso ndi mapangano osinthasintha kwambiri. Kwa oyang’anira, apilo n’ngomveka: PPPS ingapereke zaka zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kupezedwa kwa mwambo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ingachititse kudula kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zimene mabungwe a anthu sangakhoze kusoŵa.

Kaamba ka kufukulidwa kwakuya kwa mapP, Institute ya Boma imapereka wolongosola wothandiza pa mbiri ndi zitsanzo za ndalama zaumwini m’maprojekiti a anthu onse.

Mmene Anthu Oyendetsa Mabomba Akugwiritsira Ntchito Mapilisi M’matauni

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zimene zili zofunika kwambiri m’tauni iliyonse, malo atatu ndi amene anthu ambiri amakonda kukhala: nyumba, zoyendera, ndi malo ena onse.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Nyumba

Bungwe la UK likusoŵa nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, ndipo malo a meya akugwiritsira ntchito PPP kutsegula malo oletsedwa ndi kutumiza mofulumira. Ku Greater Manchester, Mayor Burnham’s Hosting Strategy adadalira pa ntchito zogwirizana ndi omanga nyumba za anthu okha kugaŵira nyumba zikwi zambiri zokhalamo, kuphatikizapo unyinji wa mathirakiti okhoza kugulitsidwa. Mwakupereka malo kuchokera ku malo a anthu onse ndi kulinganiza, ulamuliro wogwirizanawo umachepetsa upandu wa atsamwali wa a mnzawo, kupanga makonzedwe achuma omwe sakanachitira zimenezo.

Mofananamo, ku West Midlands, Mayor Richard Parker wapanga zitsanzo za kugwirizana zimene zimagwirizanitsa kuperekedwa kwa nyumba ndi kuwongolera kwa zinthu. Kakonzedwe ka PPP kamatsimikizira kuti ntchito zatsopano za nyumba zimatsagana ndi misewu yofunikira, masukulu, ndi malo obiriŵira, zochirikizidwa mwa kuthandizira ndi kupatsana ndi anthu. Njira imeneyi yogwirizana imapeŵa kupita patsogolo kwapang'onopang'ono kumene kwawononga mizinda.

Birmingham’s Perry Barr, yogwirizanitsidwa ndi 2022 Commonwealth Games, imapereka chitsanzo chotchuka. Bungwelo likugwirizana ndi gulu laumwini kuti lipangenso malo aakulu ku chigawo chatsopano ndi chamalonda, kugaŵira nyumba zoposa 1,000 kumbali ya zoyendera zatsopano ndi malo a anthu onse. Malo a PPP anatheketsa kupeza ndi kumanga mofulumira, kukwaniritsa nthaŵi ya Maseŵera pamene anali kupanga chuma chanthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka mzindawo.

Zoyendera

Zoyendera ndizo malo otchuka a PPP, ndipo oyang'anira malo akugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mayanjano ameneŵa kufutukula ndi kuwongolera makompyuta awo. Cross Hall ya London (tsopano mzera wa Elizabeth) inaperekedwa mwapang'ono kupyolera mwa PPP - ngakhale kuti kapangidwe kake kanali kocholoŵana kwambiri. Posachedwapa, amogula wa magalimoto asumika pamlingo waung'ono koma ntchito zowopsa zonga madongosolo a kayendedwe ka mabasi, makompyuta oyendera, ndi kuwongolera njanji ya m’mphepete mwa madera.

Kumadzulo kwa England, Metro Dan Norris anakhazikitsa PPP ya Ashton Gate ku Temple Meads, kuphatikiza ndalama za anthu ndi kutsatsa malonda a anthu onse. Mgwirizanowo unalola ntchitoyo kupita patsogolo zaka ziŵiri kumbuyo kwa nyengo za ndalama zamwambo kukanalola.

Malo amene sitima zimawonjezera a Manchester amadaliranso PPP. Mayendedwe a Greater Manchester adagwiritsira ntchito mapangano opanga-unzine-maintain kuwonjezera Metrolink, kutumiza ngozi yomanga ku consinia yaumwini pamene akusunga ulamuliro wautali wa ndalama ndi mtundu wa utumiki. Chitsanzo chimenechi chatsimikizira kukwera kwa mzera wa Oldham ndi Rochdale kuti chinaperekedwa 15% poyerekezera ndi mapepala a mafashoni a makompyuta ozoloŵetsedwa.

Malo a Onse ndi Magazi

Mapaki okongola, malo apadera, ndi chikhalidwe ndi malo ena kumene malo a mameya akugwiritsira ntchito ndalama za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kumangidwanso kwa nyumba ya Harbourside, Bristol, kunaphatikizapo PP pakati pa bungwe la mzinda ndi wokonza malo kuti asinthe malo ozungulira kuti akhale malo ozungulira ozungulira ndi osungiramo anthu, malesitilanti, ndi nyumba. Mnzawo wa m’boma anachirikiza kumanga nyumba zambiri, pamene bungwelo linakonza ndi kukonzanso malo a boma.

Ku Liverpool, Mmaya Steve Rotheram wayang'anira kukonzedwanso kwa madzi a mzindawo kupyolera m'chigwirizano ndi Chigawo cha Mzinda wa Liverpool ndi oikitsa achuma achinsinsi. Kupangidwa kwa Exhibion Centre Liverpool ndi kuwonjezereka kwa Titanic Hotel yomwe inathandizana ndi ndalama zimene zinapezeka pa zochitika. Maprojekiti ameneŵa awonjezera maulendo okaona malo ndi kupanga ntchito zambirimbiri, kusonyeza kuti PPPS zingachirikize ponse paŵiri kukula kwa chuma ndi kusangalala kwa anthu m’matauni.

Kukula kwa Birmingham kwa The Square – chigawo chapakati cha anthu onse − kunaloŵetsamo chigawo chakuwongolera kwa malonda chakumaloko (BID) ndi bungwe la mzinda kuthandizira kukonza magetsi owongoleredwa, malo okhala, ndi maprogramu a zochitika. Ngakhale kuti si PPP yochuluka kwambiri, chitsanzo chaching'onochi chimasonyeza mmene mabizinesi achinsinsi angathandizire mwachindunji kukonza malo.

Phindu la Kuwonjezereka kwa Matauni

Mapindu a PPP a kutukuka kwa mzinda ngolembedwa bwino, koma ayenera kupendedwa mochenjera.

Kubereka Mofulumira

Kupeza kwa anthu kwamwambo kungakhale kochedwa – miyezi kapena zaka pakati pa ntchito ya kutenga mimba ndi kuswa nthaka. PPPS imatsendereza ndandanda imeneyi chifukwa chakuti mnzake ali ndi zisonkhezero zolimba zomaliza mwamsanga ndi kuyamba kukonzanso. Mu kupangidwa kwa MediaCitynuK, PPPse imalola mbali yoyamba kutseguka mkati mwa zaka zinayi, poyerekeza ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zoyerekezeredwa pamlingo wa anthu onse. Liŵiro limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa oyang'anira amene amayang'anizana ndi ndandanda ya zopanga magetsi ndipo amafunikira kusonyeza zotsatira zenizeni.

Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Kutumiza Malo Oika Moyo Pangozi

PPP imasintha maupandu ambiri – kuchedwa kwa kumanga, kukwera mtengo kwa makampani, ntchito zogwira ntchito , kuchokera ku mbali ya boma kumka kwa wina. Chifukwa chakuti makampani aumwini ali okonzeka bwino kusamalira maupandu ameneŵa ndipo angapambane chuma, maprojekiti kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekedwa ndi ndalama zambiri zothandizira. Kufufuza kwa National Aptic Office kunapeza kuti maprojekiti a PFI ndi PP ku UK anali 60-70% mwa kuthekera kuperekedwa panthaŵi ndi pandalama poyerekezera ndi mapangano amwambo. Komabe, otsutsa awona kuti kuyendetsa ngongole kwanthaŵi yaitali kungachepetse zipambano zimenezi; kujambula bwino kwa PG.

Kwa a meya, kukhoza kukopa anthu a likulu la boma kumachepetsanso mavuto a ndalama za bungwe. Popeza kuti boma la UK limakhazikitsa malire pa kubwereka ndalama kwa boma, PPPs imalola mizinda kupitiriza ndi ntchito zazikulu popanda kuletsa kwakukulu. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri kwa a meya a mizinda yofunika kwambiri m’madera amene mulibe ndalama zambiri za London.

Kupeza Njira Yopezera Zinthu ndi Kuzilemba

Anzake achinsinsi kaŵirikaŵiri amabweretsa chidziŵitso chakuti boma lakwawo silingasunge m'nyumba. Maprojekiti a mzinda wochenjera – monga kuikidwa kwa IoT kwa ziyambukiro za IoT kaamba ka kuyang'anira mpweya – PPP ndi kampani ya tekinoloji yopereka zipangizo zodulira ndi zolemba zinthu zimene sizingayambike mumzindawo. Mayers akugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mayanjano ameneŵa kuyendetsa njira zatsopano zamagetsi, magetsi, ndi zipangizo za magetsi zopangira zinthu zobiriwira.

Mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana kwa Greater London Authority ndi Microsoft kupanga "mapasa a gulu" a mzindawo kaamba ka kulinganiza zinthu zophatikizapo zolinga zapoyera ndi luso lazopangapanga laumwini. Chida chotsatirapo chimathandiza kuona mphamvu ya zopangapanga zatsopano pa zoyendera, kulimba kwa mpweya, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zimene zikanaletsa kuyambitsa zinthu zina zotchipa kuti chigawo cha anthu chidzipangire okha.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Ndiponso Kuwaganizira

Ngakhale kuti ma PPP ali ndi mapindu ameneŵa, si mankhwala othetsera mavuto aakulu, ndipo kugwirizana kosalinganizidwa bwino kungapangitse kuti anthu okhoma misonkho azikhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kukambitsirana Kochititsa Chidwi

Kukonza pangano la PPP limene limalinganiza upandu ndi mphotho kwa onse aŵiri kuli kovuta. Kucholoŵana kwa lamulo ndi ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna oyendetsa zinthu okwera mtengo, ndipo kukambitsirana kungapitirire kwa zaka zambiri. Zipatala za UK zinasulizidwa chifukwa cha kutsekera NHS m'pangano losasinthika limene linachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kusinthira mautumiki. Chotero oyendetsa ntchito zamphamvu m’nyumba yokhoza kukambitsirana ndi ufulu wolingana ndi ufulu waumwini, umene kaŵirikaŵiri uli ndi zopereka ndalama zambiri zalamulo ndi zapamwamba.

Akuluakulu ambiri ogwirizana, luso limeneli likupangidwabe. Bungwe la West Midwands Counciled Authority linakhazikitsa bungwe la PPP mu 2022, koma madera ang'onoang'ono a mzinda angakhale opanda mphamvu zoyendetsera ntchitoyo bwino. Kuonana pa pangano n’kovuta mofanana; anthu ayenera kuchepetsa mtengo wa ndalama ndi mtengo wa nthaŵi yaitali wa kugwirizana kulikonse.

Kudzipereka kwa Nthaŵi Yaitali ndi Kusintha

PPP imatha zaka 25 mpaka 30 kapena kuposapo. Mkati mwa nyengo imeneyo, zinthu za ndale zadziko zofunika kwambiri zingasinthe, mikhalidwe ya zachuma ingasinthe, ndipo tekinoloji ikhoza kusintha. PPP yogwirizana mu 2010 ingakhale yosiyana kwambiri m'nkhani za 2030 za galimoto zamagetsi zodziimira. Maydjorza afunikira kupanga kusinthika m'malo ogwirizana – mwa kuswa mawu, zoyambitsa, kapena luso la zopangapangapanga zotsitsira njira – kupeŵa kutsekedwa m'mayeso a magetsi.

Kugwa kwa Carillion mu 2018 kunasonyeza maupandu a kudalira kwambiri munthu mmodzi yekha. Ma PPP angapo anafunikira kupulumutsidwa ndi anthu a boma, kuvumbula okhoma msonkho kugula zinthu. Mayange afunikira kutsimikizira kuti iwo ali ndi mapulani ogwirizana ndi ndalama kuti achite ndi zochitika zoterozo, ndipo ayenera kupeŵa kuika mazira awo onse m’basiketi imodzi yapawokha.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu kwa Anthu Onse ndi Phindu la Ndalama

Chifukwa chakuti PPP imaphatikizapo malipiro a anthu anthaŵi yaitali kwa makampani achinsinsi, angawonedwe monga mtundu wa kukongola ndalama kwa mlingo wa mlingo. Ofesi ya National Aspecip yasonyeza mobwerezabwereza kuti PPPs kaŵirikaŵiri imakwera mtengo kuposa kubwereka kwapoyera kwa anthu kwanthaŵi yaitali, chifukwa cha ndalama zaumwini zokwera. Chotero oyendetsa ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira kuti PPP imapereka mtengo wokhoza kugulitsira ndalama modzifunira osati kokha mwa bajeti yopeŵetsa ndalama lerolino, koma kupyolera mwa kutumiza ndi kupindulitsa kwenikweni kumene kumalungamitsa ndalama zoyendetsera.

Kuonekera kwa anthu nkofunikanso. U.K’s Freedom of Information Act ingagwire ntchito ku mapangano a PPP, koma ambiri ali ndi mawu achinsinsi amene amayang'aniridwa bwino. Mameya osonyezedwa ali ndi thayo lapadera lakutsegula ndi mawu, mtengo, ndi zopinga za kugwirizana kulikonse. Kugwirizana ndi nzika m'chigawo chakukonzekera – kupyolera m'mapulatifomu kapena misonkhano yapoyera – kungakulitse ndi kuthandiza kusiyanitsa maupandu othekera kuyambiriro.

Kuti atsogoze pa machitidwe abwino koposa, Kusintha kwa Anjiniya a Chiŵeniŵeni kumapereka ziŵiya za kusunga mlandu ku PPPs.

Kufufuza Matenda a Anthu a M’mizinda ya UK

Madera angapo a UK akupereka zitsanzo zophunzitsa za PPS zimene zikugwira ntchito.

London: Chotsekemera ndi Mzera wa Elizabeth

Chipangizo cha Crosslow cha London – ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya zamaziko ku Ulaya – inaperekedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito PPP pakati pa Transports ku London (TFL) ndi bungwe lachinsinsi limene linatumiza masiteshoni apakati pa masiteshoni ndi masiteshoni. Ntchitoyi inayang'anizana ndi kuchedwa kwakukulu ndi kukwera kwa ndalama, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapangano achinsinsi. Komabe, kamodzi, mzera wa Elizabeth wasintha ulendo wodutsa likulu, kuwonjezera mphamvu mwa 10% ndi kuwonjezera mabiliyoni a mapindu a zachuma. Maphunziro ochokera ku Crossray akhudza mmene malo ena amafikira ma PPPS, makamaka pa kulinganiza ndi kuyang'anira.

Manchester: MediaCitynuK

MediaCitynuK ku Salford Quays ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha kukonzanso mzinda kudzera ku PPP. Ntchitoyi inaperekedwa ndi ntchito yogwirizana pakati pa Peel Withs (yekha) ndi BBC (poyera), ndi chichirikizo kuchokera ku Salford City ndi Northwest Development Agency . Inasintha malo akale a padoko kukhala malo otchuka oulutsira zinthu ndi luso la zopangapangapanga, nyumba ya BBC, ITV, ndi mabizinesi mazana ambiri opanga zinthu. Chipambano chachikulu chinali chigwirizano chogwirizana ndi anthu onse chomwe chinalola chigawo cha anthu kugawa ndi nyumba ya anthu kukonza malo ndi kumanga ndi kuyendetsa malonda. Zotsatira zake ndi za makampani a makampani apadziko lonse zimene zinathandizira pa chuma cha m’zaka khumi zoyambirira.

Bristol: Arena ndi Baltic

Kuyesayesa kwa Bristol kumanga bwalo la maseŵera – pambuyo pake kutchedwa Bristol Beacon kaamba ka malo okonza nyimbo . Bungwe la PP linagwiritsira ntchito prefera limodzi ndi wokonza wachinsinsi kumanga malo aakulu a zosangulutsa ku Baltic Wharf , koma ntchitoyo inatha pomalizira pake pambuyo pa kukambirana kokhala kokhala ndi ngozi. Kulephera kumatsimikizira kuti nkovuta kulinganiza zinthu m'mabwalo aakulu, kumene kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama sikunadziŵika. Komabe, mzindawo pambuyo pake unasunga bwino PPP kukonzanso Colston Hall (tsopano Bristolicbaco) pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chosavuta chothandizira kuchirikizana ndi kugwirizana, kusonyeza kuti kulimba kwa mabwalo ndi mpangidwe ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Mokulirapo, Bristol wachita upainiya kugwiritsira ntchito PPP poloŵerera m'mizinda yaing'ono. Mapaki a PPP ku Castle parle [1] a Kampani inaphatikizapo kuyang'anira kampani ndi zochitika posinthana ndi kupezerapo ndalama. Mapilo ameneŵa athandiza anthu kupeza zinthu zina zofunika pamene akusunga pakiyo kukhala yokwanira.

Birmingham: Maseŵera Ogwirizana

Birmingham anagwiritsira ntchito PPP kuperekera zambiri za maziko a Maseŵera a Commonwealth 202, kuphatikizapo Alexander Stadium yokonzedwanso ndi Mudzi wa Asuŵero ku Perry Barr. Mdziwu unamangidwa ndi womanga wodziimira modziimira amene anatsimikizira woyambitsayo kuti adalire chitsime cha ndalama zambiri kuti asabwere makampani monga ophunzira opanga maseŵero. Masewera atsopanowa anathandiza Birmingham kupeŵa ndalama zamalikulu pamene akuperekerabe nyumba zapamwamba zimene zidzatumikira mzindawu kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Komabe, pompando wa kanema wa kampani zakhala wotsika, kusonyeza ngozi imene imafuna kuti madensikire ake a zinthu zapansi pa masewero a sukuluwo sanafike kuopsa kwa anthu onse aŵiri.

Kuwona Zamtsogolo

Pamene mphamvu za dziko la UK zikupitirizabe kuwonjezereka mwa kukonza zinthu zopanda chisinthiko, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma PPP m’kukula kwa m’mizinda kungawonjezeke.

Choyamba, kusoŵa kwa nyengo ndiko kuyendetsa ntchito zamagetsi zobiriŵira zochokera ku ziwiya zotenthetsa za chigawo mpaka ku magalimoto ogula zinthu zamagetsi . Ma PPP angatsegule likulu la ntchito zimenezi, makamaka kumene angapeze ndalama mwa kugwiritsa ntchito antchito kapena kusungitsa mphamvu. Njira ya upainiya wa kukonza nyumba za anthu pogwiritsa ntchito PPP kuti apange magetsi ikhoza kuwonjezereka m’madera ena a mzindawu.

Chachiwiri, boma limapereka ndalama ku boma kudzera mwa akuluakulu a boma omwe akufunika kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yawo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo.

Chachitatu, ameya akufufuza anthu ogwirizana kwambiri, monga kugwirizana kwa maukwati ndi maboo a boma ogwirizana ndi anzawo achinsinsi, kuchepetsa kudalira pa malo a PFI- sitayelo. Bungwe la zomangamanga la m'mizinda la Liverpool City Region langokhazikitsidwa kumene kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira anthu, kuphatikiza ndalama za anthu, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kutsatsa malonda a mizinda yaing'ono.

Komabe, chipambano cha PPPs mtsogolo chidzadalira pa mfundo zitatu: maulamuliro amphamvu, kutomerana kwa chitaganya, ndi kufunitsitsa kuphunzira kuchokera ku zolakwa zakale , kaya zapanyumba kapena zapadziko lonse. Kuyerekezera, PPP CD ya chidziŵitso cha PPP [1] imapereka kufufuza ndi chitsogozo chimene a UK Meya angapeze.

Pomaliza, anthu a m'mizinda amathandiza kwambiri kuti ayendetse bwino m'tauni. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo – ndi zolinga zooneka bwino, kugawidwa kwa ngozi, ndiponso kuonekera kwa anthu, komanso kutulutsa ntchito zimene anthu kapena anthu a m’deralo sangakwanitse kuchita okha. Pamene mizinda ya UK ikuyang'ana mavuto a kusowa kwa nyumba, kuchepa kwa nyumba, kulimba kwa zinthu, ndi kulimba kwa nyengo, chitsanzo cha PPP yoyendetsedwa ndi kaonekedwe ka zinthu kabwino ka mizinda idzakhala mbali yaikulu ya dziko lotukuka.