Boma la United States likugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo olembedwa omwe ali ponse paŵiri opatsa ulamuliro ndi malamulo. Malamulo alionse operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, osainidwa ndi Pulezidenti, ndi kupendedwa ndi makhoti amayesedwa motsutsana ndi chikalata chimodzi chimenechi. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo kumene malamulo ali aakulu, bungwe la U.S. amamangidwa pa lamulo la malamulo alamulo. Palibe lamulo limene lingaimire ngati liswa malemba kapena malamulo a malamulo a malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa amasintha mbali iliyonse ya dongosolo la malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, kuyambira pa kukhazikitsa lamulo lomaliza lokhudza kuyenerera kwake ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. Kumvetsa mmene boma limagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malamulo kuti lipange kupenda mphamvu zoperekedwa ku nthambi iliyonse ndi malamulo operekedwa.

Chiyambi cha Ulamuliro: Lamulo la Malamulo Monga Lamulo Lapamwamba

Constitution imagwira ntchito monga magwero osatsutsika a ulamuliro walamulo m'dongosolo la boma. Mfundo VI, Claus 2, yodziŵika monga Supremacy Claus, imatsimikizira kuti Lamulo la Malamulo, limodzi ndi malamulo opangidwa kukhala ogwirizana nalo, ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko. Zimenezi zimatanthauza malamulo a boma ndi malamulo sizingawombane ndi lamulo la boma, malinga ngati lamulo la boma liri lolamulidwa lokha.

Pregedge imalongosola zolinga zazikulu za boma: kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, infirence Tomagement, kupereka chitetezo cha banja, kuchirikiza Chitukuko cha Onse, ndi kusungitsa Madalitso a Liberty. Pamene kuli kwakuti Pregedge siimapereka mphamvu zapadera, imakhazikitsa maziko a filosofi a mmene malamulo amamasulira. Makonzedwe a chikalatacho ndi opanga malamulo. Mfundo ya Malamulo ndi yopatsa mphamvu zalamulo kwa Pulezidenti, ndi Chigawo II chimapereka mphamvu ya ulamuliro kwa Pulezidenti, ndipo Chigawo III chimapereka mphamvu ya chiweruzo ku makhoti. Kupatuku kumatsimikizira kuti bungwe limodzimodzilo limene likulemba lamulo siliri bungwe lomwe limachisunga kapena kumasulira.

Kwa opanga malamulo, Konsichushoni imagwira ntchito monga buku logwirira ntchito. Imauza Congress mmene imaperekera lamulo (kusintha ndi kupereka), chimene [[FLT:] ikhoza kupitirira malamulo onena za (mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu), ndi zimene zingathe kuchita (kubwezera monga Bill of Rights].

Mfundo I: Pamene Malamulo Ayamba

Ulamuliro wonse wa boma la boma la boma ukuchokera ku Mfundo I ya Malamulo. Chigawo 1 chimangonena kuti "Maulamuliro onse a malamulo operekedwa pano adzaikidwa m'khoma la United States". Mawu ogwira ntchito ndi "operekedwa. Congress ndi bungwe la maulamuliro ochepera, oŵerengedwa. Siliri ndi mphamvu ya apolisi monga mabungwe a boma. Mmalomwake, iyenera kupeza ulamuliro wake mu imodzi ya ziganizo za Mfundo I, Chigawo 8.

Opatsidwa Mphamvu ndi Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Chigawo 8 chili ndi ndandanda ya mphamvu 18 zapadera. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda ndi mayiko akunja ndi mayiko ena, ndalama, kukhazikitsa mapositi ofesi, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza asilikali, ndi kupereka gulu lankhondo za m'madzi. Awa ndi mphamvu zolamulira . Pamene Nyumba za Malamulo zifuna kukhazikitsa nkhani ya dziko, ziyenera kugwirizanitsa lamulo lolingaliridwa ku imodzi ya maulamuliro ameneŵa.

For example, the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act are based on the Commerce Clause, which gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce. The argument is that pollution in one state affects the air and water quality in other states, making it a matter of interstate commerce. Similarly, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was largely upheld by the Supreme Court under the Commerce Clause, finding that discrimination in public accommodations had a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

Makina Opanga Nyumba za Malamulo: Ofunika ndi Oyenera

Chigawo 8 cha Chigawo cha Gawo 8 chimapereka mphamvu "Kupanga Malamulo onse amene ali ofunika ndi oyenerera kuchititsa Maulamuliro otchulidwawo. Imeneyi ndi . Nacysary ndi Seat Claus [1] , imatchedwanso kuti Elpastic Clause. Ndi maziko a malamulo a mphamvu zoyenerera. Nkhani yapadera Mcloch v. Maryland [1] [18:19] anakhazikitsa kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zingapange njira iliyonse yoyenera kukwaniritsa zifuno zake, malinga ngati siziletsedwa ndi malamulo. Mfundo imeneyi imalola boma kusintha mikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kulibe kuti lamulo la dziko silinaloleza kukhazikitsa lamulo la dziko lonse, ndi kukhazikitsa Khoti lolamulira lachikulu la boma, ndi kuyendetsa njira yoyenera kuyendetsa ntchito yake.

Lamulo Lolembedwa Limapereka kusweka kwatsatanetsatane kwa mmene iriyonse ya mizera imeneyi yatanthauzidwira ndi makhoti, kutumikira monga chilozero chofunika kaamba ka akatswiri a zamalamulo opanga lamulo lerolino.

Moyo wa Lamulo la Lamulo

Njira yosandutsa lingaliro la ndale zadziko kukhala lamulo losungitsa malamulo alamulo imalamulidwa ndi malamulo akutiakuti olinganizidwira kuchepetsa zinthu, kutsimikizira kulinganiza, ndi kuletsa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma.

Kukhulupirira Chibamulamu ndi Kuyambitsa Claus

Mfundo I, Chigawo 1 Chigawa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kuti lamulo likhale lamulo, liyenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri m’mpangidwe wofanana. Imeneyi ndi damaralism [. Oyambitsa anafuna kuti izi zikhale chopinga chovuta. Nyumba imaimira anthu mwachindunji, pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti linapangidwa poyambirira kuimira maboma.

Malamulo amaphatikizaponso Claus Wotchuka Claus (Mfundo I, Chigawo 7, Clause 1), imene ikufuna kuti ndalama zonse zoperekera ndalama zikhale m'Nyumba ya Oimira. Izi zimasonyeza lamulo la "kupanda msonkho popanda kuimira," kupatsa chipinda chapafupi kwambiri kwa anthu lamulo la msonkho. Nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke mayeneretso a ndalama zobwezetsera ndalama, koma siingathe kuziyambitsa.

Chopereka ndi Mphamvu ya Veto

Pambuyo pa kutumiza lamulo la nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo, imaperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti. Chigawo I, Chigawo 7 chimatchula zosankha. Pulezidenti angasaine chikalatacho m'lamulo. Ngati Pulezidenti savomereza, lamulolo limabwezeredwa ku Congress ndi uthenga waveto. Nyumba za malamulo zingachotse malowa ndi anthu atatu aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.

Palinso "pocket veto". Ngati Pulezidenti sasaina kapena kubwezera lamulo pamasiku khumi (kuchotsa masabata) pamene Congress ikukhala m'chigawo, lamulo limakhala lamulo. Komabe, ngati Congress iloleza mkati mwa nyengo ya masiku khumi imeneyo, kuletsa kubwerera kwa lamulo, lamulolo silikhala lamulo. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera kulimbana kwachindunji pakati pa nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma pa mfundo za lamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo cha Mchitidwewo

Makhoti nthaŵi zina adzapenda ngati njira ya malamulo ikugwirizana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba linamva milandu yotsutsa ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo inapitiriradi lamulo limodzimodzi m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Clinton v. City of New York , khoti linakantha pepala la Line Leance Veto Act chifukwa linaswa lamulo la Claus mwa kulola Pulezidenti kuchotsa dala mbali zina za lamulo, chinthu chimene malamulo salola.

Nkhani III ndi Mphamvu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Constitutionyo simapereka mwachindunji mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu ya kugamula malamulo. Komabe, kapangidwe ka Malamulo ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito yachiweruzo zinapereka mphamvu ya yopenda . Imeneyi ndi njira imene malamulo amayesedwa nayo motsutsana ndi Konsichushoni pambuyo poikhazikitsa.

[[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison ndi Maziko a Zobwereza

Mu 1803 mlandu Marbury . Madison . [FLT :1], Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti "ndiye chigawo ndi ntchito yaudindo wa bungwe la chiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo liri. Khoti linagamula kuti Konsichushoni ndilo lamulo lalikulu ndi kuti lamulo lililonse lonyansa ku Malamulo nlopanda pake. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapereka kupenda kwamphamvu pa nthambi ya malamulo. Lerolino, pamene lamulo likutsutsidwa monga losagwirizana ndi lamulo, boma liyenera kuliteteza mwa kusonyeza maziko oyenera kapena chikondwerero, kudalira pa ufulu wophatikizidwa. Malemba ndi mawu a [FL:] Magazine . [F.[3]

Ziphunzitso za Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Mmene boma limagwiritsira ntchito Konsichushoniyo kupanga ndi kupenda malamulo zimadalira kwambiri pa nthanthi yomasulira ya oweruza ndi opanga malamulo oloŵetsedwamo.

  • Chiphunzitso cha Chingelezi: Nthanthi imeneyi imakhulupirira kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kutembenuzidwa kuchokera ku tanthauzo loyambirira lapoyera la malemba ake panthaŵi imene anavomerezedwa. Malamulo amene amafutukumula tanthauzo la mawu onga "commerce" kapena "mofunika" ali othekera kugwetsedwa ndi oweruza oyambirira.
  • Ndilo malembo: [[FLT :1] Kuyandikira ku kuyambika kwa mawu, malembo amasumika maganizo pa tanthauzo lomveka la malamulo kapena la malembo alamulo. Siimadera nkhaŵa ndi cholinga cha Oyambitsa ndi zimene munthu wololera angamvetsetse mawuwo.
  • Kusunga Malamulo Okhala ndi Moyo (Pragmaism): Malingaliro ameneŵa amatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni ndi chikalata chosinthika ndi chitaganya. Wolemba malamulo wamoyo angamasulira mawu aakulu monga "chilango chachilendo" kapena "mchitidwe wapanthaŵiyo" m’kulingalira za makhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe yamakono.

Mfundo zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri malamulo a boma.

Njira Zothetsera Malamulo Osagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Khoti likapeza kuti lamulo silikugwirizana ndi malamulo, lingapereke lamulo loletsa kutsata lamulo. Lamulolo lilibe kanthu ab initio (kuchokera pachiyambi) kapena latha kotero kuti ziwalo za malamulo zikhalebe pamene makonzedwe osagwirizana ndi malamulo achotsedwa. Boma limalamulidwa ndi malamulo ameneŵa. Ngati nthambi ya malamulo imatsutsa kumasulira kwa lamulo, ili ndi zosankha ziŵiri zazikulu: kugamula za malamulo a malamulo osintha (Atecle V) kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano limene limalongosola zophonya zodziŵika ndi khotilo.

Malo Otambalala: Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza

Malamulo samangosiyana chabe; amagwirizanitsa nthambi iliyonse kuti itsimikizire kuti ingaletse kuloŵererana ndi ena. Dongosolo ili la ndi macheke a mlingo ndilo likulu la mmene boma limapangira ndi kukwaniritsa malamulo.

Uphungu ndi Kuvomerezana

Pulezidenti ali ndi mphamvu yopanga mapangano ndi kuika akazembe, oweruza a boma, ndi maofesala a boma. Komabe, Gawo II, Gawo 2 limafuna kuti Pulezidenti afune "Adivice ndi Malo a Boma. Kulimba kwa tatu kumafunikira kaamba ka mapangano, ndipo ambiri amafunikira kuikidwa. Zimenezi zimapatsa Bungwe la Malamulo mawu achindunji kulinganiza nthambi ya mkulu wa boma ndi judiary, kutsimikizira kuti Pulezidentiyo sadzadza boma ndi okhulupirika popanda uyang'a walamulo.

Kudzikakamiza: Kupenda Kotheratu

Mfundo II, Chigawo 4 imanena kuti Prezidenti, Pulezidenti, Residenti, ndi akuluakulu onse a boma a United States angachotsedwe paudindo pa kukana, ndi kutsimikiza, Kulingalira, Chiphuphu, kapena Upandu wa Aakulu ndi Olakwa. Nyumbayo ili ndi mphamvu yokha ya kusapereka (kubweretsa milandu), ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu yokha yoyesa kuvomereza. Iyi ndi ndandanda yalamulo ya nthambi ya malamulo ya alamulo ya apolisi apolisi ndi nthambi za khoti.

Mphamvu ya Chogulacho

Mfundo I, Chigawo 9 chimanena kuti "Palibe ndalama zimene zidzatengedwa ku Tribitale, koma ku Conpae of Aproptions opangidwa ndi Chilamulo". Congress imayang'anira bajeti. Palibe ntchito yapamwamba imene ingaperekedwe popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Imeneyi ndi imodzi ya mayeso ogwira ntchito kwambiri amene bungwe la malamulo lili nawo pa bwanamkubwa. Ngati Congress imatsutsa mmene lamulo likugwiritsidwira, ikhoza kukana ndalama zoyenerera zochitira zimenezo. Mphamvu imeneyi imakakamiza mkulu wa bungwe kuti agwirizane ndi Nyumba za Malamulo pa zinthu zofunika ndi malamulo.

Chipilala Chokhala Pamwamba: Federalism ndi Demendment ya 10

Kupyola kupima kowongoleredwa pakati pa nthambi za boma, Konsichushoni imapanga magaŵano amphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. 10. Mpambo wa Amereka wa 10. Momvekera bwino umanena kuti: "Maulamulirowo sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi io ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu.

Ichi chikutanthauza kuti boma la boma silingalamulire maulamuliro a boma kukhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Printz v. United States (1997), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha mbali ya Brady Handgun Leaint Arect chifukwa chakuti linafuna boma ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti ayang'anire malo akumbuyo. Khoti linagamula kuti kuletsa kumeneku kuphwanya malamulo 10 mwa kulamulira akuluakulu a boma. Lili ndi "mphamvu za boma" zolamulira nkhani za thanzi, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Lamulo la banja, lamulo la banja, malo, ndi pangano ndilo ndilo liri lamulo. Malamulo a boma ayenera kukhala osasamala kuloŵerera m'malo amwambo, popanda kuonetsa bwino mphamvu za kutetezera kwa anthu, pokhazikapo ngati ngati mmene amachitira malonda owonjezera. Malamulo ambiri audindo a boma, lamulo, lamulo, ndi lamulo la lamulo, osati lamulo lalamulo lalamulo. Opanga malamulo m'kalamulo.

Milandu Yamakono Yoyesa: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulolo pa Oloŵa Malo Atsopano

Malamulo analembedwa m'zaka za zana la 18, koma boma liyenera kuwagwiritsira ntchito pa mavuto a zaka za 21 zowonjezereka. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mavuto aakulu m'kachitidwe ka kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Malamulo a Zamalonda mu Nyengo Yachiŵerengero: kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kaya ntchitoyo ikhale "yamalonda a boma" Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa kuti boma lifune kuti ogulitsa amalonda pa Intaneti abweze msonkho ngati ali ndi chuma chachikulu m'dziko ( South Dakotal v. Wayfair, Inc, 2018). Malamulo okonza zachinsinsi ayenera kutsimikizira malamulo awo kuti aperekere malamulo oyenera m'malamulo a Claus kapena mphamvu zina.

[[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Chingelezi ndi Digital Surveillance : Luso la boma lakusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha manambala ladzutsa mafunso onena za chitetezo cha foni yachinayi ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njiri. Mu Carmeter v. United States[FLD ] [2018], Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti boma lifunikira chilo chofikira malo a foni a munthu, ngakhale kuti chidziŵitsocho chinakhala ndi gulu lachitatu. Chigamulochi chimakhudza mwachindunji lamulo ndi lamulo la dziko, chikufunikira malamulo ogwirizana ndi chitetezo a ntchito ameneŵa.

Article V ndi Masinthidwe a Malo: Pamene Malamulo enieniwo alingaliridwa kukhala osakwanira kuthetsa vuto lamakono, njira yosinthira kachitidwe ka Article V ingathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito. Komabe, kachitidwe kameneka kali kovuta kwambiri, kufunikiritsa mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kutembenuzidwa ndi zigawo zitatu za maiko. Chifukwa cha vutoli, boma limadalira kwambiri pa kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi malamulo atsopano kuti ligwirizane ndi malamulo a mpangidwe a malamulo atsopano.

Unansi Womapitirizabe

Malamulo saali otsalira . Ndiwo dongosolo lamphamvu, logwirira ntchito la maziko a boma. Lamulo lililonse lolembedwa m'Nyumba, malamulo onse operekedwa ndi nthambi yaikulu, ndi chigamulo chilichonse choperekedwa ndi jaji ayenera kutsatiridwa ku makonzedwe ake. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito Konsichushoni monga lupanga ndi chikopa champhamvu, monga gwero la mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndi malire amene amalephera. Kupanga malamulo ndiko kumasulira kosalekeza kwa malamulo a boma. Kuyambira kuchipinda cha komiti kufikira ku mpando wa Supreme Court, funso limakhala lofanana nthaŵi zonse: Kodi lamulo limeneli limayendera lamulo lalikulu la dziko? Yankholo limasankha kaya ngati cholinga cha ndale zadziko chikhale chogwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo. Aliyense wofuna kugawa ulamuliro wa Amereka, malamulowo siilo; mfundo yake ndi kampasi, ndi kampasi, ndi kampasi.