Kodi Matanthauzo Aakulu a Boma N’chiyani?

Boma ndilo dongosolo lolinganizidwa limene chitaganya, boma, kapena dziko limatsogozedwa ndi kulamuliridwa. Limakhazikitsa malamulo (malamulo), kuwakakamiza, ndi kupereka mautumiki amene anthu satha kudzipezera okha mosavuta. Pamaziko ake, boma lilipo kuti lisunge bata, litetezere ufulu, ndi kuchirikiza ubwino wa anthu onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lapaderalo limasiyanasiyana padziko lonse, maboma onse amachita ntchito zofunika zimenezi kumlingo wakutiwakuti.

Lingaliro la boma ndi lakale, lochokera ku mabungwe a mafuko ndi maufumu a monarchy kufika ku maulamuliro ocholoŵana a democracy ndi authoritarianism amene timawona lerolino. Kumvetsetsa nyumba zazikulu za boma kumapatsa nzikazo kukhala ndi phande m’tanthauzo, kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza kusintha.

Maboma Aakulu Atatu

M’maiko ambiri, makamaka malipabuliki aakulu a boma monga United States, boma limagwira ntchito pa milingo itatu yosiyana: boma la boma (logwirizana ndi dziko), boma (kapena chigawo), ndi malo akwawo. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mathayo ake, mphamvu, ndi magwero a ndalama, kuyambitsa dongosolo la kulamulira lokhala ndi maulamuliro operekedwa pamlingo woyenera.

Boma la Federal (Mtundu)

Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani zimene zikuyambukira dziko lonse. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutetezera dziko lonse. Zipembedzo za dziko, malamulo a maiko akunja, ndalama, kusamuka, ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Ilo limagawidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu . Legisaliti, mkulu, ndi khoti lachiweruzo (kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, Congress (legisalived), likulemba malamulo, Pulezidenti (wodula) amawakakamiza, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba (lo) limawamasulira. Kupatulidwa kwa mphamvu, kokhazikitsidwa ndi [FL:] U.

Boma

Maboma amayang'anira nkhani za m'dzikolo. Amayang'anira maphunziro, zoyendera, zaumoyo wa anthu, apolisi a boma, ndi malamulo ambiri. Maboma ambiri amasonyeza dongosolo la boma: kazembe monga mkulu, nyumba yoyaluza ya boma (kaŵirikaŵiri ka makwalala), ndi khoti la boma. Malamulo a boma angasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma limodzi kupita ku boma lina, kusonyeza makhalidwe ndi zosoŵa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma amakhazikitsa malire awo, misonkho, ndi miyezo ya maphunziro. Maboma alinso ndi mphamvu ya kupereka laisensi (ampikisano, akatswiri, ndi a zamalonda ambiri.)

Boma Lakumaloko

Boma lakumaloko ndilo limakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nzika. Limaphatikizapo mizinda, matauni, midzi, ndi zigawo zapadera (monga mabungwe a sukulu kapena makampani a madzi). Maboma a m’deralo amagwira ntchito: kusonkhanitsa zinyalala tsiku ndi tsiku, misewu ndi misewu, mapaki ndi zosangalatsa, kumanga ndi zilolezo, ndi apolisi ndi kuteteza moto. Amatsogoleredwa ndi bwanamkubwa wa mzinda kapena chigawo cha mzinda komanso bungwe la tauni. Nthawi zambiri masankhoti a m'dzikolo amakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa moyo wa anthu okhala m’dzikolo, koma amatsata mpikisano wa m'mafuko. Kukambira pa chigawo chino kulowa m’maholo kapena kupezeka pa msonkhano wa m'dzikolo.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma ndi Ntchito Zake

Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana ndipo ingayang’anizane ndi mphamvu ya inayo, kuyambitsa dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganiza.

  • Nthambi ya Nthambi [[FT:1] – Kupanga malamulo. M'dongosolo la bimadral (monga Nyumba ya Malamulo ya U.S.), muli zipinda ziŵiri: nyumba yochepera (kaŵiri yotchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Bwalo la Malamulo). Onse aŵiri ayenera kudutsa lamulo lisanakhale lamulo.
  • Nthambi imeneyi imaphatikizaponso maulamuliro (monga Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro kapena Dipatimenti ya Nkhalango) yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito malamulo.
  • Nthambi ya judicial – imamasulira malamulo. Makhoti pa milingo yonse amathetsa mikangano, amagamula liwongo kapena kupanda liwongo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo agwirizana ndi malamulo. Khoti lapamwamba koposa (m., Bwalo Lapamwamba) liri ndi liwu lomalizira pa mafunso a lamulo.

Mapendulo ndi kulinganiza, mwachitsanzo, amatanthauza kuti pulezidenti angakhoze kuletsa lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angaletse lamulolo ndi kutchuka kopambana. Mofananamo, makhoti angaike malamulo amene amaswa malamulo, koma nthambi yaikulu imaika oweruza (ndi chivomerezo cha malamulo). Dongosolo logwirizanitsa limeneli limaletsa nthambi iliyonse kusalamulira.

Mmene Msonkhano Unakhalira Lamulo: Lamulo Lotsatira Lamulo

Kumvetsa malamulo a boma kumathandiza kuti munthu aone boma likugwira ntchito.

  1. [[FLT: 0] Introduction :[[FL:1] Chiŵalo cha nyumba yoikizira malamulo (kapena komiti ya malamulo) ikulingalira lamulo. Ilo lagaŵiridwa nambala ndipo likulozera ku komiti yoyenera.
  2. Committee Review: Komiti imaphunzira ndalama za komiti, kuchititsa mayeso, ndi kukonzanso kapena kulemba. Ndalama zambiri zimafa m'komiti; kokha pang'ono kupita pansi.
  3. Floor Information and Vote:[[FL:1] Bungwe lonse la malamulo likutsutsana ndi lamulo ndi mavoti. M'dongosolo la bidamaral, zipinda zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kudutsa matembenuzidwe ofanana.
  4. Komiti ya Conference (ngati ikufunika): Ngati zipinda ziŵirizo zidutsa matembenuzidwe osiyana, komiti ya msonkhano wa ziŵalo za nyumba zonse ziŵiri imalolera molakwa. Kulolera kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Kuvomereza : Lamulo lomaliza limapita kwa pulezidenti kapena kazembe. Ngati lasainidwa, limakhala lamulo. Ngati lasainwa, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lingayese kulanda vhato, makamaka kufunitsa unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  6. Kupereka chigonjetso: [ Kalelo, mabungwe aakulu amapanga malamulo osungitsa lamulo, ndipo nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira ilo pamene mikangano ibuka.

Njira imeneyi imachedwa ndi kuchititsa dala, yolinganizidwa kulimbikitsa kulingalira kosamalitsa ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu asanasinthe lamulolo.

Ntchito Zamphamvu za Boma

Kuwonjezera pa kupanga malamulo, maboma amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale okhazikika ndiponso okhupuka.

Kusunga Chisungiko ndi Chisungiko

Maboma amateteza nzika za dzikolo kuti zisaopsezedwe ndi anthu ena, monga madipatimenti apolisi (amene amakhalako), asilikali a boma, asilikali a dziko, ndi asilikali.

Kupereka Zinthu ndi Zothandiza Anthu Onse

Mautumiki ambiri amene angathandize aliyense angasungidwe ngati asiyidwa m’chigawo cha anthu. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimatchedwa katundu wa anthu onse. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo chitetezo cha dziko, maphunziro a boma, misewu ndi milatho, madzi oyera ndi zimbudzi, mapaki, ndi malaibulale.

Kukhazikitsanso Ntchito Zachuma

Maboma amapanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a mabizinesi kutsimikizira mpikisano wachilungamo, chisungiko cha antchito, chitetezo cha ogula, ndi uyang’aniro wa malo okhala. Iwo amasamaliranso ndalama zoperekedwa, amaika chiwongola dzanja (kudzera m'mabanki apakati), ndi kupereka chitetezero kupyolera m'maprogramu monga inshuwalansi ya ulova, Social Security, ndi Medicare. Malamulo a misonkho ali chiŵiro china champhamvu: maboma angayambitse makhalidwe ena (monga ndalama zopindutsira mphamvu) kapena kufooketsa ena (monga kusuta fodya).

Mikangano Yothetsa Mavuto

Makhoti amachirikiza mapangano, kulanga apandu, ndi kuteteza ufulu walamulo. Popanda lamulo lopanda tsankho, mikangano idzakhala chiwawa kapena idzakhala yosathetsedwa.

Kuimira Nzika ndi Kulimbikitsa Kukhala ndi Mbali

M'mademokrase, maboma ali ndi mlandu kwa anthu. Chisankho, kuweruza kwapoyera, ufulu wa nyuzi, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha onse kutheketsa nzika zonse kusonkhezera zosankha za boma. Maboma amasonkhanitsa ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso kuti adziŵitse anthu ndi kuwongolera kuwonekera. Chisonyezero chogwira mtima chimafunikira pangano launyinji.

Mitundu ya Maboma

Maboma onse sapangidwa mofanana, chifukwa asayansi andale amatchula njira zolozera ulamuliro, mmene atsogoleri amasankhidwira, ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

  • [[FLT: 0] Democracy [FLT :1] – Mphamvu imasungidwa ndi anthu, amene amasankha oimira. Democracture imagogomezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, masankho aulere, ndi malamulo. Zitsanzo: United States, Germany, India.
  • Republic - -mpangidwe wa democracy kumene nzika zimasankha oimira kuti apange zosankha pa iwo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malamulo oletsa mphamvu za boma. Mademokrase ambiri amakono ali mariphabliki.
  • Constitugational Monarchy – A monarch (mfumu kapena mfumukazi) ali mutu wa boma wovomerezeka, koma mphamvu zawo zimaikizidwa ndi malamulo, ndipo akuluakulu osankhidwa amalamulira. Zitsanzo: United Kingdom, Japan, Canada.
  • Theocracy [[FLT :1] - atsogoleri achipembedzo ali ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko, ndipo lamulo lachipembedzo ndilo maziko a kulamulira. Zitsanzo: Iran, Vatican City.
  • [[FLT: 0] , "Authoritarist [[FLT :1] – Mphamvu imaikidwa mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono, wokhala ndi ufulu wandale ndi wochepa wa nzika. Zisankho zingakhalepo koma siziri zaufulu kapena zolungama. Zitsanzo: North Korea, Syria.
  • Chitotaliarianism – mtundu wonkitsa wa ulamuliro umene boma limalamulira pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu ndi waumwini, kugwiritsira ntchito manenanena, kuyang'anira, ndi kupondereza. Chitsanzo: Nazi Germany.
  • Chikomyunizimu [1] -A nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ndi ya zachuma yolinga chitaganya chopanda gulu, chopanda boma kumene chuma chili cha anthu onse. Kwenikweni, maboma a chikomyunizimu akhala maulamuliro a authoritarianism. Zitsanzo: China, Vietnam (ngakhale kuti onse aŵiri ayambitsa kusintha kwa msika), Cuba.
  • Fateral vs. Unitary Systems [1] -A a boma amagawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati ndi maboma a chigawo (m., US, Canada, Australia). Dongosolo la mgwirizano limapereka mphamvu m'boma lalikulu, limene lingapereke ulamuliro ku magulu a boma (m’jere, France, UK, U.K).

Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana za ufulu wa nzika, ufulu wa zachuma, ndi kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko. Kupyola mozama m'madongosolo andale zadziko oyerekezera, CIA World Factbook [ imapereka tsatanetsatane wa dziko lirilonse.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Bukhu la malamulo ndilo lamulo lapamwamba la dziko. Limakhazikitsa kapangidwe, mphamvu, ndi malire a boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limandandalika zoyenera zazikulu zimene sizingaswedwe. Malamulo angalembedwe (monga Malamulo a U.S.) kapena osalembedwa (monga Malamulo a UK, amene ali ndi malamulo, miyambo, ndi malamulo a khoti). Zimapanga maziko a kulamulira ndi njira yosinthira mwamtendere mwa kusintha. Popanda malamulo a boma, maboma angakhale opanda lamulo loyenerera kapena lodzilamulira.

Malamulo a boma amagaŵira mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a U.S. amapereka mphamvu za boma zachindunji (monga ndalama ndi kulengeza nkhondo), pamene kuli kwakuti amasunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu. Dongosolo la boma limeneli limalola maboma kuyesa malamulo, monga ngati njira zosiyanasiyana zosamalira thanzi kapena miyezo ya maphunziro, pakati pa dongosolo la dzikolo.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali pa Ntchito Yogwirizana: Chifukwa Chake Mumachitapo Kanthu

Maboma amathandiza kwambiri ngati anthu amene ali ndi mlandu wa kugawidwa kwa anthu a boma ndi a m’dera lawo.

Zimene Mungachite Kuti Mukhale ndi Banja Logwirizana ndi Boma

  • Kuvota m'masankho alionse – Malo, boma, ndi masankho a boma zonse. Ofuna kufufuza ndi ma astendium asanayambe kuponya pepala lanu.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira anu osankhidwa -foni, ma email, kapena makalata pa nkhani zimene mumafuna kuti zikhale ndi chisonkhezero. Afotokozeni maganizo anu mwaulemu ndi moona mtima.
  • Misonkhano yapoyera yochitidwa pa onse – bungwe la mzinda, bungwe la sukulu, ndi misonkhano ya m'chigawo ya anthu imakhala yotseguka kwa anthu. Kulankhula pa mlandu wapoyera ndiyo njira yamphamvu kwambiri yomvedwa.
  • Kutumikira pa mabodi kapena maoda - maboma ambiri a m'maderawo ali ndi malo odzifunira amene amalangiza za kulinganiza, mapaki, malaibulale, ndi zina zambiri.
  • Kutsata kapena kuchirikiza magulu a kuphanga – Mabungwe anasumika pa nkhani zakutizakuti (kusintha, maphunziro, zoyenera zachibadwidwe) amakulitsa mawu a munthu ndi kachitidwe ka dongosolo.
  • Khalanibe odziŵitsidwa - Werengani magwero a nyuzi otchuka, kutsatira mawebusaiti a boma, ndi pulojekiti ya zenizeni. USA.gov ndi malo odalirika oyambirapo chidziŵitso cha boma.
  • kapena kupereka – mabungwe a chitaganya, magulu a mudzi, ndi osakhala a partistiki olembetsa amalimbikitsa chitaganya.

Kudziloŵetsa mu usilikali sikufuna kuti munthu agwire ntchito, koma kuti akachita zinthu zochepa, ndiye kuti akukhala ndi demokalase yabwino.

Mmene Mafuko Amagwirira Ntchito: Kulinganiza Mphamvu ya Dziko ndi ya Boma

Federalism ndi njira imene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma lapakati (lolamulidwa ndi dziko) ndi maboma achigawo (boma), limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi mpambo wake wa mathayo. Magaŵano ameneŵa amaikidwa m'lamulo ndipo sangasinthidwe popanda kugawidwa. Ku United States, Demendment ya khumi ikunena kuti maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena oletsedwa ku maboma amasungidwa kaamba ka maboma kapena anthu.

Zitsanzo za maulamuliro a boma zimaphatikizapo kuchititsa zisankho, kukhazikitsa maboma, kulamulira malonda a m'dziko, ndi kulamulira kwa apolisi . ulamuliro wa kutetezera thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe. Boma la boma limalamulira malonda a mayiko a boma, malamulo akunja, chitetezo, ndi maofesi a positi. Magulu onse aŵiriwa angapereke msonkho, koma boma la boma silingapange gulu lapolisi la dzikolo (chisungiko, palibe “apolisi auchigawenga” ofanana ndi mzinda wa PD; FBI imasamalira milandu ya boma).

Maboma ameneŵa amalola kuti agwire ntchito monga “mabungwe a demokrase,” mapangano oyesa amene angavomerezedwe m'dziko. Mwachitsanzo, kuyendera thanzi la anthu onse kunayesedwa choyamba pa mlingo wa boma (m’chitsanzo, Massachusetts), ndi malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amayamba ndi maboma otchuka monga California. Federalism imaperekanso mfundo zambiri zopezera anthu mphamvu kuti asinthe malamulo.

Dongosolo la Chiweruzo ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Lamulo la lamulo ndilo lamulo limene anthu onse, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma, amagonjera lamulo ndipo ayenera kulitsatira. Palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Oweruza aumwini ali ofunika kuchirikiza lamulo limeneli. Makhoti amamasulira malamulo, kupenda zochita za akuluakulu, ndi kugamula ngati malamulo akugwirizana ndi malamulo. Mphamvu ya chiweruzo imeneyi ndi yofufuza bwino pa nthambi zina.

M’dziko la United States, khoti la boma lili ndi mizere itatu: makhoti a boma (mlingo wa khoti), makhoti a m’makhoti a milandu, ndi khoti Lapamwamba. Makhoti a boma amasiyana koma kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti a apilo apakati, ndi bwalo lamilandu lalikulu la boma. Milandu imene imaphatikizapo malamulo a boma kapena mabungwe alamulo ingapitiridwe ku khoti lalikulu la United States. Kukhoza kutsutsa kachitidwe ka boma m’khoti ndiko kuyenera kofunika kwambiri kumene kumatetezera nzika ku zipambano.

Kumaliza: Thayo la Nzika

Kumvetsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito si maphunziro chabe . N’kofunika kuti munthu akhale wachangu, wodziwa bwino zinthu. Kuchokera pa magawo atatu a boma mpaka kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, kuyambira pa kufunika kwa malamulo mpaka kufunika kwa pangano la boma, zimenezi zimakukonzekeretsani kuti muyende bwino m’dziko. Boma ndi chida chimene timapanga ndi kuchisamalira pamodzi. Chingawongoleredwe, kukonzedwa, kapena kusungidwa. Koma sichingagwire bwino ntchito ngati nzikazo zikhalabe modzi.

Khalani ndi nthaŵi yophunzira za kakonzedwe ka boma lanu, kupezeka pamsonkhano wa bungwe, ndi kuvota m'masankho alionse. Mawu anu ali mbali ya dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Pamene anthu ambiri amvetsetsa ndi kutengamo mbali, boma limawonekera bwino, limagwira ntchito, ndiponso limakhala lovomereza. Mphamvu ya nzika yodziŵa bwino zakhala maziko a mademokrase achipambano kwa zaka mazana ambiri .