Malamulo a boma amatumikira monga njira zazikulu zopangira malamulo ku United States, kupanga malamulo amene amayambukira mwachindunji miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba za Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimalamulira mitu yankhani ya dziko, ndizo nyumba za boma kuyambira ku Sacramento mpaka Tallahas kuona kumene zosankha zambiri zotsatirapo kwambiri zokhudza maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kuweruza kwaupandu, ndi malamulo a malo okhala amapangidwa. Kusintha kwa Demendement kwa Delete ku U.S. kumasungidwa mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa ku boma la boma, kupereka ulamuliro waukulu wa boma kulinganiza malamulo a anthu mkati mwa malire awo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza dongosolo la kayendetsedwe, kachitidwe, ndi ziyambukiro za boma, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko lapansi kuchokera ku dziko lonselo kuyerekezera mphamvu yawo yaikulu ya dziko la America.

Malamulo a Boma Opangidwa Mosiyanasiyana

Kuloŵerera m’Zaka za M’malere ndi Kusakonda Kutchuka: Zitsanzo Ziŵiri

Makumi anayi ndi anayi a maiko makumi asanu amene amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la makwalala, kutanthauza makhoma awo alamulo amagaŵidwa kukhala zipinda ziŵiri zosiyana: nyumba yaing'ono (yomwe kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira, Msonkhano, kapena Nyumba ya Otumiza) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Khonsati). Chosiyana chokha ndi Nebraska, chimene chinatenga nyumba ya malamulo ya nunicara, yopanda partistiki mu 1937. Manessargislature, otchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri Unicaal, ali ndi 49 a aisenator amene amasankhidwa popanda mapepala a gulu, kuyesa kwapadera kopeputsa kumene kunachirikizidwa ndi Senator George Norris monga njira yowonjezera kuwala ndi kuchepetsa pulogalamu.

Makina a malamulo a Bidameral amafuna kuti lamulo lipatsidwe zipinda zonse ziŵiri mpangidwe wofanana lisanatumizidwe kwa bwanamkubwa kuti asayine. Mabungwe ameneŵa, ofanana ndi Congress ya boma, amapereka dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganiza kwa mkati. Nyumba yaing'ono njaikulu kwambiri m'mamembala (ikumayambira pa 40 mu Alaska kufika pa 400 mu New Hampshire) ndipo imatumikira mawu aafupi, kutsimikizira kuti ikhalabe yogwirizana ndi kusintha maganizo a anthu. Nyumba yapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri njaing'ono, ndipo ziŵalo zake zimatumikira mapangano aakulu, kuwonjezera bata ndi kuchepetsa kawonedwe kake ku malamulo.

Nthawi yapadera v. Malamulo a Nthaŵi Yakwanira: The Professional Spectrum

Chochititsa chachikulu m'ntchito za malamulo a boma ndicho kaya amaikidwa m'magulu monga akatswiri, opangidwa ndi maufumu opangidwa ndi anthu. Malamulo audindo , monga aja a ku California, New York, ndi Pennsylvania, amakumana chaka ndi zipatala zazikulu, ndipo amalipira opanga malamulo malipiro amene amawalola kutumikira popanda ntchito yapanja. Amapanga nyumba za malamulo za boma [[FLT:], monga a Wyhoming, New Hampre, ndi Vermont, amakumana ndi magawo ochepera (kaŵiri chaka chimodzi chabe pachaka chimodzi), amalandira antchito ochepa, ndi ochepetsa ndalama zochepa pa makampani kapena ang'ono omwe amafunikira ntchito zina. [Ft. Fromasestion:]

Lamulo: Kuchokera ku Bill Kupita ku Lamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti mfundo zachindunji zimasiyana m'dziko ndi boma, ulendo waukulu wa lamulo kupyolera mwa bungwe la boma lalamulo umatsatira njira yokhazikitsidwa bwino. Kumvetsetsa kachitidwe kameneka nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a boma amalinganizidwira.

  1. Kuloŵetsa ndi Kuyamba: Wopanga malamulo, nthaŵi zina mothandizidwa ndi ogwira ntchito yalamulo kapena Legislative Counseur Bureau, amapanga lamulo. Lamulolo limaikidwa m'chipinda choyenerera. M'mayiko ambiri, chiŵalo chilichonse chingayambitse lamulo, koma malamulo ndi malire a malire a ndalama zimene chiwalo chimodzi chingalembe chigawo chilichonse.
  2. Committee Review: Atatsegula, lamulolo limaperekedwa ku makomiti amodzi kapena angapo amene amagwira ntchito m'nkhani yokhudza nkhani imeneyi (m’chitsanzo, Komiti ya Maphunziro, Health ndi Mautumiki a Anthu). Iyi ndi mbali yovuta kwambiri. Makomiti amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi milandu, kupereka umboni kwa akatswiri ndi nzika, ndipo angawonjezere ndalama. Ngati komiti yalephera kuchitapo kanthu pa lamulo, imafa bwino – njira yodziŵika monga “kuzemba.
  3. Floor Action:[[FLT :1] Ngati komiti ivomereza lamulolo, ilo likupita ku malo onse kaamba ka mkangano ndi voti. Opanga malamulo angapereke zobwezeretsera zowonjezereka pansi. Kudutsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna anthu wamba, ngakhale kuti nkhani zina zingafunikire kutchuka kwambiri.
  4. Nyumba ya Chisamaliro: Chikwangwanicho chimapita ku nyumba ina, kumene chimayenda ku komiti yofanana ndi chipinda chachiŵiri. Ngati chipinda chachiŵiricho chiposa matembenuzidwe osiyana, komiti ya mamembala a msonkhano kuchokera ku nyumba zonse ziŵirizo iyenera kugwirizanitsa kusiyana.
  5. Act: [Malo onse aŵiri akangopita ku pepala lofanana, amatumizidwa kwa kazembe, amene angasaine m'lamulo, kapena m'mayiko ena, ilo likhale lamulo popanda kusaina ngati nyumba yoyamira siinalipo. M'mayiko onse kusiyapo North Carolina, bwanamkubwa ali ndi mphamvu ya chigawo cha pulogramuto kaamba ka zikalata, kulola mkuluyo kunyamula zinthu zowonongedwa pamene akuyamikira zotsala.

Maboma ena, monga Texas, amakumana nthaŵi zosiyanasiyana pa zaka ziŵiri zokha (zaka zapadera, kwa masiku 140), pamene ena, mofanana ndi Massachusetts, amakumana chaka chilichonse popanda deti loikidwiratu. Kusiyana kumeneku kungakhudze kwambiri kuthamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo.

Malamulo a Boma Monga Mabungwe a Demokalase

Woweruza Louis Brandeis analongosola motchuka kuti “maluso a democracy,” ndi mfundo imene idakali yofunika kwambiri lerolino. Pamene boma lina lipanga njira yatsopano yothetsera vuto la anthu, maboma ena angaone, kusintha, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozo – kapena kukana chifukwa cha umboni. Kuyesa bwino kumeneku kumalola kuti malamulo ayambe popanda kuopsa kwa dziko.

Lamulo la Malo Okhala: California Atsogolera, Ena Akutsatira

Palibe boma limene likusonyeza bwino mbali imeneyi kuposa California. California Legislature yakhazikitsa malamulo ena a malo okhala otchuka kwambiri m'dzikolo, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa miyezo ya de conortiono ya dziko lonselo. California Global Hotuting Global Confect ya 2006 (AB 32) [[FL:1] yakhazikitsa programu yokwanira yochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wambirimbiri kutentha mpweya ku masitemu 202020. Ili pulogalamu yoyamba ya kapeti ndi trade mu U.S. ndipo yatsatidwa ndi [FL:] Energy ndi Repution Act (B350) [FFFF], yoyera ndi magetsi posachedwapa. [20]

Chisonkhezero cha California nchoposa malire ake. Chifukwa chakuti malonda a boma ali aakulu kwambiri, opanga magalimoto ndi ziŵiya zamagetsi kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha kugwirizana ndi miyezo yosamalitsa ya California. Chochitika chimenechi, nthaŵi zina chikutchedwa “California,” chachititsa nyumba zomanga nyumba za malamulo – makamaka ku New York, Washington, ndi Massachusetts – kutsatira malamulo a malo okhala, kupanga chigawo chimene chimakakamiza boma kuletsa miyezo ya dziko.

Kusintha Maphunziro: Texas ndi Kugunda Ndalama za Sukulu

Ku Texas, nyumba ya malamulo yakhala ikulimbana ndi nkhani ya ndalama za sukulu. Kudalira kwa boma pa misonkho ya malo kunachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa madera a sukulu olemera ndi osauka. Poyankha, Texas Legislature inakhazikitsa malamulo otsatizana pansi pa lamulo lodziŵika monga “Ronin Hood," lomwe limafuna kuti madera a chuma cha dziko lapansi agaŵane ndi madera osauka. Nyumba ya malamulo inapatulanso nyumba ya Bill 3 (2010), kukonzanso konyanya kwa za za zamaphunziro kumene boma kunkawonjezereka ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama, ndi kutumiza chuma chambiri kuti ophunzira apeze ndalama zochepa ndi kuphunzira Chingelezi. Lamuloli lina linasonyezanso mmene boma lingagwiritsirire ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka maphunziro apamwamba.

Maboma ena awona njira ya Texas ndipo alondola masinthidwe awo. Mwachitsanzo, Kansas Legislature inakhazikitsa chiwonjezeko cha ndalama za sukulu mu 2017 pambuyo pa kupezedwa kwa khoti lalikulu la boma kukhala kosakhala kwalamulo, ndipo Washington State Legislature inapatula Bipartis Students Provector mu 2017 kuti ipereke maphunziro aakulu monga momwe anafunidwira ndi chigamulo cha boma.

Malamulo a Mfuti: Chiwongolero cha Maparkland cha Florida

Kuwombera kwa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonkhezera kachitidwe ka lamulo la boma, ndipo kuwombera kwa 2018 pa Marjory Stonen Douglas High School ku Parkland, Florida, sikunali kosiyana. Florida Legislature, mbiri yolingaliridwa kukhala kuyenera kwa mfuti, inapitirira nyengo ya masiku atatu yoyembekezera kugula mfuti, yoletsedwa zithumba, ndi kupanga “dongosolo la Ristolglas High School Public Safety Act [Flact [FLLL:1] m'chikalata cha mavoti a bipartisan . Lamulolo linakweza zaka zochepa zogulira mfuti kuyambira 18 mpaka 21, lokhazikitsa programu ya masiku atatu yoyembekezera kugula mfuti zonse, yoletsedwa, ndi kupanga“ lamulo lakutetezera kwa anthu a kumbuyo [1] (odziŵikanso monga lamulo lofiira la lamulo) limene limalola makhoti kuchotsa mfuti kwa anthu amene adziwo amene adziwopsyetnya kapena ena. Oyang'a ntchito ya sukulu inakhazikitsanso programu ya za ofufuza za za za kutetezetsa zida za kuyang’akulu.

Lamulo limeneli linatumikira monga chitsanzo cha maboma ena. Kutsatira utsogoleri wa Florida, pafupifupi makhoma a boma khumi ndi asanu, kuphatikizapo aja a ku Vermont, Maryland, ndi Washington, akhazikitsa malamulo ofiira a mbendera. Chitsanzo cha Florida chikusonyeza mmene bungwe la boma la malamulo la boma lingachitire ndi tsoka ndi kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi mmene kusinthako kungayendere kudzera m'dongosolo la boma.

Kuyamba Kusamalira Thanzi: Kufika kwa Ofutukula Magazi a New York

Nyumba ya boma ya New York yakhala yotsogolera pa kayendetsedwe ka zaumoyo kopita patsogolo. New York Health Act New York Health Act, imene yakhazikitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Nyumba, ikutchula za dongosolo la zaumoyo limodzi lomwe lidzaloŵa mmalo mwa inshuwalansi ya aliyense ndi njira yoyendetsera zaumoyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamuloli silinapatsidwebe Khoti, nyumba ya malamulo yazengedwa kuwonjezera njira zina. Mu 2018, New York yapereka malamulo ofuna kuti anthu apereke mautumiki a zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kubala ndi kuchotsa mimba, popanda kulipira. Mu 2019, bungwe la malamulo linapatula Chikalata chofufuzira Chikalata chofufuzira [[FT]

New York yachitapo kanthunso kuthetsera vuto la opioid. Nyumba ya malamulo inakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malamulo oyambirira kukhala masiku asanu ndi aŵiri ndi kulamula olamula kuti aone pulogalamu ya kuyang'anira dziko lonse. Njira zimenezi zatchulidwa kukhala njira zabwino kwambiri ndi boma la National Bridgers Association ndipo zasonkhezera malamulo ofanana m'mayiko onga Ohio, Massachusetts, ndi Kentucky. Zokumana nazo za New York zimasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yawo pa malamulo a inshuwalansi ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo kukonza zotsatira zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

Kupanga Malamulo a Nzika: Ntchito ya Anthu Omenyana ndi Ziŵalo

M'mayiko ambiri, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo limagaŵana mwachindunji ndi anthu mwa njira yoyamba ndi yoyendera. Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi anayi amalola nzika kukhazikitsa ndi kuika malamulo mwa kupempha ndi kuvota. Njira imeneyi ingachotse kuyendetsa malamulo kapena kunyalanyaza kazembe. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2018, ovota ku Florida , ngakhale kuti bungwelo linalephera mobwerezabwereza kuchita zinthu – kukhazikitsa Malamulo 4, zimene zinabwezeretsa ufulu wosankha kwa anthu oposa 1.4 miliyoni amene anamaliza kuweruza milandu yawo. Mofananamo, Missouris Legislature yaona ulamuliro wake ukutsutsidwa ndi anthu a m’chipatala cha mbanje ndi malipiro ochepa.

Unansi pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi anthu ungakhale wothandiza. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kuletsa njira yoyambirira kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo loyambirira kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvomereza. Mu 2020, Arkansas Legislature inaika sikelo pa pepala loti lithandize kukhazikitsa njira za nzika, ngakhale kuti oweruza anakana. Zimenezi zimagogomezera mwamphamvu kukhazikitsa lamulo: kulinganiza pakati pa demokalase yoimira demokrase ndi demokrase yolunjikitsa.

Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Malamulo

Kumbuyo kwa lamulo lililonse loperekedwa ndi boma kuli chikalata cha antchito aluso , ofufuza malamulo, alembi a komiti, ndi ofufuza a za malamulo , amene ntchito yawo imaumba ntchito ya zopangapanga. Opanda partisan maofesi ofufuza m'maboma monga California, Wisconsin, ndi Colorado amaonedwa kwambiri kukhala akupereka ukulu, kufufuza kwa zolinga kumene kumathandiza opanga malamulo kupanga zosankha za chidziŵitso. M'maboma okhala ndi malamulo aluso lochepa, opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa antchito a gulu la compaccus, olandira malo, kapena makampani a nthambi aakulu a chidziŵitso, zimene zingapereke njira yopanga malamulo apadera.

Ndiponso, malamulo alamulo – monga ngati kuletsa (kaya kusintha kuyenera kugwirizana ndi nkhani ya lamulo), malamulo oŵerenga, ndi makhonde a magudumu – angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kapena kutsekereza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Texas House, “komiti yapadera” mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Texas iri ndi mphamvu yakusankha kuti ndi ngongole iti ifike pansi pa nkhani ya kukambitsirana, kupatsa chisonkhezero chachikulu pa mpando wa malamulo.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mafuko m’Zaka za Zana la 21

M’nyengo ya ma front lock, mabwalo a boma akhala otsutsa mowonjezereka m'kachitidwe ka kuumba pa nkhani zimene zinalingaliridwa kukhala ulamuliro wapadera wa boma la dzikolo. Izi zikuwonekera m'mbali zonga ngati zachinsinsi za madata (California Consumer Fining Act of 2018), uchete (maiko onga Oregon ndi Washington anakhazikitsa malamulo awoawo a FC Repeaded), ndi kusamuka (maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma loletsa kusamuka).

Chikhoterero chimenechi chimadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za kulinganiza bwino kwa ulamuliro m'dongosolo la boma. Ochirikiza amanena kuti malumbiro a boma amalabadira kwambiri zosoŵa za kumaloko ndipo angachite monga kupenda kwa akuluakulu a boma. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti malamulo a boma amapangitsa kugonjera kwa mabizinesi ndi kululuza miyezo ya dziko. Mosasamala kanthu za lingaliro la munthu, nkwachionekere kuti malamulo a boma akuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri yowongolera malamulo a America. Khoti lalikulu la U.S. la U. lalimbikitsa chikhoti chimenechi m'zosankha zonga Mrphy v. NA , chomwe chinakantha lamulo loletsa maseŵera, kuletsa kuseŵera, motero kutulutsa chigamu cha lamulo la lamulo loletsa kuyendetsa maseŵera.

Mavuto Amene Malamulo a Boma Akukumana Nawo

Malamulo a boma sasoŵa mavuto awo. Partisan geryman , kumene malire achigawo amaikidwa kuti apindulitse chipani chimodzi, angawonjezere maulamuliro aakulu ndi kuchepetsa kuŵerengera kwa osankhidwa. Magawo ambiri a malamulo amalamulidwa ndi mavuto a bajeti, okakamiza kupanga malamulo opweteka kapena kukweza misonkho m'malo apadera. Chisonkhezero cha zopereka za ndawala ndi kusonkhezera chitukuko cha chigawo china chili nkhaŵa yopitirizabe, makamaka m’maboma ndi malamulo ofooka. Ndiponso, kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a boma ndi malipiro owonjezereka ndi magawo owonjezereka ndi magawo ena otalikirapo – achititsa kusuliridwa kuti opanga malamulo sakugwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu amene akuimira.

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, mabungwe a boma adakali ofunika kwambiri ku America. Amapereka mpata wosavuta woti nzika zipange malamulo, ndipo amapereka malo oti boma likhale ndi malamulo amene nthaŵi zambiri sangagwirizane nawo. Zitsanzo za ku California, Texas, Florida, ndi New York zikusonyeza kuti malamulo amene amaperekedwa ndi malamulo a boma ali ndi mphamvu yeniyeni, zimene zimakhudza malo, maphunziro, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi thanzi.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya malamulo a boma opanga malamulo olinganiza malamulo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kuyambira pa kulemba lamulo m’chipinda chakutali cha komiti kufika pa kusainidwa kwa kazembe, njira ya malamulo imasintha zofunikira za anthu kukhala malamulo oyenerera omwe amalamulira zonse kuyambira kukula kwa kalasi mpaka kutulutsa kwa carbon. Kusiyanasiyana kwa njira zoyendera pa maboma makumi asanu – kuchokera ku ku kukonzanso kwa zachuma kwa chigawo cha Texas ku California ku utsogoleri wa chigawo cha dziko la Florida ku malamulo ofiira a mbendera Florida , kugogomezera mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa apamwamba wa boma. Kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa mmene demokrase imagwirira ntchito mu United States, kuyang'ana kwa boma sikungophunzitsa; nkofunika; mabodzano, kaŵirikaŵiri onyalanyazidwa m’nkhani ya dziko, kumene malamulo a ku America amalembedwa, panthaŵi imodzi.

[[FLT : 0] Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa malamulo a boma, chezerani Msonkhano wa Ufulu wa Dziko wa Malamulo a Boma . Kufufuza ndalama za boma ndi makalenda a malamulo, funsani [[FLT :3] LagiScan [1]. Kupenda kolongosoledwa kwa malamulo a dziko la California nkochokera ku Caliniaforn Environment Protection Agement Agency