Table of Contents

Chilengezo cha kudziimira paokha chili chimodzi cha zikalata zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Kutengedwa kwa malemba ameneŵa osintha zinthu kunachita zambiri kuposa kungolengeza kuti dziko la America lisiyane ndi Great Britain. Ilo linakhazikitsa mfundo za filosofi zimene zikaumba kuyambika kwa boma la America ndi kusonkhezera madongosolo a demokalase padziko lonse kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kumvetsa mmene Chikalatacho chinayala maziko a boma la America kumafunikiritsa kupenda malamulo ake, nkhani za mbiri yakale, ndi mphamvu yokhalitsa pa malamulo a boma.

Nkhani ya M’mbiri ndi Kulengedwa kwa Chikalatacho

Pa June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee anabweretsa chimene chinatchedwa Lee Resolution pamaso pa Continental Congress, akumanena kuti "Maboma a United Colonies ndi ofunika kukhala, aufulu ndi odziimira. Pambuyo pa Congress anatsutsana kwa masiku angapo, Komiti ya Five John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, ndi Thomas Jefferson adapatsidwa ntchito yopanga chikalata cha ufulu, ndipo anapereka ntchito yolemba chikalatacho kwa Jefferson.

Kujambula pa zikalata, zonga Virginia Declaration of Rights, boma ndi malo ena kumafuna ufulu, ndi kulembedwa kwake kwa malamulo a Virginia, Jefferson analemba mawu odabwitsa a ufulu wa atsamunda kupandukira boma la Britain ndi kukhazikitsa maziko awo pa mfundo yakuti anthu onse alengedwa olingana ndi kukhala ndi ufulu wosasinthika wa moyo, ufulu, ndi kulondola chimwemwe. Zolemba za Jefferson zinasonkhezeredwa ndi George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights, limodzinso ndi maphunziro ake a ziphunzitso za ufulu wachibadwa ndi zolembedwa za John Locke, kuphatikizapo Zikalata ziŵiri za Boma.

Kulemba zinthu kunaphatikizapo kugwirizana ndi kukonzanso. Franklin ndi Adams okonza Jefferson, ndipo chikalata chomaliza chinaperekedwa ku Congress pafupifupi milungu iŵiri pambuyo pake. Pa July 2, 1776, Continental Congress inavota kulengeza ufulu ku England, ndipo Congress anapanga masinthidwe angapo pa kupanga Jefferson, kuphatikizapo kuchotsa zilozero zotsutsa ukapolo, Chilengezo cha Independeko chisanavomerezedwe pa July 4, 1776.

Maziko a Ziphunzitso za Chiphunzitso cha Ufulu wa Zachilengedwe ndi Malingaliro Ounikiridwa

Chipanduko cha ku America ndi Nkhondo ya Kudziimira paokha zinachokera ku gulu la Kuunika, lachisanu ndi chitatu la maphunziro ku Ulaya limene linayambitsa malingaliro atsopano ponena za anthu, sayansi, boma, ufulu wa anthu ndi kulingalira limodzi ndi lingaliro la kulolerana dziko la dziko. Wafilosofi wotchuka wa ku Ulaya pa Chipanduko cha America anali John Locke, amene pamapeto pa zaka za zana la 17, anakulitsa lingaliro la pangano la kakhalidwe pakati pa olamulidwa ndi olamulira, ndi nzeru ya Locke ya "pangano la za chikhalidwe" adasonkhezera kwambiri Thomas Jefferson ndi chisonkhezero chake kupyola chikalata cha ufulu wa ufulu wa dziko lonse.

Chikalatacho chinachokera ku miyambo yambiri yanzeru. Ambuye Kames anapereka maziko a nthanthi ya mawu akuti "kupeza chimwemwe," omwe anayenerera ndi Jefferson monga kuyenera kosamutsidwa kwa mtundu wa anthu mu Declaration of Independent . Mwa kuvomereza kwa Jefferson mwini, Chikalatacho chinalibe ndi malingaliro oyambirira, koma mmalo mwake chinali mawu a malingaliro ogawiridwa mofala ndi ogwirizana ndi ochirikiza Chipanduko cha America, monga momwe anafotokozera mu 1825: "Kusalunjikitsa ku maziko a mfundo za makhalidwe kapena malingaliro, kapena kukopabe kuchokera ku chikalata chilichonse chapadera ndi chapapitapo, chinali ndi cholinga cha kulongosola maganizo a ku America.

Thomas Paine translate , Common Sense, yofalitsidwa mu 1776, inasonkhezera okonza chilengezo cha Kudziimira, monga momwe Paine ananenera mwachidule kuti anthu wamba anali ndi mphamvu ya kudzilamulira okha ndipo sanafunikire kutsogozedwa ndi nduna yovekedwa bwino. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinatsutsa zaka mazana ambiri za mwambo wa monarchy ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a nzeru kaamba ka ulamuliro wotchuka.

Zigawo Zitatu Zofunika za Chikalatacho

Chikalatacho chinali ndi zigawo zitatu: mawu achibadwa ofotokoza za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi cholinga cha boma; mpambo wa zidzudzulo zotsutsa Mfumu ya ku Britain; ndi chilengezo cha kudziimira paokha kuchoka ku England. Chigawo chilichonse chinali ndi cholinga chothandiza kumanga nkhani ya ufulu wodzilamulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a m’tsogolo.

Mawu Oyambirira: Zowonadi Zodziimira ndi Zoyenera Zachilengedwe

Chikalatacho chimafotokoza bwino mfundo zofunika kwambiri zimene zikanathandiza kwambiri anthu a ku America kukhala ndi nzeru zandale. Lembalo limati: "Tikuwona kuti choonadi chimenechi n’choonekera, kuti anthu onse analengedwa ofanana, kuti Mlengi wawo wawapatsa ufulu wina wosalandirika, kuti pakati pa zimenezi pali Moyo, Liberty ndi kufunafuna Chimwemwe. . . Chimene chimachititsa kuti anthu akhazikitse ufulu umenewu, Maboma amakhazikitsa pakati pa Amuna, kukhazikitsa mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chilolezo cha olamulira.

Chachiwiri, linalengeza kuti maboma alipo makamaka kuti ateteze ufulu umenewu. Chachitatu, linalengeza kuti ulamuliro wa boma umachokera ku ufulu umene anthu amaulamulira, osati ku ufulu wa Mulungu kapena mwayi wachibadwa.

Kuvomereza kungangotanthauza kuvomereza boma limene limasungitsadi ufulu wa anthu mwachibadwa, kuyamikira Mlengi wawo, asanapange boma, ndipo pamene iwo savomerezanso boma lawo chifukwa chakuti silinatumikirenso chifuno chimene boma liyenera kukhala nacho, osati kokha kuti tiri ndi kuyenera kwa kulisintha kapena kulithetsa, tirinso ndi kuyenera, ngakhalenso kwa kukhazikitsa boma latsopano.

Kulemba Mabuku

Chigawo chapakati cha Chikalatacho chinali ndi ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya kudandaula Mfumu George III, yosonyeza zochitika zenizeni za khalidwe lankhanza. Zidandaulo zimenezi zinakwaniritsa zifuno zambiri: zinalungamitsa kugaŵidwa kwa maiko a ku Britain, kupereka umboni wa kupondereza kwadongosolo, ndi kusonyeza zimene boma loyenerera siliyenera kuchita.

Pa milandu yambiri imene inandandalika, asilikali a m’dzikolo anaimba Mfumu mlandu wa nkhanza zosiyanasiyana. Chikalatacho chinanena kuti: “Iye waphatikizana ndi ena kutilamulira ku dziko lachilendo, ndipo sanavomereze malamulo athu; analola kuti azichita Malamulo oyerekezera: Powateteza ndi magulu akuluakulu a asilikali okhala ndi zida pakati pathu: Powateteza, mwa kuwaweruza mwachinyengo, kuti alangidwe ndi maupandu alionse amene ayenera kupha anthu a m’mayiko ameneŵa: Chifukwa cha kuchepetsa malonda athu ndi mbali zonse za dziko lapansi.

Patatha zaka zoposa 20, Malamulo achiŵiri, achitatu, achinayi, ndi a Sikisi akakhala ndi ziletso zoletsa boma kuletsa mtundu wankhanza wofanana ndi umene unandandalikidwa. Kugwirizana kwachindunji kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene chikalata cha Chikalata cha nkhanza za Briteni chinathandizira mwachindunji kutetezera kotsimikizirika pambuyo pake kolembedwa mu Bill of Rights.

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira Iko Iko

Chigawo chomalizira chinalengeza motsimikizirika za kulekana kwa maikowo ndi Great Britain. Oimira analengeza "Kuti Maufumu a United Colonies ameneŵa ndi, ndi kuti a Kuyenera ayenera kukhala a Free ndi Independent States; kuti iwo asungunulidwa kuchokera ku Malo onse a Chilamulo ku Briteni, ndi kuti kugwirizana konse kwa ndale pakati pa iwo ndi Boma la Great Britain, ndiko ndipo kuyenera kuthetsedwa kotheratu; ndi kuti monga Maufulu ndi Independent States, iwo ali ndi Mphamvu zokwanira za Levi War, amamaliza Mtendere, kukhazikitsa Mapangano, kukhazikitsa Zamalonda, ndi kuchita zinthu zina zonse zimene Endependent ndi Zingachite.

Mfundo za Chikhalidwe Zimene Zinasintha Boma la America

Ulamuliro Wotchuka: Boma Ligwirizana

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chinatsimikizira lamulo la lamulo la republic ya boma lotchuka, popeza kuti anthu anali magwero a ulamuliro wonse, kapena ulamuliro, m’boma loimira. lamulo limeneli linaimira kutha kwakukulu kwa madongosolo ofala a boma m’zaka za zana la 18, kumene mafumu anadzinenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro kupyolera mwa kuyenera kwaumulungu kapena kutsata choloŵa.

Lingaliro la ulamuliro wotchuka linakhazikitsa kuti ulamuliro wa boma wovomerezeka umachokera kwa anthu mmalo mwa kutsika kuchokera kwa gulu la monarch kapena lolamulira. Lamulo la maziko limeneli pambuyo pake likaphatikizidwa m'mawu oyamba a Malamulo: "Ife Anthu". Mawu oyamba a Malamulo analongosola kuti boma latsopano la malamulo linayeneranso kukhala lozikidwa pa lamulo la uchifumu wotchuka umenewu, likumanena kuti "Ife Anthu a United States, m'kulinganiza kupanga chigwirizano changwiro chokulirapo," chimene chinatanthauza kuti anthu a United States, kupyolera mwa oimira awo, anakhazikitsa boma latsopanoli.

Ufulu Wachibadwa ndi Kulingana kwa Anthu

Chifuno chachikulu cha Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chinali kukhazikitsa dongosolo landale lolungama limene limavomereza kulingana kwa anthu pa zoyenera zachibadwa kwa anthu onse. Chinenero chakuti "anthu onse anapangidwa olingana" chinakhala chimodzi cha mawu amphamvu ndi otsutsa koposa m’mbiri ya Amereka.

Komabe, tanthauzo la mawu ameneŵa lasintha kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Pamene Jefferson analemba kuti “anthu onse analengedwa olingana" m'mawu oyamba a Chilengezocho, iye sanali kunena za kulingana kwa munthu aliyense; chimene anatanthauza kwenikweni chinali chakuti olamulira a ku America, monga anthu, anali ndi ufulu wofanana wa kudzilamulira okha monga anthu ena, ndipo motero anakhoza kulengeza ufulu, kuyambitsa maboma atsopano ndi kutenga malo awo "aaaanzake ndi olingana" pakati pa mitundu ina.

Koma pambuyo pa kusinthikako, Aamereka anayamba kuŵerenga mawu otchuka amenewo mwanjira ina; tsopano anakhala ndemanga ya kulingana kwa munthu aliyense ndi chiŵalo chilichonse cha gulu losoŵa chimene chidzinenera yekha, ndi mbadwo uliwonse wopita, lingaliro lathu la amene mawuwo akukumbukika. Kumasulira kosintha kumeneku kwasonkhezera magulu othetsa, ufulu wa akazi, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kaamba ka kufanana.

Ufulu wa Kusintha Zinthu

Chikalatachi chinakhazikitsa osati chabe ufulu wa anthu komanso ntchito ya kukonza kapena kuchotsa maboma amene amalephera kuteteza ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe. Mfundo imeneyi mwina inali mbali yoopsa kwambiri ya chikalatachi. Chinanena kuti pamene boma liwononga malo amene linalengedwa, anthu ali ndi ufulu wosintha ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe.

Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli linali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kaamba ka kulamulira kwa mtsogolo. Chinatanthauza kuti ulamuliro wa boma unali wodalira pa zinthu, osati kotheratu. Akuluakulu anali ndi mphamvu kokha malinga ngati iwo analamulira mwachilungamo ndi ndi mwa kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa. Lingaliro limeneli likakhudza kuyambika kwa malamulo a malamulo kaamba ka kusintha kwamtendere, kuphatikizapo masankho anthaŵi zonse, masinthidwe, kukonzanso, ndi njira zochitira zinthu zotsutsana.

Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Mwa kukhazikitsa kuti maboma alipo kokha kuti atetezere ufulu wachibadwidwe, Chikalatacho sichinali chothetsera ulamuliro wa boma wochepa. Boma silinali njira yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Lamulo limeneli pambuyo pake likaonekera m'kutchula maulamuliro apadera, kugaŵa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu, ndi dongosolo la zopimira ndi zolinganiza zolinganizidwa kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kuwonjezera ulamuliro.

Chilengezocho Chimakhudza Kupita Patsogolo kwa Malamulo

Kuchokera ku Chilengezo Kunka ku Nkhani za Chigwirizano

Pambuyo pa kudziimira, maiko opangidwa chatsopanowo anafunikira makonzedwe a kulamulira kwa dziko. Chilengezocho chinalengeza ufulu kuchokera ku Great Britain ndi kulenga mtundu watsopano umene unanena kuti uli ndi mphamvu zolengeza ndi kumenya nkhondo, kupanga mapangano a mtendere, kupanga mapangano ndi mitundu ina, ndi kugulitsana ndi maiko ena, ndipo Congress Commissions inandalika maulamuliro ameneŵa m’chikalata cholamulira chotchedwa Thease of Confederation, chimene chinapanga boma loyamba la dziko la United States.

Komabe, Nkhani za Confederation zinakhala zosakwanira. Nkhanizo zinalephera modabwitsa, osati makamaka chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mabungwe monga kusoŵa kwa mkulu wa oweruza wamkulu kapena wa dzikolo, koma chifukwa chakuti zinalephera kukwaniritsa malonjezo ofunika kwambiri a Chikalatacho, monga momwe Chilengezo chinalengezera kuti maboma alipo kuti ateteze ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu pamaziko a chivomerezo cha anthu, ndipo Nkhanizo sizinakwaniritse cholinga chilichonse.

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Chikalatacho

Konsichushoni inatulukira kukhala yofunikira kulowa mmalo, yolinganizidwira kukhazikitsa maziko omwe akazindikiradi masomphenya a Chikalatacho. Opanga mafomu amene anasonkhana ku Philadelphia mu 1787 anafuna kupanga boma limene likaphatikiza malamulo amakhalidwe abwino olongosoledwa mu 1776 pamene anali kufotokoza kulephera kopindulitsa kwa Nkhani za Confederation.

Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, Chikalatacho, mfundo ya malamulo, ndi Bill of Rights, zinachokera pa mfundo yakuti anthu onse ali ndi ufulu winawake wofunika kwambiri umene maboma amaupanga kuti atetezere.

Malamulo a Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pawokha anadziŵitsa kupangidwa kwa boma latsopano pansi pa Bukhu la Malamulo, ndipo pamodzi, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino opezedwa m’zikalatazo anagwirira ntchito pamodzi kutsogoza kulamulira kwa mtunduwo kusungitsa madalitso a ufulu.

Manda a Golide a Lincoln

Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln anapereka imodzi ya mafotokozedwe omveka bwino kwambiri a kugwirizana kwa Chikalatacho ndi Malamulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo la Baibulo, Lincoln ananena kuti Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu chinali "golidi wa golidi" chifukwa chinali ndi mfundo zopezedwa za dziko latsopanolo, pamene malamulo anali "kupeka siliva," kapena chifaniziro cha malo opangira maapoto a boma la republic, ndipo m’maganizo a Lincoln [1] ndi a oyambitsawo. Mapepala aŵiriwo anagwirizanitsidwa kwamuyaya kukhazikitsa boma laufulu.

Kujambula pa Miyambo 25: 11, imene imatchula "mapilo a golidi m'mafano a siliva, Lincoln anafotokoza mfundo ya ufulu kwa onse monga golidi, ndi Malamulo ndi Union zikugwira ntchito monga siliva, kulemba " Chithunzicho chinakonzedwa kubisa kapena kuwononga apulo, koma kukongoletsa ndi kuisunga. Mawuwa anatsindika kuti nyumba za Malamulo zinalipo kuti ziteteze ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachikalatacho, osati kuchotsa kapena kulanda.

Makonzedwe Apadera a Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa m’Chikalatacho

Mawu Ongoyerekezera a M’mawu Oyambirirawo

Kuŵerenga kosamalitsa Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Mawu oyamba a Malamulo kukusonyeza njira zofala zopezera malamulo a boma la republic. Chiyambi cha Lamulocho chikusonyeza zolinga zimene zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi nzeru ya Chikalatacho: kukhazikitsa chilungamo, kukhazikitsa bata la m’banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse, ndi kusungitsa madalitso a ufulu.

Chikalatacho chinalimbikitsa moyo wa anthu onse mwa kunena mfundo yakuti onse anali ndi ufulu wokana kulandidwa ndi ena. ( 3) Ufulu umene anali nawo monga anthu (ndipo chinakhazikitsanso lamulo la boma laufulu lotetezera ufuluwo, popeza kuti anthu a ku America analengeza kuti ufulu wa kuthetsa nkhanza ndi kutsatira mfundo zaufulu zimenezo kuti athandize munthu aliyense ndiponso anthu onse.

Chigwirizano cha Ufulu

Kusintha khumi koyambirira ku Malamulo, otchedwa Bill of Rights, kumasonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji malamulo a Chikalatacho ku malire a boma. Zambiri za zitetezero zimenezi zimachitapo kanthu mwachindunji ku zidzudzulo zondandalikidwa m'Chikalata chotsutsa Mfumu George III.

Chikalata cha Virginia Declaration of Rights chinasonkhezera Thomas Jefferson mwamphamvu kulemba mbali yoyamba ya Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Ufulu, ndipo pambuyo pake chinapanga maziko a Bill of Rights. Mzera umenewu umasonyeza mbali yosalekeza ya malingaliro ozikidwa pa ufulu kuchokera ku zikalata za atsamunda kupyolera m'Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo.

Bill of Rights imatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, ndi msonkhano; imaletsa kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri; imakhazikitsa njira yoyenerera ndi kuzenga mlandu kochitidwa ndi ajuli; ndi mphamvu zosungidwa ku maboma ndi anthu. Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zitetezero zimenezi chimasonyeza lingaliro lalikulu la Chikalatacho lakuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa umene boma liyenera kuulemekeza.

Zida Zoteteza Nyumba

Malo a Konsichushoni [1] Kugaŵa mphamvu, kupima ndi kulinganiza, chigwirizano, ndi masankho anthaŵi zonse . Malamulo ameneŵa amatumikira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachikalatacho. Madongosolo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe lopereŵera, lokhala ndi mlandu, ndi lovomereza kwa anthu.

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maboma, akuluakulu a boma, ndi achiweruzo kumaletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro umene Chikalatacho chinatsutsa mu Mfumu George III. Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza kutsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ingaletse nkhanza zothekera kuchitidwa ndi ina. Fonsealism imagawanitsa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma, kumapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka pa nkhanza. Masankho anthaŵi zonse amasunga chivomerezo cha anthu mwa kulola kuti atembenuzidwe mwamtendere oimira awo.

Chikalatacho Chimavomereza Malamulo ndi Kumasulira

Mphamvu ya Malamulo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Mosiyana ndi zikalata zina zokhazikitsidwa, Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha sichimaloledwa mwalamulo, koma nchamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti sangakakamize mwachindunji makonzedwe a Chikalatacho, chimatumikira ntchito zofunika kwambiri zomasulira.

Chilengezo cha Ufulu Wadzikolo sichili ndi mphamvu ya lamulo m’banja, komabe chingathandize kupereka kumvekera bwino kwa m’mbiri ndi kwa lamulo ponena za Malamulo ndi malamulo ena. Oweruza, akatswiri, ndi atsogoleri andale kaŵirikaŵiri atembenukira ku Chikalatacho kuti amvetsetse malamulo a malamulo ndi kuthetsa milandu m’kumasulira kwalamulo.

Chikalatachi chimapereka mfundo zogwirizana za malamulo, pamene ndime zingapo za Chikalatacho zikumveketsa bwino tanthauzo la mbadwo woyambirira, kupanga chikalatacho kukhala chiŵiya chothandiza kufotokoza tanthauzo la Konsichushoni, ndipo chowonjezereka, Chikalatacho chili ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri okwaniritsira zolinga, ntchito, ndi ntchito za boma, ndi malamulo amenewo kuika malire ndi mathayo olemekezeka kwa akuluakulu a boma.

Kumvetsetsa Mbiri ndi Chiyambi

Kwa awo amene amamasulira Konsichushoni mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba, Chikalatacho chimapereka nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa chimene mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa umatanthauza ndi mawu ngati "liberty," "kulingana," ndi "oyenerera" kumafuna kupenda kujambula kwa zikalatazo.

Lamulo la Malamulo lenilenilo limapereka mfungulo ponena za kugwirizana kwake ndi Chikalatacho, monga Mfundo VII, imene imatchula za kutha kwa ufulu, ikunena kuti Lamulolo linamalizidwa "m’chaka cha Ambuye wathu 1787 ndi kudziimira kwa United States kwa khumi ndi aŵiri," ndipo mfundo yooneka kukhala yaing’ono imeneyi imapereka kanthu kena kofunika: Amereka monga gulu la ndale zadziko linayamba ndi Chilengezo cha Kudziimira, osati mu 1787 ndi Lamulo la Malamulo.

Lonjezo la Chikalatacho Limakula

Kuchotsedwa ndi Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni

M’zaka za zana la 19, Chikalatacho chinakhala ndi tanthauzo lapadera kwa gulu la oletsa boma, monga momwe wolemba mbiri Bertram Wyatt - Brown analembera kuti "Abolison anakonda kumasulira Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu monga cholembedwa cha zaumulungu ndiponso cha ndale zadziko," ndi atsogoleri otsutsa kuchotsedwa kwa boma Benjamin Lundy ndi William Lloyd Garrison anatenga "matan" a "Baibulo ndi Chilengezo cha Chidziimira Kudziimira pa Dziko Lonse" monga maziko a mafilosofi awo.

Abraham Lincoln anapanga Chikalata cha Chilengezo cha maziko a kutsutsa kwake kufutukuka kwa ukapolo. Lincoln anakhulupirira kuti "malamulo a Jefferson ali mafotokozedwe ndi mawu a anthu aufulu," monga momwe adalembera tsiku la kubadwa kwa Jefferson lisanafike mu 1859. Lincoln anatsutsa kuti kulola ukapolo kufutukuka kunaswa lonjezo lalikulu la Chikalatacho la kufanana.

Nkhondo itatha, chikalatacho chinali ndi mawu 13, 14 ndi 15 Owonjezera ku Malamulo a Malamulo, amene anathetsa mwalamulo ukapolo, anatsimikizira anthu onse "kutetezeredwa mofanana kwa malamulo," ndi kupatsa amuna a ku Africa ndi America ufulu wa kuvota. Malamulo okonzanso ameneŵa anaimira kukwaniritsidwa kwa lamulo kwa lonjezo la chikalatacho la kulingana.

Ufulu wa Akazi ndi Kuwakakamiza

Pa Msonkhano wa Seneca Falls mu 1848, pamene ochirikiza kupezera ufulu wokulirapo kaamba ka akazi anasonkhana, iwo nawonso, anagwiritsira ntchito Chilengezo cha Kudziimira monga chitsogozo chopanga Chilengezo chawo cha Malamulo a ku Santiments, ndi zoyesayesa zawo za kukwaniritsa chikalata chofananacho zinathera mu 1920 m’kuikidwa kwa ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Chilamulo kwa 19 kumene kunapatsa akazi ufulu wa kuvota.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments inabwereza dala chinenero cha 1776 Chilengezo, ikumanena kuti "amuna ndi akazi onse amalengedwa olingana" ndi kundandalika zidandaulo zotsutsana ndi chitaganya cha amuna monga momwe Chilengezo choyambirira chinatchulira zidandaulo zotsutsa Mfumu George III. Njira yosafuna yankho imeneyi inasonyeza mphamvu ya malamulo a Chilengezo kusonkhezera magulu a ufulu wowonjezereka.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe linagwiritsanso ntchito malonjezo a Chikalatacho. M’ma 1960, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ananena m’nkhani yake yotchuka pa Lincoln Memorial , " Pamene olemba mapulani a dziko lathu analemba mawu ochititsa chidwi a malamulo a boma ndi Declaration of Independence, iwo anali kusaina kalata yonena kuti munthu aliyense wa ku America adzaloŵa m’malo mwawo.

Dr. King’s Family ya "prosication system" inatenga tanthauzo la Chikalatacho lomwe likupitirizabe. Chikalata chopangidwa kuti mibadwo yotsatira igwire ntchito yokwaniritsa kotheratu. Gulu lililonse lofuna ufulu wokulirapo lakopa mfundo za Chikalatacho zonena za kufanana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe kuti n’zolungamitsira kusintha.

Kulimbikitsa Anthu a Padziko Lonse Ndiponso Kuwasiyira Zochita

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Okonda Demokalase Padziko Lonse

Abraham Lincoln adatcha Chikalatacho kuti "chidzudzulo ndi chokhumudwitsa ku nkhanza ndi kupondereza," ndipo chikupitiriza kusonkhezera anthu padziko lonse kumenyera ufulu ndi kufanana. Malamulo a Chikalatacho anasonkhezera zigamulo za kusintha ndi zochitika za malamulo kupyola magombe a America.

Atsogoleri ambiri a Chipanduko cha ku France anasirira Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pawokha koma analinso okondweretsedwa ndi malamulo a boma latsopano la America, ndi kusonkhezeredwa ndi zolembedwa za Chilengezo cha Chifalansa cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (1789) zinatuluka makamaka m’zifuno za Kusintha kwa America, pamene Lafayette analinganiza zolemba zake zazikulu, akumagwirira ntchito pafupi kwambiri ku Paris ndi bwenzi lake Thomas Jefferson.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri David Armitage, Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chinatsimikizira kukhala chosonkhezera maiko onse, koma osati monga mawu a ufulu wa anthu, monga momwe Armitage akunenera kuti Chilengezocho chinali choyamba m’chilengezo chatsopano cha kudziimira chimene chinalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa maboma atsopano. Chitsanzo chimenechi cha kulengeza mwalamulo kudziimira ndi kuchilungamitsa mwa kusonkhezera malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a dziko lonse chinakhala choimira magulu a kudziimira paokha padziko lonse.

Chikalata Chothandiza Kupuma kwa Democratic Aspirit

Lincoln, Chikalata cha ufulu wa kudziimira paokha chinakhala choyamba ndi chachikulu kwambiri kukhala chikalata chamoyo chokhala ndi zolinga zimene ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Kumasulira kumeneku kumavomereza kuti Chikalatachi chinakhazikitsa mfundo zimene palibe chitaganya chinakwaniritsa bwino lomwe koma chimapereka miyezo imene munthu ayenera kulimbikira.

Ndilo lonjezo la kufanana limene lakhala likulongosola chiphunzitso chathu chalamulo. Malamulo a Chikalatacho akupitirizabe kukhala ngati chingwe chopimira chimene Aamereka amapenda malamulo awo, mabungwe awo, ndi zochita zawo. Pamene zenizeni sizikwaniritsidwa pa zolinga za Chikalatacho, okonzanso amagwiritsira ntchito malamulowo kuti asinthe.

Mitu ya Boma Yokhazikitsidwa ndi Chikalatacho

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Okha chinakhazikitsa kapena kugogomezera malingaliro ambiri aakulu amene anakhala maziko a boma la America:

Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Lamulo lakuti ulamuliro wa boma umachokera ku chivomerezo cha ziphunzitso ndi zochita zandale zosandulika, mmalo mwa kuvomereza kuti olamulira anali ndi ulamuliro wachibadwa, Chikalatacho chinanena kuti anthu amapanga maboma ndipo angawasinthe kapena kuwachotsa pamene alephera kukwaniritsa chifuno chawo choyenera.

Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Mwa kulongosola chifuno cha boma kukhala chotetezera ufulu wachilengedwe, Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa kuti ulamuliro wa boma uyenera kungokhala ndi ntchito imeneyo. Lamulo limeneli linatsogolera ku malamulo a boma olinganizidwa kuletsa ochenjerera, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zotchulidwa, kusiyanitsa mphamvu, ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti sanafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane mu Chikalatacho, lingaliro la kulekanitsa ntchito za boma linachokera ku mfundo ya mphamvu yamphamvu. Zidzudzulo zotsutsana ndi Mfumu George III zinasonyeza kuipa kwa kuphatikiza malamulo, mkulu wa ntchito, ndi ulamuliro wa chiweruzo mwa munthu mmodzi. Magawa a mphamvu za boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu zinalabadira mwachindunji zimenezi.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Macheke ndi malingana amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la Chikalatalo lakuti mphamvu iyenera kulamulidwa. Mwa kupereka nthambi iliyonse ya boma kukhoza kuchepetsa zina, Malamulo anapanga kapangidwe kotetezera mtundu wa nkhanza Chikalatacho chomwe chinatsutsa.

Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Chikalata cholengeza ufulu wosalandirika chinatsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi ulemu wachibadwa ndi ufulu zimene boma liyenera kulemekeza. Mfundo imeneyi inatsogolera mwachindunji ku Brigle of Rights ndipo ikupitirizabe kudziŵitsa anthu za ukulu ndi mtundu wa chitetezo cha malamulo.

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Mwa kukopa lamulo lachilengedwe ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino achilengedwe mmalo mwa mphamvu wamba, Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa kuti boma lovomerezedwa limagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi lamulo, osati mwamwambo.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana

Ukapolo Unatha

Chikalatachi chinatsutsa kwambiri kuti mtundu wa ukapolo unakhalako chifukwa chakuti anthu onse analengedwa ofanana. Thomas Jefferson analembetsa mawu m'Chikalatacho, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, chimene chinaimba mlandu ufumu wa Britain chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa ukapolo kwa anthu a ku America osafuna, akumati ndi "nkhondo yankhanza yolimbana ndi chibadwa cha anthu.

Tsoka lalikulu koposa m’mbiri ya malamulo a America silinali kulephera kwa okonza ukapolo mu 1787, popeza kuti njira imeneyo sinali yopezeka kwa iwo, koma tsoka lenileni linali kulephera kwa kukonzanso zinthu ndi kubuka kwa Jim Crow Conversion kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 kumene kunatenga zaka makumi ambiri kugwetsa.

Mawu ochokera kwa "Anthu Onse"

Chikalata cha pangano la kulingana poyamba sichinachotse anthu akapolo okha komanso akazi, Eni America, ndi anthu opanda katundu. Mbiri ya demokrase ya ku Amereka yakhala, m’njira zambiri, nkhani ya kufutukula mbali ya "anthu onse amalengedwa olingana.

Mbadwo uliwonse walimbana ndi vuto limeneli pakati pa chinenero cha padziko lonse cha Chikalatachi ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito imene inapangidwa. Mphamvu ya chikalatachi imakhala mbali imodzi m'chinenero chake chosangalatsa, chimene chinathandiza kuti magulu osapezeka afune kuti alowetsedwemo.

Chilengezo cha Kulamulira kwa M’nthaŵi Yatsopano

Kukweza Maganizo a Malamulo Kupitirizabe

Chikalatachi chikupitirizabe kudziŵitsa anthu a m’nthaŵi ino za kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo, ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi kuyenera kwa boma. Makhoti akalingalira za ufulu, kufanana, kapena mphamvu za boma, mfundo zachikalatacho kaŵirikaŵiri zimapereka mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo ndi malangizo.

Ndemanga zonena za ufulu wa chipembedzo, ufulu wa kulankhula, zoyenera za katundu, ndi chitetezo chofanana kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna nzeru yachibadwa ya Chikalatacho ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho sichikusungidwa mwalamulo, malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino amathandiza kumasulira malamulo amene alipo.

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kudziŵika kwa Dziko

Chikalatachi chimafotokoza mfundo zimene zingathandize kuti anthu a ku America akhale ndi moyo wogwirizana.

Mosasamala kanthu za kufanana ndi kusiyana, Chikalatacho, Lamulo, ndi Bill of Rights, zimagwirizanitsa pamodzi m’njira zambiri m’maganizo a Aamereka, chifukwa chakuti zimaimira chimene chili chabwino koposa ponena za Amereka, popeza kuti ziri zizindikiro za ufulu umene umatilola ife kupeza chipambano ndi kulingana kumene kumatsimikizira kuti tonsefe tiri olingana m’maso mwa lamulo.

Mkhalidwe Wosafunika Wochotsa Boma

Chikalatachi chimapereka malamulo oyendera ntchito ya boma. Kodi boma limasunga ufulu wachibadwa? Kodi chimathandiza kuti anthu onse azigwirizana ndi ufulu wawo?

Mu Federal List Na. 1, Alexander Hamilton anafotokoza chifuno chonse cha kukhazikitsa boma laufulu lozikidwa pa malamulo a Chilengezo cha Ufulu ndi Malamulo, akumanena kuti Aamereka anali ndi mwaŵi ndi thayo lakupanga boma labwino kupyolera mwa "kusankha ndi kusankha," osati mwa "kusankha ndi mphamvu," ndi kukhoza kusankha kumasonyeza malingaliro a boma mwakuvomereza Chikalatacho.

Mapeto ake: Maziko Okhalitsa

Chilengezo cha Ufulu Wadziko chinayala maziko a nthanthi ndi makhalidwe a boma la America m’njira zimene zikupitirizabe kumveka pafupifupi zaka 250 pambuyo pake.

Zikalata zimenezi pamodzi zimasonyeza kuti United States anakhazikitsidwa mwapadera pa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ndi malingaliro, ndipo ngakhale kuti malingaliro ameneŵa anaumba kapangidwe ka boma, kwenikweni anali anthu kuti alisunge. Chikalatacho sichinalenge boma; chinalongosola bwino zolinga zimene boma liyenera kukhalako ndi malamulo amene liyenera kuyendera.

Chikalatacho chinakhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera kuti agwiritse ntchito mfundozo. Chikalatacho chinalonjeza kuti chidzakhala ndi ufulu woyenerera. Chikalatacho chinalonjeza kuti chidzakhala ndi ufulu woyenerera ndipo chinapereka ufulu woyenerera. Chikalatacho chinatsimikizira kusintha kwa zinthu.

Chikalatacho chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a kulekeratu ndi lonjezo, ndipo Lamulolo monga mpambo wa mapangano amene anali ndi zotulukapo zokhalitsa, monga momwe Chikalatacho, m’kugwirizana kwake kodabwitsa, chimatipatsa ife chowonadi chowonekera chimene chimapanga maziko a kuyenera kwa kusintha ndi kukhoza kupanga maboma atsopano okhazikika pa chivomerezo chofala.

Kuzindikira mmene Chikalatacho chinayatsira maziko a boma la America kumafunikiritsa kuzindikira ponse paŵiri mphamvu yake ya mwamsanga ndi chisonkhezero chake chosatha. Chimaumba chilengedwe cha Malamulo, kudziŵitsa Bill of Rights, kusonkhezera magulu a ufulu wowonjezereka, ndi kupitirizabe kupereka malamulo otsimikizira kuyenera kwa boma. Chikalatacho chikusonyeza masomphenya a boma limene limasunga ufulu wachibadwidwe mwa kuvomereza ulamuliro wa olamulidwawo chikukhalabe chonulirapo cha demokrase ya Amereka.

Kwa awo ofuna kumvetsetsa boma la America, Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha si chinthu cha m’mbiri chabe koma mawu amakhalidwe abwino amene akupitiriza kuumba kumasulira kwa malamulo a boma, mkangano wa ndale zadziko, ndi kudziŵidwa kwa mtundu.

Kufufuza Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Dzikolo kupitiriza, chezerani [[FLT: 0] National Archives kaamba ka chikalata choyambirira ndi chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha mbiri yakale. Constitution Center ya Ufulu wa Dzikolo [ imapereka ziŵiya zapamwamba kwambiri za kugwirizana pakati pa Chikalata ndi Konsichushoni. Kufufuza kwa akatswiri a mphamvu ya Chikalatacho pa boma la America, BILY ya Ufulu wa Ufulumo za Ufulu [“ imapereka zikalata zophunzitsa ndi zolemba zofufuza mapepala oyambitsira zimenezi.