Maziko a Kulamulira Mpweya Wam’mlengalenga Wakumalo Apafupi

Kuipitsa mpweya kudakali chimodzi cha zinthu zowononga kwambiri zaumoyo ku United States, zothandizira ku matenda a kupuma, matenda a mtima, ndi imfa zisanakwane. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la Ceashair Air Act limakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kudzera ku National Ambien Air Service Servement (NAAQS), kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni kwa maprogramu oletsa kuipitsa kumadalira kwambiri boma ndi maboma akuno. Malamulo a boma sangokhala chabe malingaliro; amapanga malamulo, ndalama, ndi makompyuta amene amasankha mmene anthu a m’deralo angachitire bwino ndi kulimba kwa mlengalenga. Kumvetsa zimenezi n’kofunika kwa opanga malamulo, akuluakulu a zaumoyo, ndi ochirikiza anthu amene amafuna kupanga zinthu zimene zili ndi zolinga zapamwamba ndi zothandiza.

Unansi pakati pa kuyesayesa kwa boma ndi mlengalenga wa kumaloko ngwovuta. Mayiko amakhazikitsa malire a kugwiritsa ntchito malo a boma, kuyambitsa mapulani a kugwiritsa ntchito boma (SIP) kusonyeza kukwaniritsidwa kwa NAAQS, ndi kuyang'anira madongosolo a kuyang'anira. Ndiponso, madera a mmlengalenga, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'madera, ndi maboma a boma angamasulire zofunika zimenezi m'zochitika monga kulola, kusungitsa, ndi maphunziro a anthu. Pamene malamulo a boma ali amphamvu ndi olinganizidwira bwino, zoyesayesa za kumaloko zingapambane. Pamene ali ofooka kapena osagwirizana, maulamuliro a kumaloko angayesetse kupanga kupita patsogolo kwatanthauzo.

Kusintha kwa Kachitidwe Kake: M’madzi

Miyezo Yomangira ndi Kugwirizana kwa Maindasitale

Imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri za boma imakhudza ziyambukiro za kumaloko ndizo kutulutsa mapulinsipulo a maindasitale. Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo amene amachepetsa zoipitsa zonga (PM] [[FLT]] ndi PM[[FLT:]][[FLT]]10] ]), nayitrogen oxide (N [[[FLT]]), nitrogen (N [X] [[FLT]], sulf ([3] [3] [3] [3] [ziyeso zoyendera zoyendera mphamvu za m'madzi], zopanga zinthu zoyenga, ndi zina zopanga zinthu zina zopanga, ndi zina zoyendera malo ena. Zimalola kuti agwirizanitse njira zoyendera ntchito m'malo a boma. [zi) kuti: "[5]

Pamene miyezo ya boma ikhala yosasinthika, mabungwe akumaloko amapanga zizindikiro zomveka bwino, zosungidwa. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mavuto ndi malamulo, kulola ofufuza kusumika maganizo pa kuchepetsa kwenikweni kwa kutulutsa. Komanso, malamulo osakhala okhwima angapange malamulo apafupi akomweko, kupangitsa mabizinesi kuvuta kugonjera kupyola malire a dziko ndi kululuza chiyambukiro chonse.

Kutuluka M’ndende Ndiponso Kutsatira Lamulo la Zoyendera

Zoyendera ndizo zothandizira kwambiri kuipitsa mpweya m’madera a m’mizinda, ndipo malamulo a boma olamulira kutulutsa galimoto ali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu. Maboma angatsatire miyezo ya Edvalce Creaty Cars ya California pansi pa Gawo 177 la Deseat ya Deseat, kapena angagwiritse ntchito njira zawozake za kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa ndege ndi galimoto yosayenda ndi zero. Maboma onga California, New York, ndi Massachusetts agwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewu kusonkhezera opanga galimoto kupanga magalimoto oyeretsa, amene amachepetsa mwachindunji kutulutsa magalimoto m'mizinda ndi m'makwatoko.

Maboma akumeneko amapindula ndi malamulo a boma ameneŵa chifukwa alibe ulamuliro woyang'anira chuma cha galimoto kapena kutulutsa mchira. Malamulo a boma amaumbanso kusungitsa ndalama za galimoto zamagetsi: pamene maboma apereka ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto zamagetsi (EV) zoyendetsera, mabasi oyeretsedwa, kapena kufutukuka kwa anthu, mizinda ingafulumize mapulani awo akuyenda bwino. Mwachitsanzo, California Air Resources Board [1] yayendetsa mabasi zikwizikwinji a magetsi kudzera mwa Hybrid ndi Ear - Eult Truck ndi Bus Buuch Indiveve Project , yochirikiza mwachindunji makampani a tration.

Mphamvu Zotha Kukonzedwanso ndi Kulumikizidwa kwa Magid Decarbon

Boma limakonzanso miyezo ya magetsi (RPS) ndi zolinga zoyera zochepetsa kutulutsa magetsi kwa mbadwo, magwero aakulu a SO [2] , AYI[FLT :2]X , ndi CO[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2] [2] [[FLT]] [2] [[FLT]] [2]. . Kukwera kwa mphamvu ya RPS kutsonga kuti ipeze mphepo, magetsi, ndi mphamvu zina za zero, zimene zimawongolera kutentha m’madera onse. Maboma a m'dziko angagwirizane ndi zomapanga malamulo opatulika, mapulogalamu a dzuLAL, ndi mphamvu za mphamvu. Malo otero monga Washington ndi New Mexico akhazikitsa magetsi oyera, ndipo akupereka njira yoyendera magetsi ya kumalo akumalo.

Kupereka Thandizo ndi Njira Zogwiritsa Ntchito: Kupatsa Mphamvu Anthu a M’deralo

Thandizo Lachindunji la Ndalama

Boma limatumiza ndalama zambiri ku maprogramu apamwamba a ndege ku kampani yakumaloko mwa ndalama, maaunti opereka ndalama, ndi kukonzanso ndalama zothandizira ntchito monga kuyang'anira ndege, kutulukira mpweya, kutulukira kwaumoyo, ndi kutumiza kwa anthu. M'zochitika zambiri, ndalama za boma zimalola mabungwe apadera a m'dzikolo kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito antchito, kugula zipangizo zoyang'anira zinthu zotsogola, kapena kuyambitsa maprojekiti atsopano amene akanakhala osafikizika. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la California Air Resources Community Air Program limapereka chithandizo ku mabungwe a chitaganya ndi zigawo za mlengalenga za kampani yapafupi ndi kuyang'anira malo a anthu osoŵa.

Boma limangopereka ndalama kuchokera ku EPA, monga Diesel Egings Reduction Act (DERA), kaŵirikaŵiri imadalira pa mabungwe a boma kupereka mphoto za mpikisano ku mabungwe akwawo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti maprojekiti a kumaloko amagwirizana ndi boma pamene akusamalirabe zosoŵa zapadera za anthu.

Chitsogozo cha Umisiri ndi Zipangizo Zofunika

Mabungwe ambiri a boma amapanga ziwiya zotengera, ma projekiti oulutsira zinthu, ndi malangizo amene alembi a m'deralo amadalira. Mwachitsanzo, Texas Commission on Environmental Security (TCEQ), imapereka malamulo oyendera ndege ndi njira yokonzera zinthu zimene maboma a m’deralo angasinthe. Mofananamo, Dipatimenti ya New York State of Environmental Conservation imapereka ma shortmental project ophunzitsa matheking pa kupenda ndi kuyang'anira luso la zopanga. Dokotalamenti imeneyi imachepetsa mphamvu ya ntchito ya m'dzikolo ndi kukulitsa mkhalidwe wake, makamaka m'magawo aang'ono okhala ndi antchito operewera.

Maprogramu Ochititsa Chidwi ndi Malo Ofikira Achigawo

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira zoyesayesa zambiri zothetsa kuipitsa kumene kumadutsa mzinda kapena mizera yachigawo. Ozone Transport Reagent ku Northern East , yokhazikitsidwa ndi Ozone , imagwirizanitsa njira zochepetsera kutulutsa pakati pa maiko kuchokera ku Virginia mpaka ku Maine. Mabungwe a m'chigawochi amagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyendera pamodzi monga kukonzanso kwa Spage II ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi madera ena, kuletsa mpikisano kutsikira pansi ndi kutsimikizira kuti zochita za kumaloko sizikutsutsidwa ndi madera apafupi ndi malamulo ocheperapo.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Mmene Chikhoterero cha Boma Chimasinthira Zotulukapo Zakomweko

California: Chitsanzo cha Utsogoleri Wosatsogola

Chigawo cha mpweya cha California chimalingaliridwa mofala kukhala chotchuka koposa m'dziko, ndipo chimapereka maphunziro owonekera bwino a mmene njira ya boma ingakwaniritsire zoyesayesa za kumaloko. California Air Resources Board (CARB) imakhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa yotsatizana ya galimoto, mafuta, ndi zinthu zogulitsira, pamene kuli kwakuti 35 za zigawo za mmlengalenga za kumaloko zimagwiritsira ntchito ndi kutsata malamulo ameneŵa. South Coast Coarc Moor Seaty Management Dis District (SCAQMD), imene imalamulira pulogalamu yoyera ya Los Angeles, yagwiritsira ntchito CHARB .

California amapanganso ndalama zambiri m'zoloŵera za chigawo cha chitaganya. Programu ya AB 617, yokhazikitsidwa mu 2017, imalamula kuti ndege ziyang'anizane m'madera ozimiririka ndi ntchito zochepetsa ndalama zopangidwa ndi zoloŵetsedwa m'malo akwawo. Ku Richmond, komiti yoyendetsa chigawo ya chitaganya inagwira ntchito ndi Bay Airce Security District kukhazikitsa makompyuta okonza makompyuta oyeretsa ndi kuyambitsa mapulani ochepetsera owonjezereka ochepetsa mpweya, zomwe zinapangitsa kutsika kwa poizoni ya poizoni.

Texas: Chitsanzo cha Okhala ndi Malo Osintha Zinthu

Texas atenga njira yabwino kwambiri, ndi Texas Commission on Environmental Sety (TCEQ) ikupereka malamulo a boma koma kupatsa maboma a kumaloko kulolera kukhazikitsa maprogramu awo mkati mwa malire amenewo. Houston-Galveston , imene imalimbana ndi ozone ndi PH , yayambitsa maluso akuno monga ngati “Dolo la Houston’s Airdance" yofuna kulamulira zigamu za pulogalamu ya mzinda ndi pulogalamu ya Houston yoyera. Komabe, popanda boma loya mwamphamvu yothandiza kusanthula galimoto kapena kukonzanso mphamvu, zoyesayesa za kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa njira zaufulu ndi zopereka chilo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene njira za boma zingaperekere zinthu kapena kuyendetsa chikhumbo cha dziko.

North Carolina ndi Kukonzedwanso kwa Mafamu a Hog

Ku North Carolina, lamulo la boma lakhala ndi mbali yaikulu pothandiza kuchotsa utsi wa zaulimi umene umakhudza anthu akumidzi. Magulu a boma a zaumoyo a Swine Farm Environmental Performation Amafunikira masiteshoni aakulu kuti agwiritsire ntchito fungo ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito zamakono zolamulira. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumagwiritsira ntchito miyezo imeneyi kupenda madandaulo ndi kukakamiza mavuto apafupi ndi sukulu ndi nyumba. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya boma yakhala ikutsutsidwa kukhala yosakwanira ndi ochirikiza chilungamo cha malo okhalako, ngakhale kuli tero imasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma amapangira maziko alamulo a lamulo a boma omwe angachepetsere ma a ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ndi mbali inzake.

Mavuto Ochuluka m’Boma Lakumalo Omwewo

Miyezo Yosiyanasiyana M’malo mwa Zilango

Pamene malamulo a boma ali ofooka kapena akulola kuti anthu akwanuko asankhe, anthu okhala pafupi angatsatire malire osiyanasiyana oipitsa, kuchititsa kuipitsa kuchepa mmalo mwa kuchepetsa. Fakitale ingachokere ku dera lokhwima ku malo amodzi, kapena galimoto kuchokera ku dera lopanda maprogramu ofufuza ndi osamalira bwino zingayendere m'madera omwe muli maprogramu olimba, kuchepetsako kuwongolera kwa kumaloko. Kuyang'anira thandiza koma sikuthetsa kuipitsa kumeneku.

Kupeza Malipiro a Zinthu Zovuta

Maprogramu ambiri apamwamba a ndege awona kukwera kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama kwa zaka. Izi zimatsika kwa mabungwe akumaloko, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amayesayesa kusunga madongosolo a zinthu, kukonzanso zilolezo, ndi kuvomereza kutuluka kwa zinthu zoipitsa zonga pa pulogalamu imodzi ndi polyfluoalkyl (PFAS) kapena tinthu tokongola kwambiri. Popanda ndalama zokwanira za boma, mabizinesi a kumaloko, ndi madera odalira pa kusatsimikizirika kwa boma pamene zinthu zandale zikusintha.

Zopinga za Ndale ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a ndege a boma angakhale malo omenyera zikondwerero za ndale zadziko, kutsogolera ku kuchedwetsa m'kukhazikitsa malamulo, makonzedwe ofooketsedwa pambuyo pa kutsata maindasitale, kapena kutha kwa njira zotetezera kwambiri za kumaloko. M'maiko ena, malamulo otsimikizirika otsekereza amaletsa mizinda kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri yotulutsa kuposa mlingo wa boma, kutsutsana kwamphamvu kowonekera posachedwapa pa kuletsa mpweya wachilengedwe ndi kuyeretsa. Nkhondo zothazo zimenezi zimawunikira kupsinjika pakati pa kulingana kwa boma ndi kuyesa kwa kumaloko.

Mwayi Wolimbikitsa Ntchito Yaukulu ya Boma Lozungulira

Kugwirizanitsa Zinthu ndi Njira Zoyezera

Mayiko angaike kampani yothandizana kupima kulimba kwa mpweya wakumaloko, kupanga chidziŵitso chenicheni cha nthaŵi kwa anthu ndi opanga zosankha. EPA’s Air Spey system ndi imodzi ya zitsanzo, koma maboma angapite patsogolo mwa kuphatikiza zinthu zodziŵitsa zinthu zotsika ndi zoyang'anira chitaganya. Mabungwe a boma agwirizana amathandiza mabungwe a boma kudziŵa mmene akugwirira ntchito, kuzindikira madontho otentha, ndi zinthu zofunikira kwambiri.

Zotsatira za Ntchito

Mmalo modalira kwambiri pa malamulo apamwamba, maboma angapange maprogramu opatsa maboma a kumaloko mphotho pa zofunika zochepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, boma lingapereke ndalama zambiri ku mizinda imene imapeza kutsika kwa mlingo kwa PM. [[FLT] chaka cha zaka zapamwamba kapena amene amavomereza malamulo opangira zinthu mofulumira kuposa chigawo. Zosonkhezera zopangapanga zinthu za kumaloko pamene zikusunga mphamvu ya boma.

Chilungamo cha M’malo Okhala Chimagawa ndi Kulanda Anthu Zochita

Chilungamo cha boma chopimira zida za malo okhala, monga CalenviroScreen, chimathandiza mabungwe a kumaloko kuzindikira anthu ovutitsidwa ndi kuipitsa. Mwa kugwirizanitsa zida zimenezi kulola ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, amatsimikizira kuti zoyesayesa za kumaloko ziika anthu ovutika kwambiri. Kutero kumakulitsa chidaliro ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zosasintha, monga momwe zawonera m'kukhazikitsidwa kwa posachedwapa kwa EJScreen [1] [1] EFLT .

Mabungwe a Zigawo Zambiri

Kuipitsa mpweya sikulemekeza malire a dziko, kumachititsa kuti mgwirizano wa mayiko ukhale woopsa. Mabungwe achigawo monga Transportation and Climate Initive ku Northern East, amalola mayiko kugwirizana kukhazikitsa zitseko za zoyendera ndi kukonzanso ntchito zoyendera za m'deralo. Mabungwewa amathandiza kuti boma lizilandira ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto zamagetsi, mabasi, ndi makampani oyendera, komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za boma, kugwirizanitsa mlingo wapamwamba wa boma ndi malo amodzi.

Mapeto: Kupanga Mpangidwe Woyera

Malamulo a boma ndiwo maziko a kulamulira kuipitsa mpweya kwa kumaloko, kupereka ulamuliro walamulo, chuma, ndi ukatswiri wa zachuma zimene anthu amafunikira kuti zipambane. Pamene maboma akhazikitsa miyezo yapamwamba, kuchirikiza kukwaniritsidwa kwa malo, ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wogwirizana, amapanga dongosolo labwino: zolinga za boma zamphamvu zimatheketsa ntchito za kumaloko zolimba, zimene m’chenicheni zimasonyeza kulephera ndi kuchirikiza anthu onse malamulo amphamvu kwambiri a boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kusachitapo kanthu kapena kutha ntchito kungasiye maboma akomweko kukhala opatulidwa ndi osagwira ntchito.

Njira yoyeretsera mpweya imafunikira magawo onse aŵiri a boma kuti agwire ntchito m'makonsati. Maboma ayenera kutsatira miyezo yotetezera yovomerezeka yololedwa ndi lamulo la boma, amasunga mitsinje yokhazikika ndi yotsimikizirika ya ndalama kaamba ka maprogramu a kumaloko, ndi kulemekeza mbali ya kusintha kwa malo. Maboma a kumaloko, kumbali yawo, ayenera kuchita ndi ntchito za boma, kupereka chivomerezo pa ziyambukiro za malamulo, ndi kuchititsa mabungwe a boma kukhala ndi mlandu wa zopereka zawo. Onse pamodzi, angapange njira imene chitaganya chilichonse, kaya chikhale chaukulu kapena chuma, chikhale ndi zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito kupuma mpweya woyera ndi kusangalala ndi thanzi labwino.