Table of Contents
Ulendo wochoka kundende kubwerera ku chitaganya umatanthauza chimodzi cha kusintha kovuta kwambiri kwa munthu amene angayang'anizane. Chaka chilichonse, pakati pa 600,000 ndi 650,000 amamasulidwa ku ndende za boma ndi boma, kuloŵa m'midzi kumene ayenera kumanganso miyoyo yawo kuchokera kunthaka. Malamulo a Welfare amagwira ntchito monga zothandizira kwambiri panthaŵi ya kusoŵa chitetezo, kupereka chichirikizo chofunika kwambiri chimene chingachititse kupambana kwa kuyambitsanso ndi kubwereranso ku ukaidi. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo ameneŵa amathandizira zosoŵa zapadera za anthu akale otsekedwa kupangira njira za mtendere, kulimba mtima, ndi kugawana nawo.
Kumvetsa Kukula kwa Mavuto a Kubwereranso
Zopinga zimene anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende amakumana nazo sizimaposa kufunika kwa chakudya ndi malo ogona. Mavuto ameneŵa amayendera limodzi, kuchititsa munthu wina kulephera mwamsanga kukhazikitsanso chikhalidwe chake. Pakati pa 70 miliyoni ndi 100 miliyoni a ku America . Pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu atatu alionse ku United States, ali ndi mbiri ya upandu, akulephera kupeza maphunziro, ntchito, nyumba, ndi chuma china. Chiŵerengero chodabwitsachi chimasonyeza mphamvu yofala ya kuloŵerera kwa zigaŵenga ndi kufunika kokhala ndi madongosolo othandiza anthu kupezanso.
Zopinga za Ntchito ndi Mavuto a Zachuma
Kupeza ndi kukonza ntchito ndi chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri kwa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende. M’ndendemo anapeza kuti anthu amene kale anali m’ndende amakumana ndi mlingo wa 27% wa ulova, chiŵerengero chimene chimaposa kwambiri mlingo wa ulova wa anthu onse. Vuto la ntchito limeneli limachokera ku zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kusankhana ntchito, kusiyana kwa abwana, kuchepa kwa ntchito, ndi ziletso zalamulo pa mitundu ina ya ntchito.
Ziyambukiro zachuma za chopinga cha ntchito chimenechi nzamphamvu. Pamene apeza ntchito, ndalama zawo zoulutsidwa zimachuluka pafupifupi $10,000 pachaka (pafupifupi 20 peresenti pansi pa Federal Poverty Level (FPL) kwa munthu mmodzi), ndi 20 peresenti yokha yopanga ndalama zoposa $15,000 (24 peresenti ya FPL). Malipiro aumphaŵi ameneŵa amachipangitsa kukhala chosatheka kupeza zofunika zofunika zazikulu popanda chichirikizo chowonjezereka. Kulibe 40 peresenti ya nzika zobwerera kudziko zimakhoza kupeza ndi kusunga ntchito m'magawo alionse a 16 a nyumba zotsatira kumasulidwa kundende, kugogomezera kupitirizabe kwa mavuto a ntchito mkati mwa nyengo yovuta ya ntchito.
Kusoŵa Kokhala ndi Kusoŵa Kokhala
Anthu ambiri amene poyamba anali m’ndende, ali ndi vuto losowa pokhala kuposa anthu ena onse.
Kugwirizana pakati pa nyumba ndi kubwezeretsa kwachipambano sikungatchulidwe mopambanitsa. Popanda nyumba, kuli kovuta kwa anthu kupeza ntchito, kugwirizananso ndi banja, kulowa m'mautumiki athanzi ndi amakhalidwe abwino, kapena kugwirizana ndi zofunika za kuyang'anira. Zimenezi zimapanga kayendedwe kankhanza kumene kusoŵa kwa nyumba kumafooketsa mbali ina iliyonse ya kubwezeretsa. Nyumba ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha kupambana kwa chitaganya. Kubwerera kwa nzika zimene nyumba zachisungiko ndi zokhoza kulephera kaŵirikaŵiri zimakumana ndi kutsika kochepa mwamsanga pambuyo pa kumasulidwa kumene kumawonjezera upandu wa kubwezeretsanso chivomezi.
Kusoŵa Chakudya ndi Zosoŵa Zofunika
Kulimbana ndi chakudya choyenera kumakhudza anthu ambiri amene kale anali m’ndende. Anthu 90 pa 100 alionse amene anamasulidwa kundende anasimbidwa kuti sapeza chakudya chokwanira, malinga ndi National Institutes of Health. Chiŵerengero chochuluka chimenechi cha kusatetezeka kwa chakudya chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mavuto a ulova, malipiro a umphaŵi, ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya kuchirikiza. Pamene anthu satha kupeza chakudya chokwanira, kukhoza kwawo kusumika maganizo pa zolinga zina zopezera ntchito, monga kufunafuna ntchito, kuyang'anira ntchito, kapena kusungitsa thanzi lawo kuwonongeka kwambiri.
Thanzi ndi Malingaliro Zimafunikira
Anthu ambiri amene kale anali m’ndende amaloŵa m’midzi yawo ndi mavuto aakulu a thanzi, kuphatikizapo matenda okhalitsa, matenda a maganizo, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makipe a zaumoyo ali ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yothandizira anthu amene anali m’ndende kuti athe kusamalira thanzi lawo. Kupeza chithandizo cha thanzi ndi kuwongolera thanzi kungapangitsenso mipata ya ntchito, nyumba, ndi chichirikizo cha banja. Popanda chithandizo cha thanzi chokwanira ndi kupezeka ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala, mikhalidwe yathanzi ingakhalenso yowonjezereka yotsekezera njira ya kubwezeretsa bwino moyo.
Ntchito ya Ubwino wa Kuchirikiza Kubwezeretsedwa
Malamulo a zaumoyo amapereka chitetezo chimene chingathandize anthu amene kale anali m’ndende kusintha kovuta kwambiri. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithandizo cholinganizidwa kukwaniritsa zosoŵa zazikulu pamene anthu akuyesayesa kuti apeze zodzidalira. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito ndi amene angawapeze n’kofunika kwambiri kuti awonjezere mphamvu yawo pa zotsatirapo za kubwerera kwawo.
Programu ya Chithandizo cha Zakudya Zowonjezera (SNAP)
SNAP, yomwe kale inkadziŵika monga zidindo za chakudya, imaimira imodzi ya maprogramu okhoza kupezeka kwambiri kwa anthu omwe kale anali m'ndende. Mabanja ambiri ndi anthu amene amakwaniritsa zitsogozo za ndalama za programu ya malipiro ali oyenerera ku Someral Nutrition Application Program. Program imapereka mapindu a mwezi ndi mwezi amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kugula chakudya kwa amalonda ololedwa, kuthandiza kuthetsa kusatetezeka kwa chakudya kumene kumayambukira anthu ambiri amene kale anali m’ndende.
Pachaka cha 2026, mzera waumphaŵi wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuŵerengera SNAP uli $2,221 pa mwezi kwa banja la anthu atatu. Chotero, 130 peresenti ya mzera waumphaŵi wa banja la amuna atatu ndi $2,88 pa mwezi, kapena pafupifupi $34,656 pachaka. Avareji ya phindu la munthu aliyense m’chaka cha 2026 idzakhala $18 pa mwezi kapena $6.17 patsiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapindu ameneŵa ali otsika, iwo angapange kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu ovutikira kukwaniritsa zosoŵa zawo zazikulu za chakudya.
Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, kulimba mtima kwa SNAP sikumaletsedwa ndi mbiri yaupandu m'maiko ambiri. Komabe, maboma ena amaletsa anthu ndi chiletso cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kuletsa kotheratu chakudya pansi pa SNAP. Zimenezi zinayamba mu 1996 pansi pa Discrect and Work Reconfictive Act (PRWORA). Ntchitoyo imaletsa SNAP ndi ATANF kwa awo amene anali ndi chilolezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kaya amaliza nthaŵi yawo m’ndende kapena m’ndende kapena analandira chigamulo chopepuka chifukwa cha kuphwanya lamulo kwapansi kwa chiwembu. Mayi ambiri asankha kapena kusintha chiletso chake, pozindikira kuti chiyambukiro chake cha chipambano.
Thandizo Lokanthaŵi la Mabanja Osoŵa (TANF)
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Monga SNAP, kuchuluka kwa anthu kungayambukiridwe ndi zigamulo za mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'maiko ena. Maboma ambiri amaperekanso maphunziro a ntchito ndi chithandizo ndi malipiro a maphunziro ogwirizana ndi maphunziro a ATANF kupyolera m'maprogramu awo a ATANF, kupereka mwaŵi wofunika wa kupita patsogolo kwa luso limene lingawongolere ziyembekezo za ntchito zanthaŵi yaitali. Boma lililonse kapena gawo la fuko lili ndi ziyeneretso zake kaamba ka amene angapeze phindu la ATANF. Uyenera kukhala nzika ya boma limene mukugwiritsira ntchito.
Kupeza Madesi ndi Madokotala
Mdicaid ndiyo programu yaikulu ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa anthu onse m’dziko, yokhudza maulendo a dokotala, malo ogona, chisamaliro chanthaŵi yaitali, mautumiki otetezera, ndi mankhwala operekedwa kwa anthu otsika olandira ndalama ndi mabanja. Kufikira kuchipatala kudzera ku Medicaid kuli kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amene anatsekeredwapo, ambiri a iwo adadwala kapena kudwala kosachiritsika.
Pansi pa Affordble Care Act, maboma ambiri anafutukula Medicaid eligid kuti athe kukwaniritsa pafupifupi achikulire onse okhala ndi ndalama zapanyumba kufikira 138 peresenti ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Kufutukuka kumeneku kwawongolera kwambiri njira zopezera thanzi kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, kuphatikizapo awo amene amaloŵanso m'chitaganya atamangidwa. Mosiyana ndi mapindu ena, simuyenera kutaya mapindu anu a Médicaid chifukwa chakuti muli m’ndende, ngakhale kuti mapindu angaletsedwe mkati mwa kumangidwa ndi kufunikira kubwezeretsedwanso pa kumasulidwa.
Programu za Thandizo la Kunyumba
Kupeza nyumba zotsika kupyolera m'maprogramu a boma monga Nyumba Zosankhika Vouchers (Kumanga) ndi nyumba za anthu onse kungakhale kofunikira kwa anthu omwe kale anali m'ndende. Komabe, maprogramu ameneŵa akhala ndi zopinga zazikulu. Kuwonjezera pa kusoŵa kwa dziko kwa marendi 7,3 miliyoni ndipo opezeka kwambiri m’mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa, chikalata kapena mbiri yolembedwa bwino ingakhale chotsekereza kupeza nyumba zosavuta, zokhoza kupezeka.
Dipatimenti ya za Nyumba ndi Urban Development ya United States yapereka malangizo oletsa mtundu umenewu wa kupima maprogramu a nyumba za HUD , ndipo mlembi Marcia Fidge anatumiza ntchito mu 2022 kuti akonze malamulo ochepetsa mphamvu ya kujambula. Koma akuluakulu ena a boma ndi anthu wamba apitirizabe ntchitoyi, yomwe ingachititse anthu kusalowa m’nyumba. Malamulo aposachedwapa athandiza kuchepetsa malire ameneŵa ndi kukulitsa mipata ya anthu amene kale anali m’ndende.
Chiyambukiro cha Chichirikizo cha Chitukuko pa Kubwezeretsa Kusintha ndi Kupambana
Kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza kuti kupeza mapindu a umoyo kumawongolera kwambiri kuthekera kwa kubwezeretsanso thupi. Maprogramu ameneŵa amapereka zambiri kuposa kungochirikiza zinthu zakuthupi, kumapereka chiyembekezo m’nyengo ya kusintha kowopsya.
Kuchepetsa Kufuna Kuthetsa Chilango Kupyolera mwa Mautumiki Ochirikiza
Kugwirizana pakati pa chithandizo cha zaumoyo ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu kwalembedwa bwino. Kufufuza kwa pa Harvard Law School kunapeza kuti kulowa ku SNAP ndi TANF kunachepetsa kwambiri upandu wa munthu woyambiranso ndi 10 peresenti m'chaka chimodzi. Kuchepa kwa njira yodzitetezera kwa anthu sikumangosonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwa anthu komanso ndalama zimene amasunga pa dongosolo lachilungamo ndi chitaganya chonse.
Umboni wowonjezereka umachokera ku kufufuza kwa boma. Yunivesite ya Maryland inagamula kuti ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Florida amene amaletsedwa pa SNAP ali mfundo 9.5 pa mfundo zimene zingabwerere kundende kuposa ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amene anachita milandu yawo chiletso chisanathe ndipo chifukwa chake anali oyenerera thandizo. Kupeza kumeneku kumasonyeza bwino mmene kukana mapindu a moyo kungawonjezereredi kutetezeka kwa anthu, kuchepetsa chisungiko m’malo mowalimbikitsa.
Ziŵerengero za kuwonjezera kuwonjezera ku kayendedwe ka zinthu zimagogomezera kufunika kwa chichirikizo chogwira mtima. Bureau of Justice Statistics ikusimba kuti ogwidwa oposa magawo atatu anaikidwanso m’zaka zisanu kuchokera ku kumasulidwa. Mu madera a "68% ... adakhala atawatsekera m'zaka zitatu, 79% m’zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi 83% m’zaka zisanu ndi zinayi". Kufunika kwakukulu kumeneku kwa madongosolo a chilikizo owonjezereka amene amalongosola zopinga zingapo kuti apezenso mphamvu.
Kulimbikitsa Kukhazikika m’Zachuma ndi Kupeza Zochita Zanu
Mapindu a kutsungula amapereka maziko amene anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende angayambikire ku kudziimira paokha m’zachuma. Kuchotsa chiletso pa zichilikizo za chisungiko kumachepetsa mavuto akuthupi kwa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende, amene amalipira ndalama zochepa kwambiri ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kukwera kwa ulova chifukwa cha zinthu zonga ngati kusankhidwa m’ntchito. Mwa kukumana ndi zofunika zazikulu za chakudya, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi nyumba, maprogramu ameneŵa amalola anthu kusumika nyonga yawo pa kufufuza ntchito, kupita patsogolo kwaluso, ndi ntchito zina zimene zimachirikiza kukhutiritsa kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa kudzidalira.
Zitokoso za zachuma zimene anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende amakumana nazo nzowopsa. 27.3 peresenti ya anthu okhala ndi zikhulupiliro ali osoŵa ntchito ngakhale kuti kusoŵa kwa dziko kunali kochepa kwambiri. Pamenepo, sizikudabwitsa kuti 76 peresenti ya anthu amene kale anali m’ndende amalongosola kupeza ntchito kukhala "yovuta kwambiri" kapena "yosatheka." M’nkhani ino, mapindu aumoyo amatumikira monga mlatho wofunika kwambiri, kupereka chichirikizo mkati mwa njira yokhalitsa yosungitsa ntchito.
Kuwongolera Thanzi ndi Kukhala Wathanzi
Kufikira ku chisamaliro cha thanzi kupyolera mwa Medicaid ndi chakudya chokwanira kupyolera mwa SNAP kumathandizira kwambiri kuwongolera thanzi la anthu omwe anali m'ndende. Umoyo wabwinopo, nawonso, umawonjezera mphamvu yofunafuna ndi kusungitsa ntchito, kuyanjana ndi banja ndi mudzi, ndi kupeŵa makhalidwe amene angatsogolere ku ku kubwereranso. Kusintha kwabwino kumafuna kuloŵerera ku thanzi lakuthupi (kuphatikizapo kusamala, ndi kukhazikika kwa maganizo), ntchito kapena luso, ndi nyumba (kuphatikizapo nyumba ndi mautumiki ochirikiza).
Kugwirizana kwa thanzi, ntchito, ndi nyumba monga mbali ya njira yobwereranso kumafunikira dala ponena za kupangidwa kwa dongosolo ndi programu. Malamulo aumoyo ogwirizana ameneŵa ali othekera kwambiri kutulutsa zotulukapo zabwino kuposa zija zosumika pa mbali imodzi yokha ya chichirikizo.
Kuchirikiza Kukhazikika kwa Nyumba
Kugwirizana pakati pa nyumba ndi kubwereranso kwa chipambano n’kolimba kwambiri. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti ndalama zimene munthu amapeza zingathandize kuti nyumba zikhale zabwino.
Nyumba zotetezeka ndi zotchipa zimateteza mwa kuchotsa ntchito yofunafuna nyumba monga chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake zimathandiza kupeza malo ogona amene amathandiza kuti anthu asamavutike. Ngati nyumba zingathandize kuti anthu asamavutike, ndiye kuti nyumba ndi mbali ina ya chitetezo cha anthu. Kaonedwe kameneka kamathandiza kuti anthu asamapeze chithandizo cha nyumba osati monga phindu lothandiza koma monga ndalama zosungiramo chitetezo zimene anthu onse angapeze.
Zolepheretsa Kupeza Mapindu a Chitukuko
Ngakhale kuti pali phindu loonekeratu la maprogramu a zaumoyo a anthu amene kale anali m’ndende, zopinga zambiri zimalepheretsa anthu kupeza thandizo limene amafunikira.
Ziletso za Malamulo ndi Ziletso
Chopinga chachikulu kwambiri kwa anthu ena amene anali m'ndende ndi chiletso chalamulo cha kulandirira mapindu. Anthu amene ali ndi zikhulupiliro zaupandu asanabadwe, kumangidwa kapena ayi, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi "ziyambukiro za kumbuyo," zimene ziri zopinga zazikulu zoikidwa kuwonjezera pa zigamulo zawo zimene zingasiyane ndi ntchito ndi kulandidwa ufulu wovota. Chiletso cha mankhwala oletsa SNAP ndi TANF chimasonyeza chimodzi cha zotsatirapo za zotsatira za zotsatira za kuyenerera kumeneku.
Ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri asintha kapena kuchotsa chiletso chimenechi, chimagwira ntchito m'madera ena, kuyambitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana m'dziko lonselo. Chimasonyeza kuti ndi mayiko ati amene ali ndi chiletso cha moyo wonse cha moyo wawo kwa anthu odalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chimene chingakhale chofunika kulingalira ngati mukuganizira za kusamukira ku dziko lina. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa angayambitse chisokonezo ndi kusagwirizana, ndi anthu ofanana omwe amayang'anizana ndi mlingo wosiyana wa chithandizo malinga ndi kumene amakhala.
Mavuto a Uyang’aniro ndi Zofunika za Kulemba
Ngakhale ngati malamulo a boma alola kuti anthu amene anamangidwa kale alandire phindu, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto ena pofunsira thandizo kapena posafuna thandizo.
Department of Social Services idzachita chilolezo cha dziko lonse pa aliyense wofunsira mapindu. Mudzakanidwa ATANF ndi chithandizo china cha ndalama, SSDI, SSDI, nyumba za anthu ndi zoyendetsedwa ndi boma, ndi SNAP (zakudya zokhala ndi zikalata) ngati: Khalani ndi chilolezo chomveka choletsa kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa kapena kuchotsedwa, kapena kupezedwa kuti mukuthaŵa mokangalika kuti mupeŵe kumangidwa mlandu wauchiweruza. Ziletso zimenezi zingayambitse zowonjezereka kwa anthu amene angakhale ndi nkhani za kuswa malamulo kapena uyang'aniro ndi kuyang'anira kwawo.
Kusoŵa Chidziŵitso ndi Kusoŵeka Kwake
Anthu ambiri amene kale anali m’ndende samadziŵa kuti ndi mapindu otani amene angakhale oyenerera kapena mmene angawafikire. Kulinganizanso malo owongolera kaŵirikaŵiri sikumapindulitsa mokwanira kulembetsa, ndipo magulu odalira anthu asoŵa zipangizo zoperekera chithandizo chokwanira. Kusiyana kwa chidziŵitso kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti anthu oyenerera angakhale opanda chichirikizo chachikulu kokha chifukwa chakuti sakudziŵa maprogramu amene alipo.
Kusala
Zimenezi zikhoza kuonekera m’njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kuweruza anthu amene akugwira ntchito yoweruza milandu, ndiponso malamulo amene amachitira anthu amene apempha thandizo ndi mabodza okayikira kwambiri.
Maprogramu Oyambitsa ndi Machitidwe Abwino Koposa
Kuzungulira dziko lonse, maprogramu atsopano akusonyeza njira zogwira mtima zochirikizira anthu amene kale anali m’ndende kupyolera m’mabungwe othandiza anthu osoŵa ndi mautumiki ochirikiza.
Programu Zoyambanso Zoloŵetsedwamo Zoloŵetsedwamo
Maprogramu achipambano koposa oloŵanso amatenga njira ya kutseguka kwa chipinda chapadera, kusamalira zosoŵa zambiri panthaŵi imodzi mmalo mwa kusamalira nyumba, ntchito, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi zichilikizo zina monga nkhani zosiyana. Project Re Conflie program , programu ya kusintha mu St Louis, Missouri, inadziŵira otengamo mbali asanatuluke m’ndende ndipo kenaka inapereka kuyang'anira mlandu kwa miyezi 6 ndi $3,000 ya chithandizo chachindunji cha ndalama zogwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zofunikira ndi wotengamo mbali. Pafupifupi 65% ya otengamo ntchito anagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za lendi. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola anthu kuti aperekere anthu ofunikira kwambiri pamene akulandira chithandizo ndi chitsogozo chopitirizabe.
Kukonzekera Kulowa M’sukulu ya Alamu ndi Kulembetsa
Maprogramu amene amayamba kugwira ntchito ndi anthu asanamasulidwe kundende amasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Mwakuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mafomu, kusunga nyumba, ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi ntchito pamene adakali m’ndende, maprogramu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kusintha kochepekera ndi kuchepetsa nyengo ya kudwala mwamsanga pambuyo pomasulidwa. Kulinganiza kumeneku kukhoza kuphatikizapo kulembetsa anthu ku Medicaid, kuwathandiza kupeza zikalata zodziŵira, ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe a ntchito a m’chitaganya.
Ntchito ndi Maphunziro
Maprogramu a ulozalensi amene amaphatikizapo ntchito ndi maphunziro amathandiza anthu kuti azichita zinthu mofulumira kwambiri. SNAP AKSK & program yophunzitsa (SNAP E&T) ingakuthandizeni kukwaniritsa zolinga zanu za ntchito zambiri zosumika pa zinthu zimene mumakonda ndi zofunika. Programu imeneyi ndi yodzifuniratu, ndipo otenga mbali amalandira ndalama zothandizira pa zoyendera, kusamalira ana, ndi zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi kutengamo mbali. Lonarmaps alinso ndi mwayi woyenerera anthu otengamo mbali. SOUNIAF program (TEP) imapereka malangizo a maphunziro ndi zolinga za ntchito, kulangiza makolo pa zolinga zimene ali nazo kaamba ka mwana wawo (n) ndi mabanja, ndi zoyendera zina za ntchito zimene zingakuthandizeni kukwaniritsa zolinga zimenezo.
Kusintha ndi Nyumba Zothandiza
Maprogramu a nyumba zachilendo ndi ochirikizana amapereka anthu kubwezeretsa nyumba za mwezi wambiri ngati alibe banja kapena nyumba zina. Maprogramu ameneŵa amaphatikiza nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa ndi mautumiki ochirikiza monga ngati kuyang’anira za matenda, kuchiritsa kwa maganizo, kupereka uphungu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi chithandizo cha ntchito. Mwa kugwirizanitsa nyumba ndi mautumiki, maprogramu ameneŵa amapanga maziko okhazikika a kubwezeretsanso kwachipambano.
Oyamba Mwamwaŵi
Kuletsa malamulo a m’bokosi ndi njira zina zopezera ntchito mwamwayi zimathandiza kuchepetsa tsankho la ntchito kwa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende. Malamulo ameneŵa amachedwetsa upandu kufikira pamene pambuyo pake apeza ntchito, kutsimikizira kuti ofunsirawo amayesedwa malinga ndi ziyeneretso zawo mmalo mwa kuchotsedwa chifukwa cha mbiri yawo yaupandu. Mwa kuwongolera ziyembekezo za ntchito, njira zimenezi zimathandizira anthu kupeza mapindu ndi kudziimira pachuma mofulumira.
Lamulo Lachiŵiri la Mwaŵi ndi Chichirikizo cha Federal
Malamulo a Federal athandiza kwambiri kuchirikiza ntchito zapaumoyo ndi kuwonjezera njira zothandizira anthu amene anali m’ndende. Act yachiŵiri ya Chance, inayamba kuchitika mu 2008 ndipo inaloledwanso kangapo, imapereka ndalama zothandizira maprogramu audindo m'dziko lonselo.
Pulezidenti Biden analengeza April kukhala Second Chance Month pa March 31, 2022, akumanena kuti "kufunika kwa kuthandiza anthu omwe anali atamangidwanso ". Kuzindikira kumeneku kwa dziko kumathandiza kuzindikira za mavuto a kubwereranso ndi kuchirikiza masinthidwe a kayendetsedwe ka maprogramu. Utsogoleri wa Federal m'derali walimbikitsa maiko ndi madera awo kupenda malamulo awo ndi kupeza mipata yochepetsera zopinga kuti apezenso chipambano.
Kusintha kwa Kachitidwe ka Boma ndi Kusintha
Malamulo a boma onena za kuyenerera kwa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, akumapanga malo osiyanasiyana ochirikiza dziko lonse.
Kusintha kwa Chiletso Chodziŵika
Mayiko ambiri azindikira kuti kuletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo n’kosathandiza ndipo achitapo kanthu kuti asinthe kapena kuchotsa. Mayiko ena asankha kuletsa chiletso, pamene kuli kwakuti ena asintha pang’ono, monga kufuna kutenga nawo mbali m’maprogramu a chithandizo kapena kuchepetsa kuletsa mitundu ina ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pamene kuli kwakuti New York siitenga nawo mbali pa "chiletso cha nyubili" kwa anthu opezeka ndi mlandu wa kulakwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mlandu waupandu ungakhudze malipiro anu a anthu onse.
Kukongola Kozikidwa pa Kutakata
Maboma ali ndi njira yoperekera programu ya SNAP yothandiza pa malamulo osiyanasiyana (odziŵika kukhala yogwirizana ndi mfundo zambiri), kuphatikizapo kuchotsa mayeso a chuma ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zimene boma limapeza zokwana 200% ya FPL. Izi zimachokera ku kusintha kwa boma posankha zimene zimapanga phindu la ATANF-yosangalatsa ndi amene angalandire. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola kuti anthu afike ku SNPA kuti apeze ndalama zotsika, kuphatikizapo anthu amene amaloŵanso m’chitaganya pambuyo pogwira ntchito.
Kukula kwa Ntchito ya M’dziko la Edica ndi Kubweranso
Maboma amene afutukutsa Medicaid pansi pa Affordble Care Act amapereka njira zabwino kwambiri zosamalira anthu amene kale anali m'ndende. M'mayiko ena, anthu ambiri amene kale anali omangidwa ndi ndalama zochepa amayenerera kaamba ka kuperekedwa kwa thanzi la onse, kuphatikizapo mautumiki a zamaganizo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. M'maiko osakhala apamwamba, anthu ambiri omwe kale anali m’ndende amagwera m’mpata wokanika, kupata mopambanitsa kuti apeze Medicaid koma osakwanira kwenikweni kugula inshuwalansi yaumwini.
Ntchito ya Maphunziro Pobwereranso M’tsogolo
Maphunziro ali chida champhamvu kwambiri chochepetsera kuchotsa ndi kuwongolera zotsatirapo za nthaŵi yaitali kwa anthu amene kale anali m'ndende. Pa kafukufuku wa boma wa anthu omasulidwa ku ndende, 94 peresenti ya achikulire omangidwa anatulukira kuti maphunziro ndi ofunika kwambiri. Anthu 37 pa 100 alionse amene ali m’ndende za boma alibe diploma yapamwamba kapena GED, ndipo 86 peresenti yopanda maphunziro a pa sekondi. Maphunziro ndi chiŵiya chachikulu chokonzera kumasulidwa, ndipo ndi chida chotsimikizira kuti anthu achikulire ndi achinyamata asiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera udani.
Chiyambukiro cha maphunziro a kuchotsanso zigaŵenga nchapadera. Kufufuza kokhudza maphunziro a kulangidwa kwa RAND Corporation kwapeza kuti, pa avareji, anthu omangidwa amene anagawana nawo m'maprogramu a maphunziro olakwa anali ochepera pa 43 peresenti kuchotsapo kusiyana ndi anzawo amene sanawapeze. Ndalama imodzi yokha yoikizira maphunziro a m'ndende imatembenuza ndalama zowonongedwa pa ndalama zokwanira madola anayi kapena asanu m’zaka zitatu zoyambirira atatulutsidwa.
Kufufuza kochokera ku RAND Corporation kumasonyeza kuti avareji 70%-80% ya kubwezeretsa chivomezi imatsika kufika pa 50% pamene munthu amaliza sukulu ya sekondale pamene ali m’ndende, ndipo nambala imeneyo imatsika kufika pa 13.7% pa madigiri achiŵiri, 5.6% pa digiri yapamwamba, ndipo pansi pa 0% kwa anthu amene amapeza digiri yapamwamba. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zimasonyeza mwamphamvu kusintha kwa mwaŵi wa maphunziro.
Pa July 2023 Kubwezeretsedwa kwa Pell Grants kwa ophunzira omangidwa kunachotsa chopinga chimodzi chowopsya ndipo kuli ndi mwaŵi wowonjezereka wa kutumiza anthu kumbuyo kwa maphunziro a sekondale monga makoleji ndi mayunivesite kugwirira ntchito kupeza chivomerezo cha kupereka Programs ya Maphunziro a m'ndende. Koma zopinga zopereka njira zapamwamba za maphunziro apamwamba pambuyo pa maphunziro achiŵiri m’makhonde zikukhalabe zowopsa. Kupitirizidwabe kwa mwaŵi wa maphunziro, ponse paŵiri m'ndende ndi pambuyo pa kumasulidwa, kumasonyeza kukwera kwa chipambano m'maphunziro.
Kuthetsa Kusiyana Mafuko m’Kusagwirizana ndi Kuloŵanso Mwalamulo
Kukambitsirana kulikonse kwa malamulo a zaubwino ndi kubwezera kuyenera kuvomereza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mafuko m'dongosolo la chiweruzo chaupandu. Anthu a mafuko ndi mafuko aang'ono amaimiridwa mopambanitsa m'dongosolo la kuwongolera, ndipo kuloŵetsedwa koteroko kumaika chiyambukiro choipa chosayerekezereka pa thanzi ndi ubwino wa magulu ameneŵa ndi mabanja awo. Anthu akuda ndi achilatini amaikidwa m’ndende nthaŵi zisanu ndi nthaŵi imodzi ndi nthaŵi imodzi ndi nthaŵi zitatu, mofanana ndi ,
Kusiyana kwa m'mandende kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti midzi ya mitundu ikuluikulu ili ndi vuto lalikulu la kubwereranso. Anthu akuda ndi ofiirira amaimiridwa modabwitsa pakati pa anthu opanda nyumba, ngakhale pakati pa awo amene kale anali m'ndende. Malamulo othandiza a kakhalidwe kabwino ayenera kukonzedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito moganizira za kusiyana kumeneku, kutsimikizira kuti chichirikizo chifika ku madera amene akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Kusokonezeka kwa Thanzi Lamaganizo, Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito Kochepa, ndi Kuloŵanso Mwaluso
Matenda a maganizo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo n’zofala pakati pa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende ndipo zimapangitsa kuti anthu ena asiye kupezeka bwino.
Malamulo aumoyo amene amaphatikizapo kukhudza kwambiri zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo mankhwala a maganizo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi ofunika kwambiri posamalira zosoŵa zimenezi. Kupeza chithandizo kungathandize anthu kuchepetsa matenda awo, kuchepetsa ngozi ya kubwereranso ku ubongo kapena mavuto, ndiponso kuwongolera moyo wawo wonse. Maprogramu amene amakhudza njira zaumoyo ndi njira zina zochiritsira anthu opeza bwino amasonyeza kuti pali zotsatira zamphamvu.
Kugwirizanitsanso Banja ndi Chichirikizo
Kusintha sikumakhudza anthu okha komanso mabanja awo ndi ana. Malamulo a chikhalidwe angagwire ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochirikiza kugwirizanitsa banja ndi kukhazikika pambuyo potulutsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mapindu a ATANF angathandize makolo amene anali m’ndende kupereka kwa ana awo ndi kusungabe ana. Thandizo la panyumba lingapangitse mabanja kukhala pamodzi mmalo mopatukana chifukwa cha ziletso kapena kusakhazikika.
Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kulowanso kwa anthu amene angathe kusungitsa nyumba kudzera m’mayanjano a m’banja kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zabwino, kusonyeza kuti zopinga za kubwerera kwawo kukakhala bwino kumafunikira kuloŵerera kwamphamvu kwa nyumba kwa awo amene alibe chichirikizo cha banja. Kuchirikiza kugwirizana kwa banja ndi kubwezeretsa kuyenera kukhala chinthu choyamba m’kulinganizanso ndi kakonzedwe ka ka kayendetsedwe ka moyo.
Mavuto Amene Alipo Panopo Ndiponso Zovuta Zimene Zikupitirira
Ngakhale kuti m’madera ena mukuchitika kupita patsogolo, pali mavuto aakulu amene akupitirizabe potsimikizira kuti malamulo othandiza anthu omangidwa athandiza anthu amene kale anali m’ndende.
Maganizo Opitirizabe a Anthu
Kuona anthu amene kale anali m’ndende kukupitiriza kusokoneza njira zowapezera bwino ntchito. Stigma si kumangokhudza ntchito ndi mipata yomanga nyumba komanso kuchirikiza ndale za malamulo a zaumoyo a anthu ameneŵa.
Kulephera Kupereka Ndalama Zokwanira ndi Ntchito Yapadera
Maprogramu ambiri ndi mautumiki oloŵanso m’nyumba a ntchito yopanda ndalama zokwanira ndipo sangathe kutumikira anthu onse oyenerera. Kuyembekezera mpambo wa nyumba zosinthira, maprogramu a chithandizo, ndi mautumiki ena kumatanthauza kuti anthu ena amene kale anali m’ndende sangathe kupeza chichirikizo pamene akufunikira kwambiri.
Mavuto Okhudza Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Ogwirizana
Chichirikizo cha kubwereranso kwa anthu mwaluso chimafunikira kugwirizana kwa madongosolo ambiri . Kuwongolera, kusamala zaumoyo, nyumba, mautumiki a ntchito, ndi mautumiki a kakhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti pali maziko ameneŵa, zosoŵa za anthu amene ali opanda nyumba zingasokoneze nyumba ndi akatswiri odziŵa bwino ntchito. Kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kulankhulana pakati pa madongosolo ameneŵa kumakhalabe vuto lopitirizabe limene limafuna kuyesayesa ndi chuma chodzipereka.
Kusiyana kwa Malo Ochitira Zinthu
Kupezeka kwa mautumiki othandizira anthu oloŵa m’malo osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Malo a m’matauni angakhale ndi malo opezera anthu ofunikira ntchito ambiri komanso angawononge ndalama zambiri zogulira nyumba komanso angapikisane kwambiri ndi chuma. Malo a kumidzi angafunikire ndalama zochepa koma mautumiki ndi zoyendera za anthu ambiri zochepa.
Malangizo ndi Zikalata Zolangiza
Kumanga pa chidziŵitso chamakono ndi machitachita abwino koposa, malamulo ambiri aakulu angawonjezere kwambiri chichirikizo cha ubwino kwa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende ndi kukulitsa zotulukapo za kubwereranso kwawo.
Kuchotsa Ziletso ndi Ziletso Zamalamulo
Maboma onse ayenera kuchotsa ziletso za moyo wonse pa SNAP ndi TANF kwa anthu okhala ndi zikole za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Maprogramu ameneŵa angachititse kusiyana pakati pa mavuto ndi kuchotsedwa kwa anthu okhala ndi zikhululukiro. Chifukwa chakuti ambiri ali osoŵa ntchito kapena amalipidwa ndalama zochepa, anthu aupandu kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira chithandizo cha kanthaŵi kochepa kuchokera ku ATANF ndi SNAP kuti akwaniritse ana awo ndi zosoŵa zawo zazikulu. Kuchotsa malamulo ameneŵa kungawonjezere kuchirikiza ndi kuwongolera zotulukapo zofunika.
Kukulitsa Makonzedwe a Kulembetsa ndi Kulembetsa
Mayiko ndi madera ena ayenera kukonza zinthu zokhala ndi magalimoto asanamasulidwe, monga kulembetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala odziwitsa anthu. Kuyambira pamene ayamba kutulutsa ntchito imeneyi, imathandiza kuti anthu apitirizebe kuthandizidwa komanso ichepetsa nyengo yosavuta kuwonongeka akangotulutsidwa pamene anthu ali pangozi yaikulu ya kusowa pokhala, matenda, kapena kubwereranso kwa munthu wina.
Kuwonjezereka kwa Kuikiza Ndalama m’Nyumba Zosinthasintha
Popanda njira zokwanira zothetsera nyumba, nkovuta kwambiri kuti anthu abwererenso mwachipambano ndi kugwirizana ndi chitaganya, kusonyeza kufunika kwa malamulo atsopano. Kuti atsimikizire kubwerera kwa anthu ndi kupereka mwaŵi wolingana pamene akupititsa patsogolo chisungiko cha chitaganya, maboma a boma, boma, ndi malo akumalo akumeneko ayenera kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a nyumba zimene zimachirikiza maprogramu a kusinthitsa nyumba ndi kulimbikitsa malendire ochirikiza. Kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa nyumba zosintha ndi zochirikiza kuyenera kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kachitidwe ka kukonzanso.
Kulimbikitsa Chichirikizo cha Ntchito ndi Mwaŵi Woyenera
Kuwonjezera maprogramu a maphunziro a ntchito, kupereka chithandizo cha ntchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a ntchito mwamwaŵi kungathandize kuyang'anira mavuto a ntchito amene anthu akale anali m’ndende. Opanga malamulo ndi olemba ntchito ali ndi mwaŵi wa kuchirikiza chipambano cha kukonzanso mwa kupanga masinthidwe ndi kuwonjezera ku madongosolo a maphunziro ndi antchito. Zoyesayesa zimenezi ziyenera kuphatikizapo masinthidwe onse aŵiri a malamulo ndi chichirikizo chachindunji kwa owalemba ntchito amene alemba ntchito amene kale anali m’ndende.
Kuwongolera Kupeza Malo Osamalira Thanzi ndi Kukhazikika
Maboma onse ayenera kufutukula Medicaid kutsimikizira kuti anthu olandira ndalama zochepa omwe kale anali m'ndende. Mautumiki a zaumoyo ayenera kugwirizana ndi zichilikizo zina, kuzindikira mtundu wogwirizana wa thanzi, nyumba, ndi ntchito. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku thanzi la maganizo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa mankhwala, kupatsidwa kufalikira kwa mikhalidwe imeneyi pakati pa anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende.
Kufufuza Mabuku ndi Maprogramu
Chidziŵitso chabwinopo cha zotsatirapo za kusintha, pulogalamu yogwira ntchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito n’zofunika kuti zitsogolere posankha ndi kugawira ndalama. Mayiko ndi madera ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito madongosolo a zachidziŵitso amene amatsata anthu m’njira zosiyanasiyana za ntchito ndi kupima zotsatirapo za nthaŵi yaitali monga kukhazikika kwa ntchito, kumanganso nyumba, ndi kukonzanso zinthu.
Kumanga Malo Osungirako Zinthu Aakulu
Anthu omwe anamangidwapo kale ayenera kukhala oloŵetsedwamo motsimikizirika m'kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi maprogramu a kusintha. Zokumana nazo zawo zamoyo zimapereka chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali cha zimene zilipo zopinga, zimene zingathandize kwambiri, ndi mmene madongosolo angawongoleredwe. Komiti ya Just Hospital ndi mgwirizano wa dziko lonse wa atsogoleri oyambukiridwa mwachindunji ndi ochirikiza ena amene akuyesayesa kuthetsa tsankho lochitidwa ndi dongosolo la malamulo. Kugwirizana kofananako kuyenera kuvomerezedwa m’mbali zonse za malamulo alamulo.
Nkhani ya Zachuma Yochirikiza Kubweranso
Kuposa pa kufunika kwa kuchirikiza kubwezeretsa kopambana, pali nkhani yachuma yogwira ntchito m'malamulo ndi mautumiki a anthu omwe kale anali m’ndende. Kusintha kuli kowonongetsa ndalama zambiri, ponse paŵiri m'kuwongolera kolunjika ndi ndalama zambiri za chitaganya. Pamene anthu abwezeretsa mwachipambano m'chitaganya, amathandizira ku chitaganya chawo mwa ntchito, misonkho, ndi kutengamo mbali mmalo mwa kubwerera kumbuyo m'dongosolo la malamulo aupandu.
Kusanthula kwa mtengo wa kuchirikiza kubwereranso n’kovuta. Programu zimene zimachepetsa kusungitsanso ndalama zimene zimaposa ndalama zawo. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kumagwirizana ndi kutsika kwa upandu ndi kugaŵidwanso kwa anthu pamene ali ndi malo ogona. Mofananamo, maprogramu a maphunziro ndi ntchito amabwezera ku kuchepetsa mtengo wa kusungidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma.
Kuchirikiza ubwino wa anthu amene kale anali m’ndende sindiko kokha chinthu choyenera kuchita — ndikonso chinthu chanzeru chachuma kuchita.
Kumaliza: Kupanga Dongosolo Lothandiza Kwambiri
Malamulo a zaumoyo amathandiza kwambiri kuchirikiza anthu amene kale anali m’ndende posintha kwambiri. Maprogramu monga SNAP, TANF, Médicaid, ndi chithandizo cha nyumba zimapereka chithandizo chofunika kwambiri chimene chimathandiza pa zinthu zofunika, kukhazikitsa bata, ndi kupanga mipata kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino. Umboni umasonyeza bwino kuti kupeza mapindu ameneŵa kumachepetsa mphamvu zothetsera matenda, kumathandiza anthu kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, ndiponso kuwathandiza kuti apeze chuma.
Komabe, malamulo, mavuto a boma, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndiponso manyazi osatha, zimalepheretsa anthu kutumikira anthu amenewa.
Njira ya kutsogolo imaphatikizapo kuthetsa ziletso zosaphula kanthu, kufutukula maprogramu, kuwongolera kagwirizanidwe ka zinthu, ndi kukhazikitsa mawu ndi zokumana nazo za anthu amene kale anali m’ndende m’kukula kwa malamulo. mwa kulimbikitsa malamulo a zaubwino ndi mautumiki ochirikizana, tingapange dongosolo lothandiza kwambiri limene limathandiza anthu kumanganso miyoyo yawo mwachipambano, kulimbitsa mabanja ndi zigwirizano, ndi kuwonjezera chisungiko chapoyera.
Aamereka onse, kuphatikizapo awo amene kale anali m’ndende ndipo alipire ngongole yawo ku chitaganya, ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa kukhoza kwawo kotheratu kaamba ka thanzi. Kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a zaumoyo abwino amachirikiza mokhutiritsa chonulirapo chimenechi chiri ponse paŵiri chofunika cha makhalidwe abwino ndi chofunika chopindulitsa. Mwa kupitiriza kukonzanso, kusungitsa, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano, tingapange dongosolo lochirikiza limene limatumikiradi zosoŵa za anthu omwe kale anali omangidwa ndi kupanga njira zachipambano, zopezera moyo wopindulitsa m’chitaganya chathu.
Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za zofunikira za kubwereranso ndi mautumiki ochirikiza, chezerani Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu , U.S. Department of Hospital ndi Urban Development , [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] USDA Food ndi Supertion Service , [[FLT:]], Counil ya Boma la Boma Center , ndi [FLT:] Pritialtial [FL:]