Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso Chogwirizanitsa

Chiphunzitso cha Inshopporation Doctrine chikuimira chimodzi cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa lamulo la America, kusintha kwakukulukulu unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. Pamutu pake, chiphunzitsocho chimasankha kuti ndi makonzedwe otani a Bill of Rights amene amagwira ntchito ku boma kupyolera mwa Century Procession of the 1450 Refectived. Kusanafike zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse linavomereza kuti Boma la ufulu wachisungiko, kusiya maboma aufulu kulongosola ufulu wawo wa ufulu. Nkhani ya [FLT: 0] Barton v. Barmoremose [18:33]) inakhazikitsa lingaliro lochepali, likulamulira kuti malamulo a Filmete , osagwiritsira ntchito malamulowo. Kwa zaka za zana lachisanu, chigamulo chinalephera kulongosola lamulolo, ndi kutsimikizira lamulo lokhudza ufulu walamulo lokhudza ufulu walamulo lokhudza ufulu wa munthu woyamba.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a 144 mu 1868, ndi Malo ake Oyenera kapena Immunit Claus , Acred Process Claus , ndi Auncil Procession Claus , zinatsegula njira yatsopano yalamulo . Komabe, kumasulira koyamba kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwa Demendement ya 144th mu . Malamulo a Sagister-Nnyumba [ [1873] [1] mokhutiritsa kwambiri] kuchotsa Malo kapena Kutetezera kwa Classione, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kwake kuikidwa kwa ufulu wa boma. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo linapitiriza kutsutsa lingaliro lakuti Bill of Rights imagwira ntchito ku maulamulirowo, kugogomezera kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu. Ilo silinayambe kuyerekezera kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana la 20makumi aŵiri, ndi kugamula kwake kwa chigamu cha chigamu cha chisankhotime.

Kuthandiza kwa Malingaliro Otsutsanawo Posintha Chiphunzitsocho

Pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro ambiri ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri ali malingaliro otsutsa amene amabzala mbewu za kusintha kwa mtsogolo mwalamulo. M'nkhani za Kusintha kwa Malamulo, kutsutsa kunatumikira monga zopinga zanzeru kumene oweruza analongosola masomphenya ena a boma, njira yoyenerera, ndi ukulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Malamulo ameneŵa sanangovomereza kusemphana maganizo; anapereka kupenda kokhwima kwa lamulo kumene pambuyo pake kukalandira, nthaŵi zina zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake. Chotero kusinthika kwa masinthidwe sikuli kokha kwa zimene Bwalo lamilandu linachita komanso zimene linkatsutsa zoweruza mlanduwo kuyenera kuchita.

Kutsutsa milandu yophatikizapo anthu nthaŵi zambiri kunatsutsa “kusankha kofala kwa "kuphatikiza”, kumene kunangogwiritsira ntchito zitetezero za ufulu wachibadwidwe zomwe zinalingaliridwa kukhala“ zachigwirizano ndi makonzedwe a ufulu wolamulidwa.” Osuliza anatsutsa kuti muyezo umenewu unali wodzifunira ndipo unasiya kukhala wochenjera kwambiri kwa oweruza. Mmalomwake, otsutsa ameneŵa anachirikiza“ zonse zophatikizidwa pamodzi” kapena “kuphatikiza pamodzi kokwanira ndi [1] lingaliro lakuti Kusintha kwa ufulu wa Audocumu kunapangitsa Bill ya ufulu wonse wa Audindo kapena ngakhalenso kuwonjezera ufulu waukulu wosatchulidwa m'maboma oyambirira asanu ndi atatu. Ngakhale kuti kuphatikizapo kuphatikizapo sikulamulira anthu ambiri, chisonkhezero chake n’kosakanika kuwonjezereka pang’onopang’ono kwa ufulu wophatikizidwa m’zaka zapakati.

Malingaliro Osagwirizana ndi Mmene Anakhudzira Anthu

Kuipidwa kwa Jasitisi mu Palko v. Connecticut [1] (1937)

Chigamulo cha Bwalo lamilandu mu Palko v. Connecticut [FLT :1] ndi chosintha kwambiri m'kakonzedwe kapadera ka kugaŵidwa, koma lingaliro lotsutsana la Woweruza John Marshall Harlan (mkulu) anapereka masomphenya osiyana kwambiri. [[FLT:] Palko , ochuluka, akulankhula mwa Chilungamo, kutchula kuti chitetezo cha Demendulo cha Kuwo pa ngozi ziŵiri sizinagwire ntchito pa magawo chifukwa chakuti sizinali “zikhomo m’chiganitso cholamulidwa ndi ufulu. Maluso a anthu ambiri anaikamo chiletso chapamwamba kaamba ka kuphatikiza: ufulu wa“ miyambo yozama ndi chikumbumtima ya anthu athu yokhayo yokhayokha monga ngati lamulo lolembedwa.

Jasitisi Harlan anatsutsa, akumanena kuti lingaliro la kachitidwe koyenera pansi pa Kusintha kwa 14 ndi liyenera kumvedwa mokulirapo. Anatsutsa kuti chitetezo cha Bill of Rights chimene chili “chinsinsi” chimaphatikizapo mipambo yambiri ya ufulu kuposa imene ambiri anavomereza. Motsimikizirika, Harlan anatsimikiza kuti chiletso choletsa kuwopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri chinali choyenera kwambiri kwakuti chitetezedwe pa boma limodzi ndi boma. Kutsutsa kwake sikunavomereza konse kuloŵetsedwa kwa ufulu wa onsewo monga njira yanzeru yotchulidwa pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo: "Kopeka. [FFN]

Chilungamo Black’s Dany in Adamson v. California [1] (1947)

Mwinamwake kutsutsana kwakukulu ndi kodziŵika kwa mbiri yakale m'kutsutsana kochititsa chidwiku kunachokera ku Woweruza Hugo Black mu Adamson v. California . Pankhaniyi, ambiri, otsogozedwa ndi Woweruza Felix Frankfurter, anachirikiza lamulo la California lomwe linalola woweruza kuyankha mlandu wolephera kupereka umboni pa mlandu. Oda ananena kuti kachitidwe kameneka kanaswa mwayi wa Find 5 Confter Amendment wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa munthu mwini, umene anakhulupirira kuti unagwirizanitsidwa ndi Geneance. Kutsutsa kwa Blada sikunali chabe kutsutsana pa zenizeni . .

Jasitisi Black anatsutsa kuti okonza za bungwe la 14 la Opline adafuna kugwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma onse. Anachirikiza mfundo yake ndi kupenda mbiri yonse ya kukonzanso mbiri, kuphatikizapo ndemanga za wothandizira wake wamkulu, John Bingham , ndi mamembala ena a Congress. Oda adatsutsa kuti mwaŵi kapena Immunites Claus, ngati anatembenuzidwa bwino, akanatha kukwaniritsa zonse kuchokera pachiyambi, koma kuti Khotilo linaphonya ku Kumasulira Nyumba za Malo [FLT:]

Kusemphana maganizo kwakuda mu [[FLT: 0] Adamson . sananyengerere ambiri mu 1947, koma anali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa kuphatikizidwa kwa majurisprudence pambuyo pake. Woweruza Black anapitiriza kuchirikiza kuphatikiza kwa onse m'nkhani, ndipo malingaliro ake anasintha kukhala masinthidwe a Khoti. Khoti la Warren, limene linatsogolera kuyambira m'ma 1950 mpaka m'ma 1960, linatengera lingaliro lalikulu la ufulu wophatikizidwa ndi anthu a Black, likumayandikira ku masomphenya a Black. [FL:] [FL:] Mallo. Holct: [FL.[6] [194] [4]))). Khoti linagalamu la Odzitcha ku .

Kusavomereza kwa Justice Brandeis Whitney . California [1] (1927]

Ngakhale kuti [[FLT: 0] [FTY] [FT:1] mlandu waukulu unali ndi ufulu wa kulankhula pansi pa Demetrition Yoyamba . umene unaphatikizidwa mu Gitrow v. New York (1925]) (Justice Louis Brandeis [kaŵirikaŵiri] anateteza maganizo a Louis Brandeis (amene amachitiridwa ngati kusemphana ndi ufulu wa ambiri wokana kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo wokhwima kwambiri) ndi chikalata cha maziko m'mbiri. Brandeirs analemba mwapadera kutsutsa kuti Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Dziko kwa Claus (Mkhalidwe la 1449:25) kutetezera kwambiri kuposa ufulu wa kumangofuna kuyambitsa ufulu wa anthu. Kuphatikiza ufulu wa kukambirana ndi kukambirana nkhani zako kunali kofunika kwambiri. Amene analengeza kuti adalitsa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu kudziko kuti ayambe kuvomereza ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu.

Bradeis anasonkhezera malingaliro a Bwalo lamilandulo pambuyo pake kuvomereza “ngozi yowonekera ndi yomwe ilipo” kuyesa ziletso za kulankhula, muyezo umene unakweza chitetezo cha kalankhulidwe ka ndale zadziko pamwamba pa zikondwerero za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bradeis sanapemphe kuphatikiza konseko, malingaliro ake anachirikiza kuŵerengedwa kwakukulu kwa Masinthidwe a 14. Amene pambuyo pake adzagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuphatikizapo mawu a First Amendment otsutsana ndi mphamvu yokwanira ndi maboma. Lingaliro lake mu Whitneyney lidakalibe ndandanda yodziŵira matanthauzo anthano a Filosofikieting of Prition.

Justice Douglas’s Diss Ress Hurtado . California (1884)

Ngakhale kuti pa nthaŵi yake yapambuyopo kuposa pa kutsutsana kwinaku kunafotokozedwa, kutsutsa kwa Woweruza Stephen Field mu Hurtado ndi . California [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga choyambirira kuyambitsa mikangano. . , Khoti linatsutsa kuti malamulo aakulu a Courtmentus sanagwire ntchito ku maboma. Gawo la Gawo, logwirizana ndi Justice Joseph Bradley, lotsutsana, kutsutsa kuti Kukonzanso Malamulo kwa 1449 Clausscleeake kuphatikiza chitetezo chonse cha Bill of Rights yogwirizana ndi chiweruzo cha chilungamo. Kutsutsa kwa munda sikunanyamula tsikulo, koma kunaikabe kutsutsana kwa mbewu za m'tsogolo. Pambuyo pake, kulongosola za Chiganizo kulongosola za Chilungamo cha Blansi, kuyenera kulongosola za Chilungamo cha Bill.

Chisinthiko Kupyolera m’Mikhalidwe Yaikulu

Kutsutsa mu [[FLT: 0] Plakko , [[FLT :1], Adamson , ndi Witney [ ] sikunasinthe lamulo nthaŵi yomweyo, koma anapanga nkhokwe ya mfundo zimene makhoti a pambuyo pake anazigwiritsira ntchito. Njira ya kuyambitsako inayamba mofulumira pambuyo pa ma 1920, ndi Khoti lija likugwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang'ono makonzedwe a Bill of Rights pambuyo pa maulamuliro ena. Zotsatira za nthaŵi zina ziwonetsa zofufuza:

  • Gitlow v. New York[FLT :2] (1925): Khotilo linaphatikizapo mawu aufulu a kukonzanso, kuphatikizapo mawu akuti ufulu wa kulankhula [1] Malamulo onsewo satha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za ufulu wa kulankhula.
  • Nearb v. Minnesota[[FL:2] (131] Khoti linaphatikiza ufulu wa chigamulo cha nyuzipepala, kuswa lamulo la boma limene linalola lisanalamulire.
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut [FL:2] (1940): [Khotilo linaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mwaufulu mawu a chipembedzo.
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947): Khoti linaphatikiza shagalamu yokhazikitsidwa, kutanthauza kulekana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma ku maboma.
  • Mapp v. Ohio [FLT :2] (1961): Khoti linaphatikiza lamulo la Kuchotsa la Four Confterrence, kufunidwa kwa makhoti kusatulutsa umboni wa boma wopezedwa mwa kufufuza kosaloleka.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Khoti linaphatikizapo Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Sikisi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu m’milandu yachiwembu.
  • [FLT .[FLT] Malloy v. Hogan[FLT :2] (1964): Khoti linaphatikizapo mwaŵi wachisanu wosinthasintha zinthu motsutsana ndi kudzitsutsa wekha [1] Kusintha mwachindunji kwa malingaliro mu Palko ndi Adamson .
  • . Louisiana [1] (1968): Khoti lamilandu la Gawo linaphatikiza ufulu wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu yaikulu, kuvomereza mwachindunji “kuyesa kwa maziko a zinthu ” kochirikizidwa ndi Justice Harlan [FLT:] Palko .
  • [[MLT:0] Benton v. Maryland [1] (1969): Khoti linaphatikizapo Geneji yachisanu yoopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri, yowirikiza [[FLT:] Palko [1] ndi kutsimikizira masomphenya a kutsutsa kwa Harlan.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza njira yomvekera bwino: malingaliro otsutsa amene anasonkhezera lingaliro lokulira la kuloŵetsamo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anakhala malo apamwamba. Khotilo linachoka pa njira yosankha kwambiri imene inasiya Bill of Rights ikupereka zitsimikizo zosagwirizanitsidwa ndi chilolezo cha pafupifupi zonse. Lerolino, pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a Bill of Rights amene amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha adaikidwa, ndi zoŵerengeka zokha (monga ngati kugaŵidwa kwa magawo anayi a asilikali ndi Findment ya Genecrandment, zimene khotilo linakana kuphatikizapo

Kufunsa ndi Kupitiriza Kutsutsana kwa Masiku Ano

Chiphunzitso choloŵa m'Chicago [[FLT: 1] chidakali mbali yaikulu ya lamulo la lamulo, ngakhale kuti maziko a maziko tsopano akhazikika. Komabe, malingaliro otsutsanawo akupitirizabe kuchita mbali yake m’kuwongolera malire ake. Mwachitsanzo, mu McDonald v. M City wa Chicago . [[FLT:] (2010]), Khotilo linaphatikizapo kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa kusungitsa ndi kunyamula zida [FL:] chosankha chimene chinatenga kusanthula ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwake koyambirira. Koma oweruza ang'onong'ono anatsutsa kuti Kukonzanso kunali kosafunika m'modzi monga momwe kuyenera kwina, kubwereza mikangano yosayeza [FLD:] [F] [F] ndi kutchuka kwa mbiri: [Ft]

Mkangano wa kuloŵetsedwa kwa lamulo la Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Eightat chiletso cha kuchulukitsa ndi Chilango Chankhanza ndi Chachilendo. Timbs v. Indiana . (20:9]), Khoti linaphatikizapo mawu oyenera owonjezera, koma mafunso aakulu onena za ngati Masinthidwe a 145 a Claus kapena Malo Ovomerezeka kapena Immunic Clause ali galimoto yoyenera yoyendera. Akatswiri ena ndi oweruza, kuphatikizapo Chilungamo cha Clarence Thomas, adaitanidwa kaamba ka kubwezeretsanso malo oyenerera kapena Immu Imkins Claus monga maziko omveka bwino kwambiri kaamba ka kuphatikizapo ndi kusemphana kwa Chilungamo cha Blada mu [FOct:] [F3] [FFOct:]

Zopereka zakunja zowonjezera zikuphatikizapo Contenall Information Institute ya kujambula kwa Incorporation Doctrine , project ya chidule ya [ . Indiana [1] , ndi Bukhu la Malamulo la Dziko Lonse lakutsogolera ku Demezo la Inearth Constmentation . Mabukuwa akupereka mawu owonjezereka pa chisinthiko ndi tanthauzo la masiku ano la kuphatikiza.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctive chasintha kuchokera ku mfundo yochepa, ya boma . Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa kuti anthu asiye maganizo a anthu monga Harlan, Black, Brandeis, ndi Field. Kutsutsana kumeneku sikunangotsutsa chabe zotsatira za milandu inayake; anapereka ziphunzitso zina zogwirizana zimene zinapangitsa kuti anthu azivomerezana mwapang'onopang'ono monga malamulo ndi apamwamba. Kutsutsako kunatumikira monga zigamu zanzeru, kutsogolera khoti kulinga ku kuwonjezera ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa ufulu wa ufulu. Lerolino, chiphunzitsocho chimaimira mphamvu ya kutsutsa malamulo a dziko la America m’malamulo. [4]