Maziko a Lamulo la Mtundu

Chiyambi cha bungwe la United States Constitution chimakhala chimodzi cha mawu a ndale osokonezeka kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Chiyambi cha nyengo ya 1787, chinatulukira kuchokera ku vuto loopsa. Lipabuliki yachinyamata ya ku America, yomwe inalamulidwa ndi Maganizo a Confederation, inali yosokoneza. Makampani a mayiko anasokonezedwa ndi mabwana andale. Mangawa a dzikolo anakwera popanda njira ya boma yochitirapo kanthu za misonkhoma. Maulamuliro akunja, kuphatikizapo Britain ndi Spain, ananyoza ulamuliro wa America ndi chilango. Mapesentite omalizira anali Shays &squo; Chipanduko mu 1786, kuukira kwa alimi a ngongole ku Massachusetts omwe anavumbula boma lapakati pa maboma.

Nthumwi zinasonkhana ku Philadelphia osati kungothetsa Nkhanizo, koma kulowetsa mmalo izo zonse. Chotulukapo chinali chikalata chatsopano cholamulira cholinganizidwa pa ulamuliro wamphamvu wa boma. Pregedge sinali nkhani ya pambuyo pake; inali ndemanga ya ntchito yonseyi. Ili chidule cha American Civil Contract — pangano lalikulu lakukakamiza boma kwa olamulidwa ndi kulongosola zolinga zofanana za bungwelo. Kumvetsetsa Pregedge kuli kofunika kuti timvetsetse mzimu ndi cholinga cha American Contract &mdash.

Ulamuliro Waukulu wa " Ife Anthu "

Mawu oyambawo anayamba ndi mawu omwe analeka mwamphamvu ku nthanthi yandale yofala ya zaka za zana la 18: “ Ife People ”. Imeneyi inali nkhani yosintha. Nkhani za Confederation zinayamba ndi “ Ife Oikidwa Oimira Adziko, ” ikumasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa maboma achifumu. Malamulo atsopano, posiyana, anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake mwachindunji kwa nzika za United States monga bungwe limodzi la dzikolo.

Imeneyi inali kukwezeka kwa ulamuliro wotchuka. Inakana lingaliro lakuti mphamvu inachokera kwa mfumu, wolamulira, kapena ngakhale kuchokera kwa mabwalo a malamulo a boma. Mmalomwake, inanenetsa kuti kuyenera kwa boma lotengedwa ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Mawuwa amapanga maziko a Chigwirizano cha Chigawo cha American: anthu amapereka mphamvu, ndipo boma limazigwiritsira ntchito mogonjera ku malire ndi zifuno zofotokozedwa m'Malamulo.

Kodi Poyamba Anali Ndani?

Nkofunika kuvomereza kupsinjika kwakukulu kozikidwa pa mawu oyambirira amenewo. Mu 1787, “ Ife People ” sitinaphatikizepo ukapolo wa Aafirika, Eni America, akazi, kapena osayenerera amuna achiyera. Lamulo lenilenilo linagwirizanitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukapolo kupyolera mwa Agiriti atatu Ololera ndi Mkapolo wa Fugitive Claus. Mpata umenewu pakati pa Pregesting ’ chinenero cholakalaka ndi chenicheni cha lamulo la ku America umaimira nkhondo yaikulu ya mbiri ya ku Amereka.

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inayesa mwachindunji mtundu wa Chigwirizano ndi tanthauzo la Chigawo. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yokonzanso zokambirana — pa 13, 14th &mdash, ndi 15th — inali kuyesayesa kwakukulu kubweretsa Malamulo mogwirizana ndi lonjezo la Pregest. Lamulo la 14 linalengeza kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo a anthu onse, kufutukula mokhutiritsa kafotokozedwe ka “ People ” kuphatikizapo anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo. Mpale wa 19 unafutukula lamulo la Franchise kwa akazi. Chiletso cha Chilungamo cha 1964 ndi Choyenera cha Vorting Act of 1965d State-spoordernction and roundation. Mbiri ya United States, m'mbiri ya mbiri ya anthu ikukukira ku &ul; Weld; Revist Act of the Fact of the protist of the prorist.

Zipilala Zisanu ndi Chimodzi za Mgwirizano wa Anthu a ku America

Chiyambi cha Chingelezi chindandalika zolinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zosiyana, zogwirizana zimene Malamulo analinganizidwa kukwaniritsa. Izi siziri kokha zonulirapo zosafunikirika; izo ziri zonulirapo zaing’ono za boma. Zikupanga zifuno zazikulu za pangano pakati pa boma ndi nzika zake.

1. Kupanga Mgwirizano Wabwino Kwambiri

Liwu lakuti “ More ” nlofunika. Opanga mafream sananene kuti akupanga mgwirizano wangwiro. Iwo anavomereza kuti mgwirizano umene unalipo pansi pa Nkhani za Confederation unali wolakwika ndi wofunika kuwongokera. Cholinga chinali kupita ku dziko lamphamvu, logwirizana kwambiri.

Cholinga chimenechi chinalimbikitsa kusintha kochitidwa pa malamulo a boma. Inachititsa kuti boma la boma likhale ndi ulamuliro waukulu m'madera ena owerengedwa. Supremacy Claus m'Chigawo VI anapanga malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, logwirizana ndi oweruza onse. Lamulo linapanga malonda a malonda, ndalama imodzi, ndi lamulo limodzi lachilendo. Cholinga chinali kuletsa kuphwanya malamulo amene anawononga dziko lonselo m’zaka khumi zoyambirira.

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inali kuyesa komaliza kwa mawu ameneŵa. Kugwirizana kwa ku Southern kwa dziko kunatsutsa mwachindunji lingaliro la Union yosatha. Abraham Lincoln, m'mawu ake oyamba otsegulira, adapempha Permanence of the Union, akumati Malamulo adapangidwa kupanga “a mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri ” ndi kuti palibe boma limene lingaisiye popanda kufunsa. Chigwirizano cha Ziŵalo ’ chilakiko mu 1865 chinatsimikizira lingaliro la mtundu wa kulephera kwa Mulungu.

2. Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo

Mafulemu anakhulupirira kuti lipabuliki yokhazikika inafuna dongosolo lachilungamo limene linali lofanana ndipo losiyana ndi tsankhu la kumaloko kapena malamulo. Pansi pa Nkhani za Comfederation, panalibe khoti la boma. Makhoti a boma anali omalizira opereka malamulo, ngakhale pankhani za dziko. Zimenezi zinabutsa chipwirikiti, ndi maboma osiyanasiyana omasulira mapangano ndi malamulo m’njira zotsutsana.

Malamulo analongosola zimenezi mwa kukhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kukhazikitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo yaing'ono. Mfundo III inatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse kwa oweruza a boma (kutsatira khalidwe labwino), kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Kupangidwa kwa jaji ya boma kunali kofunika kukhazikitsa ukulu wa lamulo la dziko. Lingaliro la chiweruzo, lokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison . [183], anapatsa makhoti mphamvu ya kuswa malamulo amene amaswa malamulo a boma, kuwonjezera lamulo.

Kulondola chilungamo kwakhala nkhondo yosatha. Bungwe la 14 la Empmplified ’ chitsimikiziro cha “ chitetezo cholingana cha malamulo ” lakhala maziko a nkhondo zina zofunika kwambiri zalamulo m'mbiri ya America, kuyambira Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [1954] [mayeso] ku 07] will v. Hodges (20) zimene zimatsimikizira ukwati wolingana. Kukhazikitsa chilungamo kuli chiyeneretso chogwira ntchito, chofunika cha American Coviltract.

Kuthetsa Ululu M’banja

Mtendere wa m'banja umatanthauza mtendere m'malire a dzikolo. Woyendetsa woyamba wa mbiri yakale wa chigamulo chimenechi anali Shays ’ Chipanduko. Pamene gulu la alimi a ngongole ku Massachusetts anatenga zida kutsekera nyumba zamilandu ndi kuletsa zikole, boma ladziko pansi pa Magalamu ya Confederation silinathe kuletsa. Boma la Massachusetts linayenera kukweza gulu lake lankhondo, ndipo chipanduko chinangoperekedwa ndi gulu lankhondo lolipidi lachinsinsi.

Chochitika chimenechi chinachititsa mantha anthu apamwamba ndi kukhutiritsa ambiri, kuphatikizapo George Washington ndi James Madison, za kufunika kofulumira kwa boma lalikulu. Lamulo linapatsa boma mphamvu ya kuletsa zigaŵenga ndi chiwawa m’banja. Mfundo ya IV, Chigawo 4 imatsimikizira boma lililonse kukhala lokhala ndi boma logwirizana ndi lolonjeza chitetezo cha boma pa kuukira ndi chiwawa cha m’banja.

Mapangano amakono onena za Indurrection Act, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa National Guard, ndi chivomerezo cha boma kumbuyo ku chigwirizano cha maziko chimenechi. Kulinganizika pakati pa kusunga bata ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu kumakhala kovuta, koma kuyenera kwa boma kwa kusungitsa mtendere kwalembedwa bwino lomwe m'Chigawo.

4. Kuteteza Anthu Onse

Republic yoyambirira inazindikira kuti kupulumuka kwake kunadalira pa kukhoza kudzitetezera ku ziwopsezo zakunja. Nkhani za Confederation zinasiya dzikolo likuwonekera mowopsa. Boma lapakati silinathe kukweza gulu lankhondo kapena lankhondo la pamadzi; linafunikira kupempha maboma kaamba ka magulu ankhondo ndi ndalama.

Malamulo anasintha mphamvu yokweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusamala gulu lankhondo la pamadzi, ndi kulengeza nkhondo ku Congress ya boma. Inachititsa Pulezidenti kukhala Mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo. Zimenezi zinachititsa mtundu wogwirizana wokhoza kukhazikitsa ndi kutetezera zikondwerero za Amereka kunja.

Mafream anakayikira kwambiri magulu ankhondo oima. Nchifukwa chake mphamvu ya kusungitsa asilikali inali yokwanira kuwonjezera pa kulembedwa kwa zaka ziŵiri m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, kutsimikizira kuti Msonkhano udzakhala ndi kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi zonse pa mphamvu yankhondo. Kulinganiza pakati pa kuyang'anira kwa asilikali a boma ndi kufunika kwa chitetezo champhamvu kwakhala nkhani yosatha m'mbiri ya Amereka. Kupereka chitetezo cha onse kwachokera ku gulu laling'ono lankhondo ndi gulu la asilikali ankhondo ankhondo kukakhala ndi mapangano apadziko lonse, koma lamulo la malamulo la lamulo lakhala lolimba.

Kuchirikiza Chitukuko Chachikulu

Mwina mawu amenewa ndi amene anthu ambiri sanagwirizanepo.

Alexander Hamilton ananena kuti mawu operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu ya msonkho ndi kuwonongera zinthu zimene zingapindulitse mtundu wonse. James Madison, amene analamulira Virginia Plan, anatsutsa kaamba ka mafotokozedwe ocheperapo: kuti mawu a &lquo;general real relief ” mawuwo anagwirizanitsidwa kotheratu ndi mphamvu zina zotchulidwa mu Mfundo I, Chigawo 8.

Malingaliro a Hamilton afalikira kwambiri, makamaka kuyambira ku New Deal Nyengo ya Kukula. Programu za New Deart ya Franklin D. Roosevelt zinaimira kufutukuka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya boma pansi pa mbendera ya kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse pakati pa Kugwa kwa Chuma Kwakukulu. Social Security Act ya 1935, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Medicare ndi Medicaid mu 1965, ndi Affordal Care Act ya 2010 zonse za mawu amakono a kudzipereka kwa lamulo limeneli. Nkhani yokhudza kufunika kwa mayanjano a boma paubwino wa anthu, maziko, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ikupitirizabe kumasulira ndale zadziko za ku America lerolino.

6. Kusunga Madalitso a Ufulu

Chonulirapo chomalizira cha choyambirira ndicho kusungitsa ufulu — osati kokha kaamba ka mbadwo wamakono, koma kwa “ mibadwo ya a m'tsogolo. ” Kumeneku kumagwirizanitsa Malamulo ndi kuyang'ana patsogolo, thayo la mbadwo umodzi. Mafaramenti anali ozindikira bwino lomwe za mmene ufulu ungatayikire mosavuta, pokhala angolimbana ndi kusinthana ndi wankhanza wolingaliridwa.

Malamulo oyambirira anali ndi zitetezero zingapo za ufulu, monga ngati chiletso pa malamulo a woloŵa ndi amene anaikidwa pa positi, ndi chitsimikiziro cha habeas corpus . Komabe, kuphatikizidwa kwa Bill of Rights kunatsutsana. Ofufuza ambiri anatsutsa kuti chinali chosafunikira chifukwa chakuti boma linali limodzi la maulamuliro ochepetsedwa, oŵerengedwa. Anti-Federali analimbikira kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Lonjezo la kuwonjezera Briill of Rights linali lothandiza kuteteza ufulu wa malamulo. Zosintha khumi zoyambirira zinavomerezedwa mu 1791. Zinateteza ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera (Kusintha Koyamba), kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida (Sunion), kutetezedwa ku asilikali (Otchedwa Otchedwa Taildi), otetezeka ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kudwala (Fourth), ndi ufulu wa wonenezedwa (Fif, Sikisi, 6, Seveni, 8h).

Kutsimikizira madalitso a ufulu ofunikira zoposa kungondandalika ufulu. Nkhondo yakhala yakufutukula madalitso amenewo kwa aliyense. Mapangano a Chivomezi, Malamulo a Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Demendulo la 19, ndi Civil Rights Movement zinali zoyesayesa zonse kukwaniritsa Pregedge ’s . Liberty si mkhalidwe wachikhalire koma lamulo lamoyo limene liyenera kutetezeredwa ndi kukulitsidwa.

Kuyamba Monga Kampani ya Malamulo ndi ya Ndale

Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu oyambawo samapereka mphamvu kapena ufulu uliwonse wodziŵika — Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula [[FL:0] Jaconson . Massachusetts (06) kuti Preset siilo gwero la mphamvu ya boma yochepera ya boma — imagwira ntchito yosuliza. Ilo limakhazikitsa mzimu ndi chifuno cha Malamulo. Khoti lakhala likulozera ku ku kuyambitsa pomasulira zolinga zazikulu za boma.

Mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anatchula chiphunzitso cha Pregesa kuti akatsutse matanthauzo a maulamuliro a boma. Iye adawona kuti Konsichushoni inali yolinganizidwira kupirira kwa nyengo zikubwera, ndi kuti njira zake zinafunikira kusinthidwira kumapeto ake aakulu, monga momwe kwafotokozedwera mu Preggeding. Nkhaniyi inakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zomveka, zimene zimazikidwa pa kuzindikira kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi zida zoyambira zogwirira ntchito zoikidwa m'malamulo.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni chimagwiranso ntchito monga njira yoyesera zandale ndi zachinsinsi. Pulezidenti wa ku Lincoln mpaka Obama wapempha chinenero chake kuti chigwirizane ndi mavuto a mtundu. Lincoln anachonderera ku mfundo za Pregedge in the Gettysburg, akumanena kuti nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inali mayeso akuti kaya mtundu wa “ woiganizira m'Liberty, ndi wodzipereka ku mfundo yakuti anthu onse alengedwa mofanana ndi ” angapirire kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Chinenero cha Pregisting chimapereka mawu amodzi a kukambitsirana kwa mtundu wonsewo ponena za chifuno cha boma.

Ntchito Yosachotsedwa ya Demokrase ya America

Chikalata cha American Civil Contract, monga momwe chalongosoledwa m'mawu oyamba, sichokhala pepala lachikhalire. Chikalatacho nchanthaŵi zonse. Mawu akuti “ mode ” mu “ ndi mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri ” chimapereka kuti ntchitoyo siinathe. Mbadwo uliwonse umaloŵa m’malo mwa udindo wochirikiza ndi kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a chilungamo, mtendere, chitetezo, ubwino, ndi ufulu.

Pamene Amereka akambitsirana za malamulo a kusamuka, ufulu wovota, kusalingana kwa chuma, chisungiko cha dziko, kapena ufulu wa anthu, iwo akufunsa kuti: Kodi tikukwaniritsa panganolo? Kodi tikukhazikitsa chilungamo kwa onse?

Chiyambi cha nkhani lerolino chifukwa chakuti chimakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Amereka m'maudindo amakhalidwe ofanana. Chimalimbikitsa mkangano pakati pa chifuno chimodzi. M’nyengo ya kugawikana kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, kubwerera ku malamulo a Pregedge kungakhale chikumbutso cha chimene chimagwirizanitsa mtundu. Ndi maziko a Chigwirizano cha Chigawo cha American, chogwirizanitsa nzika za dziko limodzi ndi mtsogolo mwa dziko lonse.

Kumvetsa mawu oyamba n’kofunika kuti munthu amvetse unzika wa America. Chilengezochi n’choti boma silingathetseretu, koma ndi njira yopezera chilungamo, mtendere, chisungiko, kulemera, ndi ufulu. Imeneyi ndi malamulo a pangano. Kuwachirikiza ndi udindo wa A “ Anthufe.