Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimakhudza kwambiri anthu amene akufuna kukhala ndi anthu odzilamulira okha monga apolisi, apolisi, alonda a ndende, kapena akuluakulu a boma. Chiphunzitsochi chimapereka chitetezo chachikulu kwa anthu a m’bomalo popanda kuvomereza. Chiphunzitsochi chimachititsanso kuti anthu ofufuza kuti azichita nawo zinthu zophwanya malamulo a boma. Kumvetsa mfundo yakuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu woteteza ufulu wa anthu ku boma ndi kuphwanya malamulo a boma n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amateteza ufulu wa boma.

Maziko a Kusagwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Chiyambi cha Lamulo la Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi chimodzi

Chiphunzitso cha kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma mu United States chimatsatira chiyambi chake cha lamulo lalamulo ku Demetrition ya khumi ndi limodzi, yovomerezedwa mu 1795. Kukonza kunali chivomerezo chachindunji ku chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu 1793 Cychisholm v. Georgia [, pamene Khoti linasunga kuti nzika yachinsinsi ikhale ndi boma m'bwalo la boma. Maboma anatsendereza mwamsanga lamulo la boma kuchotsa lamulolo. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a khumi ndi asanu ndi aŵiri amapereka: “Ufulumo wa United States sudzayesedwa ku ukulu wa lamulo lirilonse kapena ku boma, kapena kuperekedwa ndi boma lina la United States, kapena kuperekedwa ndi nzika ina ya Dziko lina, kapena kuwonjezeka ndi nzika za Dziko Lakunja lina. Ngakhale kuti malamulo osatchulidwa ndi malamulo aakulu kwambiri, Khoti la chigalamu la chigamu chachikulu la chigamu chachikulu. Chotchedwanso kuti chiletse lamulo chosaswe m’lamulo cha chigamu chachikulu cha chikalata cha boma chaku. [F]

Kusokonezeka kwa Boma

Ochirikiza kutetezera kwa ufulu wa boma atsutsa kuti ichinjiriza chuma cha boma ku kuwonongeka kwa milandu yaumwini, imalola maboma kugaŵira chuma mogwirizana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri mmalo mwa zigamulo za khoti. Imasunganso ulemu ndi kudziimira kwa maboma monga olamulira olingana m'dongosolo la boma. Popanda chitetezo, maboma angakakamizidwe kutetezera milandu yosaŵerengeka, ngakhale kuti zingawononge mphamvu yawo ya kulamulira. Komabe, kutsutsana kumeneku ndi lamulo lofunika limene anthu amavulazidwa ndi boma losayenerera kuchotsapo mlandu. Kulimbana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa anthu kumachititsa nkhondo zambiri zamakono za lamulo.

Mmene Kugwirizana Kolamulira ndi Ufulu wa Anthu Kumanenera

Chopinga cha Kukana Maboma Mwachindunji

Pamene ufulu wa munthu wa kuboma uswedwa ndi woseŵera wa boma . Mwachitsanzo, msilikali wa boma wogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa pogwira ntchito . chibadwa chake ndicho kusungirira bungwe la boma limene limagwiritsira ntchito bwanamkubwa. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri kuletsa kulanda kugawa kumasunga suti mwachindunji pa boma kapena mabungwe ake m’bwalo la boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale ngati woweruza waswa lamulo, sangapeze zowonongedwa za ndalama kuchokera ku chuma cha boma pokhapokha ngati chikugwira ntchito. Mlandu wabomawu kaŵirikaŵiri umakakamiza otsutsa kubwezera zonena zawo kwa woimbidwa kapena maboma akwanidwa aliyense.

Akuluakulu a Boma Akumalimbana ndi Malamulo Awo

Kusiyana pakati pa kusuta woyang'anira boma pa udindo wake wa boma ndi kutha kwake kwa munthu payekha n’kovuta. Suti ya boma ndi yosiyana ndi boma ndipo njoletsedwa ndi otetezedwa ndi ulamuliro. Mosiyana, suti ya munthu aliyense imafuna kukhala ndi nduna yovomerezeka pa khalidwe lawo losemphana ndi lamulo. Suti zimenezi sizimaletsedwa ndi ulamuliro chifukwa chakuti nduna, osati boma, ndilo gulu lenileni lofuna kuteteza. Komabe, masuti amodzi ndi otetezedwa amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zina, monga oyenerera, zimene zimateteza akuluakulu a boma ku ku ku kulakwa kwawo popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo lachindulo. Mpatu wa otetezera ulamuliro ndi oyenerera apanga chitetezero chowopsa chimene chingakhale chochititsa chidwi kwa anthu osoŵa.

Ntchito ya 42 U.S.C. chita mu 1983

Congress inakhazikitsa 42 U.S.C. 1983 monga mbali ya Chilamulo cha Chilungamo cha Chisungiko cha Chikomyunizimu cha 1871 kupereka mankhwala a boma kwa anthu amene ufulu wawo walamulo umaswedwa ndi anthu ochita “kusiyana kwa mtundu wa lamulo. [1] Phunzirani 1983 silimapanga ufulu waung'ono; limapereka chifukwa cha kusungitsa ufulu wotsimikiziridwa kale ndi Lamulo ndi lamulo la boma. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi loti 76 1983 silikuchotsa ufulu wa dziko pa liwo. Onani [[FLT: 0] Jordan v. [FL:1], 440], U.S 339, . Komabe, 1983 lidakalibe galimoto yaikulu kaamba ka boma la boma la anthu paokhawo limodzi ndi sut'aner (ikutetezedwa). Jordan Jordan.

Mfungulo Zimene Zimalola Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni Kupitirizabe

Ngakhale kuti pali chikopa chachikulu cha chitetezo cha ufulu wodzilamulira, kusakhala ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa anthu ambiri kumalola anthu odzinenera kuti akulimbana ndi akanema a boma.

Waiver Yochokera ku Boma

Boma lingavomereze modzifunira kuimbidwa mlandu, mwakutero kuchotsapo chitetezo chake chalamulo. Waiver angachitike mwa chinenero cholunjika cha malamulo kapena mwa kuchitapo kanthu kosonyeza kuvomereza. Mayiko ambiri achitapo machitachita akuti kuletsa kukana mitundu ina ya malamulo, kuphatikizapo kuphwanya malamulo a boma, kulephera kuyang'anira zinthu zofunika ndi zowonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, Tort Acts Act imalola boma kutsutsana ndi ntchito zina za antchito ake, koma raiver kaŵirikaŵiri ndi yopereŵerapo kusiyana ndi malamulo a boma. Aptff ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa lamulo la boma lachindunji ngati wopalamula. Makhoti ogwirizana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka amagwirizana ndi boma, amavomereza kwambiri, kapena sagwirizana ndi malamulo omveka bwino.

Kusintha kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo Pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Lamulo la 14

Malamulo amapatsa mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa [Gawo la 144:0] mwa “lamulo loyenera” pansi pa Chigawo 5. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaletsetse ufulu wa boma pamene isonyeza bwino cholinga chake kuchita zimenezo ndi pamene lamulolo likhala logwirizana ndi mphamvu 5. Mwachitsanzo, Fatpatrick v. [BY] [FLD:1] ndi Malamulo a m'banja [FML], U.S. 4457], Khoti lichirikiza kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa ntchito pa mlandu wa kuyang'anira ufulu wa kuyenera kwa chibadwidwe. Momwemo, A America ndi Act (AML) ndi Chilango cha Manja (MMMMM) omwe apeza kuti m’mbali ina ya malamulo odalirika. Komabe, [FGU.52]

Mfundo Yomaliza ya Chiphunzitso Chaching’ono

Chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kudzitetezera ndi chiphunzitso cha Ex ex Young , chotchedwa pambuyo pa mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu la 1908 Ex padirece Young , 209 U.S 123. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimalola anthu ofuna kufunafuna thandizo lokayikitsa kwa akuluakulu a boma chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo kwa boma. Chopeka n’chakuti mkulu wa boma amene sachitapo kanthu poletsa lamulo la bomalo ndipo satha kuyenerera. Pansi pa malamulo oletsedwa, chivomezi cha ufulu wa kukana. [FLT.] [FLT. [FLT.5]], chigani choferapo, chikhoza kuletsa lamulo la boma la boma lolamulira lamulo loletsa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lalamulolo, kapena lomveka ngati kulola kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosalozera kuletsa kulakwa.

Kusudzula Maboma ndi Maboma Awo

Maboma ena aakulu ndi a boma. Monell v. Department of Social Services , 436 U.S. 658 [1988], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti makampani ndi mabungwe ena a boma ndi “anthu a"amene amayenera kutengera kumbuyo kwa makampani, masewera, kapena makomiti a sukulu chifukwa chakuti si maulamuliro apamwamba. M’malo mwake, maboma a m’dzikolo angaikidwe kukhala oyenerera kuswa ufulu wa anthu pamene zotsatirapo za malamulo a boma, mwambo, kapena kuchitapo kanthu (nthaŵi zambiri zotchedwa“ kulakwa kwa anthu a fukoloya . kapena kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolakwika, pamene kulakwakukukulephera, kapena kulephera kuchititsa kulakwa. Komabe, maboma sakhoza kuvomereza kulakwa kwa anthu onse a m’mizindamomwe.

Kukula kwa Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa

Zigamulo zingapo zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti dziko likupita patsogolo kwambiri.

Allen Cooper (2020) ndi Zonena za Zolemba Mpukutu

Mu Allen v. Cooper, 140 CT. Ct. 994 (2020), khotilo linalingalira ngati Congress inali ndi ufulu wolamulira wokana kuphwanya lamulo la Court Remeding Clarification Act. Boma la North Carolina linagwiritsira ntchito mapu otetezeredwa kusweka popanda chilolezo. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti kuswa malamulo kunali kosatheka chifukwa chakuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizinali ndi umboni wokwanira wa kuswa malamulo oyenera kulungamitsa kutsendedwa pansi pa Gawo 5. Chigamulo china chitsimikizo chachikulu chimene chikatsimikizira lamulo chakuti kuyendetsa chitukuko chiyenera kuikidwa mu “m'bulu ndi kuyesedwa kwapamwamba. Khotilo lina lina linachita chigamulo chapamwamba pa zinthu zanzeru pa mfundo yotsutsana ndi kutsutsa mphamvu za kuyendetsa ntchito yachikulu ya ufulu wa anthu. Koma chikanenanso kuti chigamulo cha chigamulo cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu.

Torres ndi Madrid (2021) ndi Asilikali Opitirira Malire

Mu Trores v. Madrid , 141 CT. CT. 989 [2021], khoti linafotokoza za “kusintha kwa chigawo chachinayi pansi pa Demendment yokhudza mphamvu yochuluka yolimbana ndi apolisi. Maofesala anawombera magalimoto othamanga, koma anathawa ndi kufunafuna chithandizo cha mankhwala. Khotilo linaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwa apolisi mphamvu ya thupi kumakhala kulanda ngakhale ngati wokayikirayo athaŵa. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo unafotokoza za kuyenera kwa chigamulo cha Demetrition chachinayi, ukusonyeza mmene susuti ya munthu aliyense pa nthaŵi ya kuthawa kwake. Chigamulocho chikhoza kuwonjezera mphamvu ya ufulu wa anthu. Chikalatacho chijambuku, makamaka chinenere cha anthu ogwidwa ndi mlandu wa kukwapuwa. [FOctrogne]

Zosankha Zina Zofunika

Khotilo linafotokozanso za ufulu wodzitetezera m'nkhani za maprogramu a boma. M'makhoti a California . Hyatt [1], 139 S. 1485 (2011), Khoti linachita mwambo woletsa kutetezera masuti kwa anthu achinsinsi m’makhoti ena. Chosankha chimene chinatseka chitseko cha anthu ofunafuna chipani cha ofufuza kusuta boma m’dziko lachilendo. Kuwonjezera apo, [FLT:] Diginia Office ya chitetezo ndi Advoctacy. [FLT3:], U.[6], (2011] chigamu chigamu cha khoti chimene chinalola kuchirikiza [FLT] mbali ina: [F.FF.5] yovomerezeka kulowa m'Chikalata chomveka chaposachedwapa cha chigamu cha chigamulo cha Boma. [3]

Ntchito Zothandiza Zopanga Maluwa ndi Zovala Zokongola

Poona kucholoŵana kwa mphamvu ya kudzitetezera kwa munthu, odzisunga ayenera kuyandikira ku ufulu wa boma wonena za oseŵerawo. Choyamba, nthaŵi zonse zindikirani ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali gulu la boma, nduna ya boma m’malo awo alamulo, nduna ya boma paudindo wawo, kapena boma. Yankho limalamula kuti ndi zinthu ziti zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chachiŵiri, funafunani zowonjezereka pa ufulu wa boma pamene kuli kotheka [[FL: 0] [ku] Kuchotsa mbali ya Yochepera Yomwe [[FLT:]]] [ka]] [kapena kuti chitetezero cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi kukakamiza kusintha dongosolo la zinthu. Chachitatu, ngati chikhala chofunika, lingalirani kutchula akuluakulu a boma aliyense m'manja ndi kutsimikizira kuti anachita zinthu za mtundu walamulo. Chachinayi mwa kuyesa chikalata china cha m'kachitidwe china. Chikalata choyambirira, chikalata chokhudza ulamuliro cha boma chokhudza lamulo chokhudza lamulo chokhudza lamulo chokhudza lamulo chokhudza lamulo, chokhudza: [F.5]

Attorney ayeneranso kudziŵa za ziyeneretso zochonderera zimene zimagwira ntchito m'bwalo la boma. Kudandaula kuyenera kutchula mawu otsimikizirika kaamba ka mpumulo ndipo kuyenera kutsimikizira bwino ukulu umene woimbidwa mlandu aliyense amapatsidwa. Kulephera kulongosola kungatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa. Kuwonjezerapo, kumbukirani lamulo la malire a zinthu [“kuletsa] zaka zitatu . Koma kolokoyo ingathe kuyamba mosiyana mogwirizana ndi mkhalidwe wa kuvulazako. Potsirizira pake, lingalirani za kuthekera kwa ulamuliro wa khoti. Chotetezera cholamulira sichimagwira ntchito m'makhoti nthaŵi zonse ku ukulu wofanana ndi wa makhoti a boma; zina zinenero ziri ndi kuwonjezereka kapena mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana. Komabe, khoti la Suprementelo lanena kuti masuti a ku bwalo la 111 la malamulolo lopanda lamulo la boma. [FFUlve], [5]

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso, chozikidwa pa Kusintha kwa zaka mazana khumi ndi limodzi ndi malamulo wamba, chimatetezera chuma cha boma ndi kuteteza ulamuliro wa boma, komanso chingasiye mikhole popanda mankhwala. Komabe, kuchotsapo kwa anthu ofuna kubwezera ufulu wa anthu opatulidwa. [FFF], kuwonjezera [FL:] kuchotsapo [FL:] mbali ya Young [[[FLT: 1] chiphunzitso, ndi kukhoza kusungirira kwa boma, ndi njira zofunika kwambiri za chilungamo. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Bwalo za Supreme zikupitirizabe kuyeretsa malire ameneŵa, nthaŵi zina kukula ndi kutenga malo a chitetezo. Chifukwa cha chigamu cha chiwongo chauniŵenga [FF] Opatula:, mfungulo ya kuzindikira mosamalitsa, zimene iwo amagwiritsira ntchito, ndi kuvutitsa kwa anthu ena. Mpatuko, chifukwa cha kutsutsana ndi kuwonjezera kutsutsa ufulu wa ufulu wa boma. [F]