Maboma a Hybrid amaimira gulu lapamwamba ndi losamvetsetsedwa la ulamuliro wandale umene umagwirizanitsa mwadala njira za demokrase ndi kulamulira kwa authoritarianism. Izo siziri kokha maboma osinthana ku njira ya demokrase yokwanira kapena ya upomramu, koma madongosolo okhalitsa amene amagwiritsira ntchito kuyenera kwa zigwirizano zademokrase pamene akusunga maubwino a ulamuliro wa autocracy. Kumvetsetsa mamenti awo nkofunika kuti amvetsetse batanthauziro la ndale zadziko m’madera ambiri lerolino.

Kumasulira Hybrid Regimes: Kupyola Demokrase / Indecracy Dichotomy

Asayansi andale akhala akulimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti apange madongosolo amene sagwirizana bwino ndi maulamuliro aŵiri a demokrase ndi a autocracy. Maulamuliro a Hybrid, odziŵikanso monga maulamuliro a mphamvu zochepa chabe, kupikisana kwa authoritarianism, kapena kusankhidwa ndi authoritarianism, okhala ndi malo a abwinja. Iwo amachita masankho, kusunga malamulo, ndi kulola ufulu wa anthu, komabe mwadongosolo amakweza malo oseŵera kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu akhalabe ndi mphamvu. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Mabungwe a demokrase: Masankho ambiri, makhoma, ndi makhoti alipo papepala.
  • machitachita audindo audindo: [[FT:1] chuma cha boma chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchirikiza zipani zolamulira, zoulutsira nkhani zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi kapena kulamuliridwa, chitsutso chimavutitsidwa, ndipo lamulo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwapadera.
  • Kuchuluka kwa anthu: Deti lochepa la mpikisano wa ndale zadziko limaloledwa, koma silimawopseza ulamuliro wa boma.

Maboma ameneŵa salephera maufumu a democracy kapena maufumu a autocracy osakwanira; iwo ali madongosolo omanga zolinga olinganizidwa kutsimikizira bata mwa kubwereka uchifumu ku demokrase pamene akusunga njira zolamulira za autocracy. Akatswiri onga ngati Livitsky ndi Way (2010) [1] alemba mmene maulamuliro osokoneza zinthu akhala mtundu wofala kwambiri wa ulamuliro wa democracy m'zaka za zana la 21.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko

Kubuka kwa maulamuliro ophatikizapo zigaŵenga kumayendera limodzi kwambiri ndi mapeto a Nkhondo ya Mawu. Pamene nkhondo ya m'malo inatha, atsogoleri ambiri ankhanza anazindikira kuti kupondereza kwenikweni sikunachirikizidwenso m'nyengo ya malamulo a demokrase ya padziko lonse ndi kukakamiza kwa mayiko. Mmalomwake, iwo anatenga njira za demokalase , nyumba zamalamulo, kusankha. Pakali pano kuchotsa mphamvu zawo. Russia ndi chitsanzo cha Vladimir Putin: malamulo a 1993 adayambitsa ulamuliro wamphamvu, koma masinthidwe alamulo ndi malamulo ena asintha masankhoti kukhala madzoma m’malo mwa mapwando a mphamvu. Momwemonso, m'mapalensi a Soviet ndi mbali zina za Africa ndi Asia, maulamuliro a probinetic analola atsogoleri a maiko kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa kotetezedwa ndi kulowa m'dziko la demokrase.

Maluso a Kukhazikika kwa Ndale m’Mavuto a Hybrid Regimes

Maboma opangidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo amalimbitsa bata mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolongosoka bwino, yokakamiza, yogwira ntchito mogwirizana, ndiponso yoyenerera.

Zosankha Zolamuliridwa

Kusankha kumathandiza kwambiri kuti pakhale chitetezo. Mwa kulola mpikisano wochepa, boma linganene kuti ndi la demokalase pamene likugwiritsa ntchito masankho osankhidwiratu kutsimikizira kuti lipambana. Mataelo amaphatikizapo:

  • Kusinthasintha kwa ulamuliro: Otsutsa otsutsidwa, kuyendetsa mipukutu ya wovota, ndi kulamulira bungwe losandutsa voti.
  • [[FLT :0] Kukondera : [[FLT :1] Boma lokhala ndi manyuzi ogwirizana kwambiri kukondera anthu ovutika, pamene mapulogalamu odziimira okha amachepetsedwa.
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha boma: Otumikira a boma, opuma pantchito, ndi ovota a kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri amakakamizidwa kapena kupatsidwa chiphuphu kuti avote chipani cholamulira.

Machitachita ameneŵa amachepetsa kukayikira ndipo amapangitsa masankho kukhala otsimikizirika, akumaletsa kusakhazikika kwa masankho enieni amene angatuluke m’zitaganya zogawanika.

Kuyang’anira Zoulutsira Nkhani ndi Kulamulira Chidziŵitso

Kulamulira zinthu ndi maziko a kukhazikika kwa boma la zidole. Mosiyana ndi malamulo a autocrates oletsa kusanthula konse, maboma a ziungwe za ziundunji amalola mawailesi a kanema ena koma amatsimikizira kuti mapulatifomu otchuka kwambiri ngogwirizana ndi boma. M'mayiko onga Hungary ndi Turkey, atolankhani osuliza amayang'anizana ndi kuvutitsidwa mwalamulo, kuŵerengera msonkho, kapena kutsutsidwa kotheratu ndi malamulo oletsa uchigaŵenga. Panthaŵiyi, manyuzipepala a za mayanjano amayang'aniridwa ndipo nthaŵi zina amaikidwa pa kutsutsa. Zimenezi zimalepheretsa kupangidwa kwa chitsutso, kugawa ndi kuteteza ulamuliro kuti usakhale ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yabwino.

Kutsendereza Mwalamulo ndi Kagulu Kachidemokrase

Maboma ogwiritsa ntchito usilikali amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo ngati chida. Oweruza odziimira okha amakakamizidwa, makhoti alamulo amaikidwa, ndipo malamulo amapangidwa kuti agonjetse adani andale pansi pa kudzionetsera kwa ziphuphu, uchigaŵenga, kapena kukakamizidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Turkey pambuyo pa kuyesa kulanda boma 2016, boma linachotsa antchito zikwi makumi ambiri ndi oweruza, kutchula chitetezo cha dziko. Ku Russia, “lamulo la dzikolo” limanyoza NGO ndi ochirikiza ufulu. Kupondereza kwalamulo kumatumikira cholinga china: kumathetsa ziwopsezo pamene kuli kwakuti kusungidwa kwa lamulo, kumene kumachepetsa kuukira kwa dziko lonse ndi kuukirana kwa anthu.

Kuchirikiza Zachuma ndi Chikomyunizimu

Kukhazikika kumadaliranso pa kugaŵira mapindu akuthupi ku ma consitue . Maboma a Hybrid kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira mbali za chigawo cha zachuma .Imgodi, foni, ndi mtsogoleri wa ochirikiza. Ku Russia, makampani a boma amapereka malo apamwamba kwa anthu okhulupirika okhulupirika, pamene kuli kwakuti ku Hungary, ndalama za EU zimachotsedwa mosayerekezereka kwa maulamuliro a boma. Zimenezi zimapanga kudalira kumene kumagwirizanitsa zikondwerero za anthu apamwamba ndi gulu lapakati la ochirikiza moyo wa boma. Pamene ntchito ya zachuma ikhala yamphamvu, ulamuliro umasangalala; pamene ikulephera, kupondereza ndi kufalitsa nkhani zofalitsa.

Mapindu a Malungo Oteteza

M’zitaganya zofooka kapena zogaŵanika kwambiri, maulamuliro a zidole angapereke mkhalidwe wa bata umene demokrase yeniyeni kapena ulamuliro wa autocracy sungathe. Amatha kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi mitundu ina ya anthu pamene akupeŵa chipwirikiti cha kupikisana kwa demokrase. Mapindu apadera amaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Atsogoleri a Confuct : [[FLT :1] mwa atsogoleri a mafuko kapena achigawo kupyolera mwa kuchilikiza, maulamuliro a zipharatiki angachepetse kupondereza kapena mikangano yampatuko. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la mgwirizano wa Malaysia, lagwiritsira ntchito demokrase kusungitsa bata pakati pa Malaysi, Chitchaina, ndi Amwenye kwa zaka makumi ambiri.
  • Kupitirizabe kwa 'zandale: Atsogoleri opimira angalondole zolinga zanthaŵi yaitali za chuma kapena zamaziko popanda kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka masankho. Singapore, ngakhale kuti si boma lachibadwidwe, laphatikizapo maufumu a demokalase ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa boma kuti apambane mofulumira.
  • Kusintha kwa kanthaŵi: [[FT:1] Maulamuliro a Hybrid nthaŵi zina angasinthe kukhala mademokrase enieni ngati mikhalidwe ilola, monga momwe kubwerera pang’onopang'ono kwa Mexico kuchokera ku lamulo limodzi logawana kupita ku dongosolo la mpikisano. Kulamulira kwa boma kumapereka khoka la chitetezo panthaŵi ya kusintha zinthu.

Mavuto Amene Amabwera Chifukwa Chokhala ndi Anthu Osawasamalira

Ngakhale kuti mabomawa amaoneka ngati okhazikika, maboma a zidole amatsutsana ndipo zimenezi zingapangitse kuti zinthu zisinthe mwadzidzidzi.

Kuchuluka kwa Malamulo

Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino demokrase kungakhale kopanda pake. Pamene nzika zizindikira kuti masankho ali opanda tanthauzo ndipo lamulo ndi chida champhamvu, kudalira mabungwe kutha. Kulephera kwa lamulo kumeneku kungayambitse zitsutso zambiri, monga momwe zawonedwa mu 2013-2014 Euromadan ku Ukraine, 2019 ku Libano, ndi 2022-2023 zionetsero ku Iran. Maboma a Hybrid amene amadalira kwambiri pa kupondereza anthu popanda kuchirikiza chichilikizo chake amalephera.

Kukula kwa M’tsogolo

Maboma a Hybrid kaŵirikaŵiri amazikidwa pa mtsogoleri wamphamvu (Phydin, Erdogan , Orban). Pamene mtsogoleri wa zaka kapena ayang'anizana ndi mavuto athanzi, kusoŵa kwa njira zoonekera bwino za demokrase kumachititsa kusatsimikizirika. Kumenyana pakati pa anthu apamwamba kungatsogolere ku kupunduka kapena nkhondo yachiwawa. Vuto la 2020-2021 ku Belarus, kumene Alexander Lukashenko anayang'anizana ndi zitsutso zosayembekezereka kanthu pambuyo pa kusankha kotsutsana, kusonyezera kulephera kwa dongosolo la projekiti lachi - site.

Chitsenderezo ndi Ukhondo wa Mitundu Yonse

Pamene malamulo a democracy ayamba kufalikira m'mabungwe apadziko lonse, maboma a zigaŵenga akuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso, ziletso, kapena kudzipatula kwa mayiko. Kuukira Ukraine mu 2022 kunapangitsa ziletso zosadziŵika zimene zawononga chuma chake ndi kufooketsa kukhazikika kwake. Mofananamo, Chikalata 7 cha European Union chotsutsa Hungary ndi Poland chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za malamulo chachepetsa mphamvu zawo. Chitsenderezo cha kunja chingachititse kusakhutira ndi kupanduka kwapamwamba kwa mabanja.

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’munsi

Kuti timvetse mmene maulamuliro opangidwa ndi ziboliboli amagwirira ntchito, ndi bwino kuona mayiko amene akusonyeza kuti maulamulirowa ndi osiyana kwambiri.

Russia: Chiphunzitso cha Khampanitsidwe

Pansi pa Vladimir Putin, Russia wawongolera njira yauve. Masinthidwe a Malamulo mu 2020 analola Putin kubwezeretsa dzina lake, kumtheketsa kukhalabe m’ulamuliro kufikira 2036. Kusankha kukuchitidwa koma osatha: mtsogoleri wotsutsa Alexei Navalny adaikidwa ndi ululu, kumangidwa, ndipo pambuyo pake adamwalira m'ndende. Maboma a nyuzi amalamulidwa ndi mabwalo a boma monga Mchenga ndi Russia Lerolino, pamene atolankhani odziimira okha akuikidwa kukhala “antchito za kumaiko ena.... [B] Boma limagwiritsira ntchito Federal Security Service (FSB) kuyang'anira kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa otsutsa. Komabe Russia amasunga palame, malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi masankhoti a kumalo opa. Mabungwewa asungidwa m'dziko asungidwa m’nyengo za madera makumi aŵiri, ngakhale kuti akuwononga nkhondo ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhondo.

Turkey: Kugwirizana kwa Unduna wa Malamulo a Electoritacy

Turkey pansi pa Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Development Party (AKP) imasonyeza mmene boma la ziphatikizo lingayambikire pa maziko a demokrase. Erdogan poyamba anasankhidwa monga wokonzanso, koma atapulumuka kuyesa kwa 2016, anakhazikitsa mphamvu mwa kuchotsa gulu la boma, judicariary, ndi asilikali. Masinthidwe a malamulo mu 2017 analowa mmalo dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo ndi mphamvu. Zisankho zikupitirizabe kusungidwa, koma oulutsa nkhani akutsutsidwa mopambanitsa, ndipo wotsutsa wamkulu, Kemal îlaçdaloru, adayang'anizana ndi mavuto olinganizidwa m'sankhoti 2023. Ngakhale zili choncho, Erdogan anapambana, kusonyeza kupambana kwa bomalonetsa kukwaniritsa mphamvu yake mwa kukwaniritsa kuyendetsa ntchito yake yoyenerera.

Hungary: Kupha Polilism ya ku Illiberal mu EU

Hungary pansi pa Viktor Orbán ikupereka nkhani ya ulamuliro wa ziphadzuwa mu European Union. Kuyambira 2010, gulu la Orbán lachotsa mayeso ndi kulinganiza: khoti la malamulo linadzaza, zoulutsira nkhani zinatengedwa mwa kupezedwa ndi oligarchs, ndipo malamulo a chisankho adakhala otchuka. Hungary ikali ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu, koma ntchito yoseŵerayo yakhala yokhomereza kwambiri. Kuyesa kwa Ulaya kuvomereza Hungary kuti ikhale yolamulira malamulo ophwanya malamulo kwachedwa ndi yosagwira ntchito. Orbán adagwiritsira ntchito zotsutsa ndi kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kutchuka ndi utundu wadziko kuti asunge njira yamakono yophatikizapo maufumu ndi njira zaudoma ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro.

Venezuela: Kutha kwa Hlobowa

Venezuela pansi pa Hugo Chávez ndi Nicolás Maduro poyamba anagwiritsira ntchito chuma cha mafuta kumanga maziko otchuka, kuchita masankho ndi maprogramu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Komabe, pamene chuma chinagwa, boma linakhala lotsendereza kwambiri. Ilo lalolabe zigamulo za boma koma latsekera m’ndende atsogoleri otsutsa ndi kulamulira bungwe losankhira. Chisankho cha 2018 chinatsutsidwa kwambiri kukhala chachinyengo. Venezuela imasonyeza mmene boma la zigaŵenga zingaloŵere mu ulamuliro wolamulira wokwanira pamene maziko ake a zachuma anyonyotsoka, kutsogolera mavuto a za anthu ndi kufalikira kwa anthu. Mlandulo ikugogomezera kulephera kwa madongosolo a zigaŵenga odalira pa kugwira ntchito koyenera.

Kufufuza Moyerekezera: Chifukwa Chake Malungo Ena Otchedwa Hybrid Regime Apulumuka Pamene Ena Agwa

Kukhalitsa kwa ulamuliro wa ziphadzuwa kumadalira pa zifukwa zingapo: kugwirizana kwa anthu apamwamba, kupezeka kwa chuma, luso la mtsogoleri wolinganiza kupondereza ndi kutsendereza, ndi mphamvu ya anthu a m'dziko ndi mphamvu ya dziko lonse. Regimes ndi chuma chachilengedwe chochuluka (Chirussia, Venezuela) angagule kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi koma kuchepa kwa ndalama. Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi njira zotsatizana (Singarore) kumakhazikika kwambiri kuposa anthu aumwini. Regimes zimene zimalola kuti kuchuluka kwenikweni (Malaise, Senegal) kukhale kolimba kwambiri kuposa kumene kuli pafupi ndi (Belans). Kuchirikiza kapena kuteteza kwa mayiko ena. Kuthandizana monga gulu la EUS kapena kulinganiza ndi mphamvu yaikulu, kukhozanso kupulumuka chifukwa cha dziko la Hungary.

“ Maboma otetezedwa sindiwo njira za kanthaŵi koma madongosolo andale osiyana ndi malingaliro awo a kupulumuka. Ali okhazikika kwambiri kuposa maautocracy chifukwa amalola ma valve otetezera ngozi, koma amalephera kwambiri kuposa mademokalase chifukwa chakuti amakhala ndi maziko a bodza lolamuliridwa. ” — Thomas Carnothers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Kumaliza: Kusakazidwa kwa Zinthu ndi Tsogolo Lake Losatsimikizirika

Maboma otchuka atsimikizira kukhala opirira kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21. Mwakuphatikiza kuyenera kwa njira za demokrase ndi kulamulira mphamvu za authoritarianism, iwo amapereka njira yokhazikitsa imene atsogoleri ambiri amapeza kukhala yosapeŵeka. Komabe, kukhazikika kumeneku kumagulidwa pamtengo wa kutha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa kudalirana, mabungwe, ndi malamulo. Mliri wankhondo wa CHOVID-19, nkhondo ku Ukraine, ndi kusalingana kwa chuma kwakhala koyesa maulamuliro onse osinthasinthasintha, kuvumbula zofooka zawo. Ena angatengere ku demokrase yeniyeni ngati zitsenderezo za mkati ndi zakunja zimagwirizana; ena angagwedemo m'ka m'chipwirikiti kapena kugwa. Kumvetsa maulamuliro a zigawa, m'malo mwa njira yandale, ndiko kofunika, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zapamwamba kwa akatswiri, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zapamwamba padziko lapansi.

Kuŵerenganso za mphamvu za maulamuliro opangidwa ndi ma project, funsani [[FLT: 0] kupenda kokwaniraku kochitidwa ndi Schedler (2013) ndi ntchito yotchuka Comptitarianism: Hybrid Regimes pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yamawu ndi Levitsky ndi Njira. Nyumba za Freedom House [[ imapereka chidziŵitso cha kugwetsedwa kwa democracyism ndi kukwera kwa madongosolo a ziwiri.