Table of Contents
Maziko a Kulingana kwa Malamulo
Malamulo a United States, kupyolera mwa masinthidwe aakulu angapo, amakhazikitsa malamulo alamulo otsimikizirika a kulingana kwa lamulo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa samangolongosola ufulu wa munthu aliyense komanso amaika malire pa ulamuliro wa boma kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse amachitiridwa ulemu wolingana pansi pa lamulo.
Mpumulo Wachinayi: Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera
Mu 1868, Demetriment ya 144 Aumente Protection Claus . "NUMENE . idzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo" [1] ndi chiŵiya champhamvu koposa cha lamulo loperekera kulingana. Mawuwo afotokozedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba kuletsa tsankho lamwambo ndi lokhala ndi boma ndi maboma a m'dzikolo pa maziko a fuko, kugonana, mtundu, ndi malo ena okayikira. Khoti limayang'anitsitsa kwambiri malamulo a mafuko ndi kupenda kogwirizana ndi kugonana, kufunikira kuti boma lisonyeze kulungamitsa kokopa kwakukulu kwa machitidwe alionse osiyana. Malamulo onga [FLD: 0] [FL:]. [FLD] Osayezakentiwe, kuphatikizapo Malamulo ena ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera, "Ky', pambuyo pake ", "kugwedetsedwa ndi "BBBB2], amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwonjezera pa maphunziro ena, ndipo amatsimikizira kuti a Zifunso, Malamulo athandiza kwambiri. Malamulo ena amatetezera ake, (194], (194], omwe amatetezera kuwonjezera kuwonjezera kuwonjezera
Malamulo a Deti 15, 19 ndi 20: Kupereka Ufulu Woyenera
Demendment ya 15th Amendment (1870) imaletsa kukana ufulu wosankha wozikidwa pa "fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale . Demendment ya 199th Amendment (1920) inafutukula fracence kwa akazi, pamene Firdenti ya 20-Sixth Amend Amendment (1971) inachepetsa zaka zovota kufikira 18. Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo oikitsa, kumenya nkhondo kaamba ka kulingana kwenikweni kwa kulinganiza kwa lamulo ndi kulinganiza kwa boma kwafunikira kachitidwe kopitirizabe kwa lamulo ndi kachiweruzo. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Hamer . (20.1) adagwetsa lamulo lalikulu la Volting Act Act (20.)
Malamulo Oletsa Ufulu wa Anthu pa Dziko Lonse
Malamulo amenewa amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zimene anthu amaletsa pa nkhani ya ntchito, nyumba, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi mapulogalamu oyendetsedwa ndi boma.
Mlanduwo wa 1964
Iwoti II a Chilamulocho amaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona a anthu onse (malesitilanti, mabwalo a maseŵero) ozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena dziko. Umutwe VII umaletsa olemba ntchito kukhala opatula m'ntchito, kuombera, kapena kulipira pa maziko omwewo, ndiponso kuphimba mimba, kugonana, ndi kubwezera. Act inakhazikitsanso bungwe la Olinganiza Opaleshoni (EOC) kufufuza ndi kukakamiza kuswa malamulo. [[FLT: 0] MERLERT Bank v. Vinson .[FL:] (18) , Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kuvutitsa akazi ndi mtundu wa kugonana pansi pa Zidaboti VII. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Suppo zawonjezera zakhala ndi chitetezo cha VII [BTTT], monga momwe zinawonedwa ndi anthu ena: [BFFFF]
Anthu a ku America Odwala Matenda Ofooketsa (ADA) a mu 1990
ADA imaletsa tsankho pa anthu olumala pantchito, mautumiki a boma, zoyendera, ndi malo onse okhala anthu. Imafuna "malo okhala oyenera" pokhapokha ngati malo ogonawo akupereka "vuto losafunika" kwa abwana awo kapena gulu. ADA imalongosola kupunduka kwakukulu kwa thupi kapena maganizo kumene kumachepetsa ntchito ya moyo, mbiri ya kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kapena kuonedwa kukhala yochititsa kulephera. Zida za ADA zimayendetsedwa ndi EEOC; Theots II ndi II II amalamulidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Lamulo lakhala lothandiza kwambiri kuwongolera ntchito za nyumba, zoyendera, ndi luso la zopanga zinthu, ngakhale kuti mbiri ya mbiri yofala pa zimene zilipo.
Lamulo la Kusintha Ufulu wa Anthu la mu 1965 (monga momwe linasinthidwira)
Chigawo 5 chinafuna maulamuliro ena ndi mbiri yakale ya tsankho kuti apeze masinthidwe ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, kuphatikizapo kuyesa kulemba ndi kukonza. Chigawo 2 chimaletsa kuyenera kulikonse kwa kuvota kumene kumatulukapo kukana kapena kupotozedwa kwa ufulu wosankha mtundu kapena mtundu. Nyumba za malamulo zina zokhala ndi mbiri yosankhana kuti zikhale ndi ufulu wosankha zinthu zimene zimakhudza anthu ochepa omwe asintha malamulo oletsa kuvota. Pambuyo pa kusintha malamulo oletsa kuvota. [[FLT: 0] Shelby County , Congresss atsutsana koma sanakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yochitirapo zinthu, kusiya malamulo ambiri omasuka kugwiritsa ntchito masinthiko amene amakhudza anthu ochepa. Mayiko ambiri kuyambira pamene anasintha malamulo oletsa mavoti ndi kutulutsa mavoti, kutsogolera ku ku ku protioctive chigawo cha 2.
Kusamalira Nyumba Zabwino za mu 1968
Fair Howard Act imaletsa tsankho m'malonda, kubwereka, ndi kuchirikiza nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, malo a thamya, mtundu, ndi kupunduka. Dipatimenti ya Howards ndi Urban Develop (HUD) imafufuza madandaulo ndipo ingathe kubweretsa ntchito zosungitsa. Mosasamala kanthu za Tsimalo, njira za kukhalira pa malo okhala zidakalipo chifukwa cha kubwezera, kuchotsa, ndi tsankho lopitirizabe. Act inasinthidwa mu 1988 kulimbitsa kusungitsa ndi kutetezera mabanja ndi ana ndi anthu okhala ndi mavuto.
Ntchito ya Mabungwe Olimbikitsa Kuyendera M’dziko
Kuti anthu akhale ofanana pamafunika kufufuza mwakhama, maphunziro, ndi kuvomerezana ndi mabungwe a boma.
Ntchito Yoyenera Ntchito (EOC)
EEOC imamasulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho la ntchito. Imalandira milandu yoposa 60,000 chaka chilichonse. Bungwelo limafufuza milandu, kuyesa kutumiza mauthenga, ndi kulembetsa milandu kwa olemba ntchito a anthu. Mu 2022 okha, EEOC inasunga ndalama zoposa madola 500 miliyoni pothandiza anthu osankhidwa. EEOC imatchulanso malangizo okhudza nkhani zimene zikubuka monga kuvutitsa anthu pantchito zamakono ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopeka pantchito.
Department of Justice Organity
Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chikhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho pa maphunziro, nyumba, kuvota, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa lamulo. Chili ndi ulamuliro kwa boma ndi maboma akomwe kaamba ka kuswa malamulo. Milandu yapamwamba imaphatikizapo kufufuza m'madipatimenti a apolisi kaamba ka machitachita osagwirizana ndi boma ndi kutsutsa malamulo a osankha malamulo a tchati a ID amene amasankha osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ochepa. Chigawochi chimakakamizanso Amereka a United States ndi Chikalata cha Use ndi Chikalata cha Religiodial Act ndi Constitudentivemental Act.
Dipatimenti Yoona za Maphunziro ya Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Anthu (OCR)
OCR imakakamiza kuti pakhale mutu VI wa Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chipulumutso (fuko, mtundu, mtundu), Woti IX (sox), ndi Chigawo 504 cha Chikalata cha Rehabilitation Act (kulephera) m'mabungwe a maphunziro kulandira ndalama za boma. OCR imafufuza madandaulo a kuvutitsa kwa mafuko, kukondera m’malangizo, kuukira, ndi kusoŵa malo ogona ophunzira olumala. Mu 2024, akuluakulu a Biden anapereka malamulo atsopano a Trump-era pasukulu za khalidwe loipa la zakugonana ndipo anateteza LGBTQ+ ophunzira.
Kumasulira kwa Khoti Lalikulu Koposa
Khoti Lalikulu lasintha tanthauzo la kulingana mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo zotsatizana zimene zimamasulira malamulo a m’Bungwe la Malamulo ndi a boma.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Chigamulo chogwirizana chinathetsa chiphunzitso cha Plessy [FLT ] ndi kunena kuti tsankho la fuko lovomerezedwa ndi boma m'masukulu a boma likuswa Chitetezo Cholingana. Khoti linalingalira kuti kuchotsa ana a ku Afirika kumayambitsa kudziona kukhala achabechabe mwakuti "kusonkhezera mwana kuphunzira. Chigamulocho chinatsogolera kutsutsa kokulira, koma chinakhala maziko alamulo kaamba ka kuchotsa ziŵiya zonse za anthu.
Long v. Virginia (1967)
Khotilo linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, kuvomereza kuti ukwati uli ufulu wofunika kwambiri ndi kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko kuyenera kupendedwa mwamphamvu. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti, "Pansi pa Malamulo athu, ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena wosakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina amakhala ndi munthu ndipo sangaswedwe ndi Boma. Mlanduwo watchulidwa m’zigamulo zotsatirapo pa ukwati wa mwamuna ndi mkazi.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Khotilo linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa 14 kumafunikira malamulo a kulola ndi kuzindikira maukwati a kugonana kofanana. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy ambiri linagogomezera kuti ukwati uli "mfungulo ya dongosolo lathu la kakhalidwe" ndi kuti kuchotsa okwatirana a kugonana ofananawo ku bungwelo kumawalepheretsa kutetezeredwa ndi kuchitidwa koyenera. Chigamulo chovomerezedwa cha ukwati wa kugonana wofanana m’dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuti mavuto andale ndi achipembedzo otsatirapo apitirizabe.
Ophunzira za Fair Adgingss kutsutsana ndi Harvard (2023)
M'chigamulo 6-3, Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa maprogramu ochirikiza kuvomereza fuko pa Harvard ndi University of North Carolina, likumati maprogramu otero amaswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus. Khotilo linagamula kuti mayunivesite angalingalire mmene mafuko anayambukirira zokumana nazo za moyo wa wofunsira (m’chitsanzo, kugonjetsa tsankho la fuko) koma osagwiritsira ntchito fuko monga mbali yowonjezera m'kuvomera. Chigamulo chimenechi chakakamiza makoleji kukonzanso malamulo a malamulo ndipo chakhala ndi mikangano yolamulira yonena za kuyang'anira maphunziro.
Mkhalidwe ndi Kulingana kwa Malo
Maboma ambiri ndi oimira mayiko ena akhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera zofanana zimene zimapitirira malamulo a boma.
Ulamuliro wa Boma
Maboma monga California, New York, ndi Illinois ali ndi malamulo oletsa kudana ndi anthu amene amateteza kwambiri magulu (kuphatikizapo mmene mwamuna amaonera kugonana, kudziwika kwa mwamuna, malo a ukwati, ndi magwero a ndalama) kuposa lamulo la boma. Mayiko ena amalolanso kuwonongeka kochuluka ndi kupezeka mosavuta kwa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, California Fair Broak and House Act imalola zitayiko zopanda malire, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo limalola kuwonongeka kwa makhofafa ozikidwa pa ukulu wa abwana.
Kulimbana ndi Vuto la Kulimbana ndi Matenda
Mizinda ndi magawo kaŵirikaŵiri imapatula malamulo amene amawonjezera chitetezo kwa magulu monga ochitiridwa chiwawa m’nyumba, ovutika, kapena olembedwa zaukapolo. Malo ena apanga mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe kufufuza madandaulo mwachindunji, kunyalanyaza madongosolo a boma ndi a boma ochulukitsitsa. Popanda lamulo la chidani la boma lokhudza kugonana kufikira 2009, mizinda yambiri imapatula malamulo awo a upandu wa udani. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga ntchito ya ufulu, koma amalolanso kusungitsa malamulo a chitaganya.
Mavuto Ovuta Kulingana Mwalamulo
Ngakhale kuti malamulo amateteza anthu, anthu ambiri sasiyana chifukwa amadziwa kumene malamulo akutha.
Kusankhana Makhalidwe m’Chilungamo cha Apandu
Declaration kuchokera ku Bureau of Justice Statistics imasonyeza kuti Black America ali m’ndende pafupifupi kasanu kuposa azungu a Amereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kubwezera kwa fuko kukuswa Kutetezera kwa Unyinji kwa Unyinji, kutsimikizira kugamula mlandu kumakhala kovuta. Mabungwe a lamulo osungitsa lamulo aloŵa m'zikalata za DOJ kuti akambirane ndi mapulogalamu a CDrigination, koma zotulukapo zake zasanganizidwa. Nkhondo ya mankhwala, zigamu zofunikira, ndi njira zoyendetsera ndalama zikuyambukira anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zikuthandizira zimene akatswiri ambiri amatcha kuti kusungidwa kwa anthu.
Kuvutika ndi Kuvutitsidwa ndi Amuna ndi Akazi Kuntchito
Act yolingana ndi ndalama ya Pay ya 1963 ndi ya Ditut VII sinachotsepo mpata wa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Malinga ndi National Paneditherap for Women & Families, akazi amapeza masenti 84 pa dola lililonse lopezedwa ndi amuna, ndi mipata yaikulu kwa akazi a mitundu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kutsendereza ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala
Pambuyo pa Chiweruzo cha Selby County , maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo a ovota, otsekereza ovota, ndi ochotsa pepala la voti. 2020 Brennan Center inapeza kuti njira zimenezi zikuyambukira kwambiri kuŵerengeka kwa anthu ochepa ndi kulandira ndalama zochepa zovotedwa. Felony diffice reconcencectiveance malamulo, amene amachotsa ufulu wa kusankha kwa anthu okhala ndi zikhulupiriro zongotengera, zimakhudza anthu a ku Amereka oposa 5 miliyoni, ndi zitsutso zowopsa za fuko. Mosiyana ndi, maboma ena akulitsa ufulu wosankha, monga kulembetsa ndi kubwezera kovota kopetsa kope.
LGBTQ+ Ufulu Woposa Ukwati
Pamene kuli kwakuti .Obergefes [[FLT: 1] adalandira kulingana kwa ukwati, maboma ambiri alibe zitetezero zenizeni za LGBTQ + anthu okhala m’nyumba, ntchito, ndi malo ogona. 2023 Movement Advement Advement Project inapeza kuti pafupifupi maboma 30 alibe chitetezo chachikulu kaamba ka LGBTQ+ anthu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLY:]] 303 C LLC v. Elenic. [FLT:] [2023]) adanena kuti wopanga webusaiti ya mawebusaiti a masulo a anthu aŵiri ogwirizana ogwirizana ogwirizana pa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, kukweza nkhaŵa pakati pa ogwirizana. Mkhalidwe wa kuletsa kuyang'anira ntchito yosambirana ndi kuletsa nkhondo yalamulo.
Makina Ovomerezeka a Kulinganiza
Kulingana kumachitidwa mwa kulumikizana kwa milandu ya munthu payekha, kufufuza kwa boma, ndi mabungwe a boma.
Kuyenera kwa Mseri kwa Kuchitapo Kanthu
Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma amalola anthu kusudzulidwa mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, wantchito angalembe mlandu pamutu wa VII pambuyo pa kutopa ndi njira zoyendetsera ulamuliro ndi EOC. Atsamunda opambana angapeze malipiro, kubwezeretsedwa, zowonongedwa za loya wa boma, ndi ndalama zolipidwa ndi loya. Zochita za kalasi zingathetse tsankho, monga momwe zilili DEUKES v. Walmarts Vers, Inc. (20), ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga mafomu ovuta kwambiri pa nkhani za ntchito zazikulu.
Kudandaula kwa Oyang’anira
Kudandaula ndi bungwe monga EOC, OCR, kapena HUD kaŵirikaŵiri n’kotsika mtengo ndiponso n’kofulumira kuposa kutchula. Mabungwe ameneŵa angafufuze, kufalitsa, ndi kuyesa kukambirana. Ngati bungwelo lipeza chifukwa chomveka, lingapereke mlandu kwa wodandaula. Komabe, ndalama za bungwelo n’zochepa; mwachitsanzo, bajeti ya EOC siiyendera limodzi ndi unyinji wa milandu imene yalembedwa, ndipo zotsatira zake n’zakuti ikhalepo nthaŵi yaitali.
Malamulo Otsatira Njira za Kachitidwe
Department of Justice ingasunge boma kapena maboma akwawo kapena mabwana aakulu chifukwa cha kuchita nawo kapena kukondera. Makhoti ameneŵa angatsogolere ku kusintha kwakukulu, monga malamulo ovomereza ofuna kusintha kwa apolisi, machitidwe a ntchito, kapena njira zovotera. Komiti ya DOJ's Civil Rights Division yagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro umenewu kutsutsa malamulo a zaufulu wa nyumba, mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi zitsutso za sukulu zimene zimayambukira ana ocheperapo.
Tsogolo la Kulingana kwa Anthu
Mfundo yakuti anthu onse azikhala olingana mwalamulo ku United States imadalira pa ndale, zochita za anthu, ndi zachiweruzo zimene zikuchitikabe.
Ntchito ya Mabungwe
Malamulo angapo aperekedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ochirikiza kulingana. Malamulo a kulingana, amene angawonjezere kuyenera kwa kugonana ndi kugonana kwa amuna monga magulu otetezeredwa pansi pa lamulo la ufulu wa anthu, anapatsira Nyumba koma anasungidwa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act cholinga cha kubwezeretsa zofunika za kuyambika kwa project [[FL:0] Shelby County . Malingaliro ena angakweze malipiro a boma, kufutukula Aamereka ndi Ubwino, ndi tsankho lozikidwa pa mawonekedwe ndi kalembedwe ka (CRLD Act).
Kusintha ndi Kutsutsa Boma
Pamene boma la boma likhala lotsekerezedwa, maboma akukhala malaboratori kaamba ka ponse paŵiri kufutukuka ndi kuchepetsa kulingana. California, New York, ndi Washington akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuwona ndi kuletsa tsankho la kusankhana. Mosiyana, maboma onga Florida ndi Texas akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa makambitsirano a m'kalasi a fuko ndi chisembwere, kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali kwa oseŵera othamanga, ndi kuletsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi maprogramu oloŵetsamo m'mayunivesite a anthu onse. Kusintha kumeneku kungatulutse kuwonjezereka kwa kulinganiza koposa tanthauzo la chitetezo chofanana.
Luso la Zaluso ndi Ai Bias
Malamulo angayambitsenso kukondera m'mbiri, zimene zimayambitsa mavuto amene amavuta kutsimikizira kuti ndi otetezedwa (omwe amafunikira kusankhana mwadala). EEOC ndi FTC apereka malangizo pa Chilungamo, koma palibe lamulo la boma lokwanira lolamulira tsankho. Mayiko ena, monga Illinois, akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti ziwiya za magetsi zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito.
Pomaliza, kusungitsa kulingana kwa malamulo a ku America kuli njira yopitirizabe yophatikizapo malemba alamulo, kachitidwe ka bungwe la oweruza, kumasulira kwa komiti, kusungitsa audindo, ndi udzu. Kuli kutsatizana kwakukulu kwa malamulo ndi chitaganya kumene kumafuna kuti anthu onse akhale osamala ndi ogwirizana. Malamulo a maziko opangidwa ndi malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe aikidwa ndi kuyesedwa nthaŵi zina ndi boma ndi zochita za kumaloko. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwapangidwa, kusiyanitsa kwa chuma, thanzi, nyumba, ndi chilungamo zimavumbula kuti kulingana kwalamulo sikunadziŵika. Mtsogolo kudzafunikira zonse ziŵiri kutetezera zitetezero zokhalako ndi magawo atsopano kutsimikizira kuti lamulo la kulingana kwa munthu aliyense mu United States likhaledisokhalo.
kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa dongosolo lalamulo la kulingana, onani Cornell Information's Institute ku Chitetezo cha Malamulo , EEC] pawebusaiti yalamulo , ndi [FLT:] ntchito ya kutetezera kwalamulo. [FLT:]