Chiyambi: Maziko a Malamulo Okhudza Umbeta

Malamulo a Virginia, monga momwe anavomerezera poyamba, anachepetsa mphamvu za boma la boma ndipo, kupyolera mwa Bill of Rights, anatsimikizira ufulu waukulu. Komabe kwa mbiri yaikulu ya America, zitsimikizo zimenezo sizinaumirize boma ndi maboma akwawo. Nzika ya Virginia ikanatha kuyang'anizidwa ndi boma losalingalira kwa apolisi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo iliyonse pansi pa Demeshoni ya Chinaikulu, chifukwa chakuti Bill of Rights inadziŵika kuti imanga boma lokha. Imene inasintha mwapang'onopang'onopang'ono, mlandu-kasuntchera wodziŵika monga yosankha kulowa m'malamulo [[FL:1]] [chiphunziro] popanda chiphunzitso chilichonse chimene chimagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a KGeneth Demeticleasssssssss (malamulo la KGenekalamu la Ufulu za ufulu wa Dziko Lapansi. M'malamulo la Osankha, asankha milandu, asankha kapena kugamula milandu, kaya ngati malamulo apeza, ndi kuwonjezera, mfundo, ndi kuyerekezera, mfundo, kuti, ziganizira, ziganizira, ziganizi.

Nkhani ino ikufotokoza mmene kugwirizanitsa ufulu wachinsinsi ndi malo amakono oonera zinthu. Imayamba ndi kupenda mwachidule chiphunzitsocho, kenako kupenda zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba zimene zaumba malo achinsinsi a foni, ndi kumaliza mwa kupenda mavuto a m’tsogolo oyambitsidwa ndi luso la zopangapanga. Mwa kumvetsa kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo za malamulo ndi mfundo zamakono, oŵerenga angayamikire bwino lomwe mmene lamulo la America limapitirizira kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi boma ndi luso la zopangapangapanga zinthu.

Kumvetsetsa Kusankha Koyenera

Nkhani Yakale

Bill of Rights, inavomerezedwa mu 1791, inalinganizidwa kuletsa boma la boma latsopano lopangidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira ukulu wochepa umenewu mu Barron . Baltimore (1833), poona kuti Bill of Rights sanagwire ntchito ku maboma. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, maboma anali omasuka ku ufulu wa kuyankhula mwaufulu, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito chipembedzo, kapena kutetezera ku ku ku kusanthula kopanda lamulo kwa bomalo.

Kuikidwa kwa Malamulo a Chigamulo cha 144 mu 1868 kunayambitsa Actives a Accomplity monga zopinga pa ntchito ya boma. Komabe, kunatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi khoti lisanayambe kumasulira Account Claus monga kuphatikiza makonzedwe athunthu a Bill of Rights journe. Kusintha kunafika mu [[FL:0]. Kuteteza kwa Lachinayi kufunafuna ndi kudwala (FLD: 25]), kumene Khotilo linaganiza kuti ndi______kutengapo [$3] kuti Commergate yoyamba inachitapo mawu ake ogwirizana ndi maulamuliro. [FNF4], "2], ndipo pambuyo pake, "[5], kuwonjezera: [F.F.F.FM.

Kusankha si chochitika chimodzi koma njira yachiweruzo yopitirizabe. Khotilo limafufuza kuyenera kulikonse kuti lione ngati kuli "kuchirikiza njira ya chiweruzo cha America" ndipo nkofunika kuti chichitike. Ngati kuyenera kwachitika, kumagwira ntchito mofanana ku boma ndi maboma. Nkhani imeneyi imakhudzana ndi kuphatikizanso ufulu wonse, zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi Bill of Rights pa nthaŵi imodzi .

Ntchito ya Kukonzanso Koyamba

Kuyenera kwachinsinsi ku United States kumachokera kwambiri ku Lamulo Lachinayi, limene limatetezera "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, molimbana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Kusintha kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi maulamuliro mu Walf v. Colorado[[FLD:1] , koma lamulo lapatulalo lokhala ndi umboni wopezeka mopanda lamulo, n’losagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makhoti mpaka Map v. Ohio. [[FLT:]] . Kuyambira [FLD:] [FLD ] [FLD:], kukonza kwachisanu kwapereka chitetezo chachinsinsi cha makhoti onse, ngakhale kuti makhoti ake akugwira ntchito mokhazikika.

Khoti Lapamwamba la Kusintha kwa Zachinsinsi Lachinayi lasintha kwambiri. M' Katz . United States (1967), khoti linalowa mmalo mayeso akale ozikidwa pa katundu ndi "kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi" muyezo. Pansi pa Katz , Generamya imateteza anthu, osati malo, kutsegula khomo la mayeso a anthu onse ndi olankhulana nawo. Myezo umenewu wakhala maziko achinsinsi a milandu yachinsinsi.

Ufulu Wokhala Wekha M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Zipangizo Zamakono Zikuwononga Chilamulo

Kusintha kwa makompyuta kwachititsa mavuto aakulu kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhale zachinsinsi. Mafoni aumwini, mauthenga, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, mfundo za malo, kufunafuna mbiri yakale, kusonkhanitsa, kusungidwa, ndiponso kugawiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi makampani a anthu ndi maboma omwe.

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, makhoti anagwiritsira ntchito Kattu kuyesa koyenera kwa chidziŵitso cha manambala ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana. Milandu yoyambirira inanena kuti anthu anapatsira dala chidziŵitso kwa mbali zitatu (monga makampani a telefoni kapena makampani a pa Intaneti) ndipo chifukwa chake sanayembekezere zachinsinsi za madata amenewo [[FLT:] mfundo yodziŵika monga [[FLT:] mbali zitatu . Chiphunzitsochi, chokhazikitsidwa mu Smith. Mary v [FLT:] [1] [7] .6] ndi [2] United States. Millern [FL:]

Chiphunzitso chachitatu chinakhala chovuta kwambiri pamene makompyuta anakula. Anthu nthaŵi zonse amasunga chidziŵitso chakuya kwa anthu achitatu . "'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''. Asayansi a za makompyuta, ma steum' a ma meta, ndi ma metape . Nthawi zambiri amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitsochi chinalephera kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa nambala ya foni yolembedwa pa pepala ndi ndandanda ya manambala ndi ndandanda ya ndandanda ya ndandanda ya moyo wa munthu wolembedwa ndi ndandanda ya manambala.

Zosankha Zokhudza Malo Okhala Paokha

Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kuwonjezera kukhazikitsanso malamulo kumayambiriro kwa ma 2010. United States v. Jones . (2016), Khoti linavomereza kuti kuika GPS mzere ku galimoto kukhale kufunafuna pansi pa Demetri Yachinayi chifukwa chakuti inalakwa mwakuthupi pa zinthu zaumwini. Koma lingaliro logwirizana ndi Justice Sotomayor, logwirizana ndi Jasi Alito, linapereka lingaliro lakuti kupitiriza kuyang'anira GPS kungasokoneze chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala chinsinsi ngakhale popanda kulakwa kwakuthupi, kuperekera ku njira yosintha kwambiri ya chidziŵitso cha makompyuta.

Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, California . [FLT :1] (2014, Khoti linzake linagamula kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chofufuza zinthu za foni ya m’manja kuti agwire. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti mafoni amakono "amakhala ndi matelefoni a anthu ambiri a ku America a'Pritagey a moyo' ndipo safuna zinthu zonga chikwama kapena msudzulo wa fodya. Rilel anali chosonyezera chifukwa chakuti anazizindikira kuti anthu apadera m'makompyuta, ngakhale kuti malemba a Wenitemestemplisitempt sanasinthe.

Chigamulo chachikulu kwambiri cha makompyuta ndi kuphatikizana kwapadera chinabwera Carpeent v. United States (2017). Boma linapeza miyezi ya maselo-ataliyani (CSLI) kuchokera kwa onyamula zigaŵenga popanda chilolezo, kudalira pa chiphunzitso chachitatu. Khoti, m'malingaliro 5-4 operekedwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts , limakhulupirira kuti kupezeka kwa mbiri yakale CSSLI ikupanga kufunafuna pansi pa Demendmentment ndi kufuna chilo chozikidwa pa chinthu choyenera. Khoti lapadera [FL:] . Malo adadalira kwambiri pa zikondwerero zina. Mary v [FLT3] ndi kuwonjezera ntchito zachinsinsi zachinsinsi.

Mu Karpeent, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Demendment Yachinayi, imene inali itagwirizanitsidwa kale ndi maboma kupyolera mwa Map, ku projekiti yamakono. Motero chigamulocho chimasonyeza mmene kuphatikiza zinthu mosankha kumagwirira ntchito: kuyenera kotsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kudwala, kumene tsopano kumagwiritsira ntchito ku mitundu yatsopano ya makompyuta.

Mmene Kusankha Zinthu Zochita Kusintha Kumakhudzira Makina

Kuchokera ku Mkhalidwe Waukulu Kufikira ku Miyezo ya Boma

Chifukwa chakuti Kusintha kwa Chinayi kwaikidwa m’zokha, chigamulo chilichonse cha Khoti Lapamwamba chimene chimakhazikitsa chitetezo chatsopano chachinsinsi pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zam'mbuyo kwachinayi chimagwirizanitsa boma lonse ndi lamulo lakwawo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Karcenter , apolisi ku California, Texas, kapena boma lina lililonse liyenera kupeza chilo chovomerezeka asanapeze chidziŵitso cha malo a selo, pokhapokha ngati chikugwira ntchito.

Kusankha kumatanthauzanso kuti makhoti a boma ndi mabwalo a malamulo ali omasuka kupereka zazikulu za chitetezo chachinsinsi pansi pa malamulo awo a boma kapena malamulo, koma sangapereke zochepa. Mayiko ena, monga California ndi Ecclec Communications Communing Act (CECPA), ndi Washington ndi malamulo ake achinsinsi, akhazikitsa kale malamulo amene amaposa pa maziko a General Amendment line line. Zopanga za boma zimenezi zingasonkhetse makhoti a boma, zimene zingayang'ane kutsimikizira monga umboni wa malamulo a zachinsinsi okhudza zachinsinsi.

Ntchito ya Claus

Kupitirira pa Kusintha kwa Chinayi, kusankhana kwa malamulo a Boma la Ufulu wachibadwidwe kumakhudzanso zinthu zachinsinsi. Mpumulo woyamba, wophatikizidwa mu Gitlow , imateteza kulankhula kwa pa Intaneti ndi kugwirizana. Malamulo a Finu otetezera kuti asadzitsendereze okha, ophatikizidwa m'malamulo Malloy [, amadzutsa mafunso ngati munthu angakakamizidwe kumasulira chipangizo kapena kupereka dzina lachinsinsi. Khoti silinathetse mokwanira nkhani zimenezi, koma makhoti otsika akulimbana ndi kudutsa kwa umboni wa ndandanda ndi mwayi wodzitsutsa yekha.

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Mavuto Ndiponso Mafunso Osathetsedwa

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kochitidwa mu Karpeent [FLT :1] ndi [[FLT :2] Riley , nkhani zambiri zachinsinsi za magetsi zikhala zosatha. Chiphunzitso chachitatu, ngakhale kuti n’chochepa, chimagwirabe ntchito ku mitundu yambiri ya chidziŵitso, monga ngati zolemba za banki, mameta a maiyi, ndi chidziŵitso cha manyuzi a anthu chogawana ndi pulatifomu. Khotili lakhala ndi chigamu chachilu chachilunji kuti kaya anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi cha zinthu zokhala ndi mautumiki oikidwa ndi mitambo, makampani autumiki, kapena makampani oulutsira nkhani za anthu.

Luntha lopanga ndi mamakina akuphunzira zinthu zatsopano. Kugwiritsira ntchito maluso a zaluso la nkhope, ma algorith odziŵira apolisi, ndi oŵerenga laisensi ya magetsi ya magetsi ya magetsi ya kampani kungapange chidziŵitso chochuluka popanda "kufufuza kwamwambo". Mtengo wa Fourterment ungafunikire chilolezo kapena kukayikira zinthu zoyendera zimenezi, koma Khoti silinalamulirebe pankhaniyi. Mofananamo, kusonkhanitsa DNA kuchokera kwa ogwidwa, amene panthaŵi ina analekezedwa ku zigawenga zachiwawa, kwawonjezera kuphatikizapo milandu yaing'onong'ono, kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za Kukonzanso Kombo Lachinayi pansi pa chitetezo.

Mndandanda wa Opaleshoni wa Foursed Sumpline umasokonezanso zinthu. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a United States kapena malire. Chigwirizano chosungidwa kumaiko akunja chingapatsidwe malamulo osiyanasiyana, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'kutsutsana pakati pa boma la United States ndi Microsoft pa ma email osungidwa mu Ireland ( United States v. Microsoft Corp ., 2018]). Nyumba ya malamulo potsirizira pake inapatula CLOUD Act yothetsera nkhani zopimira kudutsa chinsinsi, koma mafunso onena za kutetezera kophatikizapo kwa Kukonza Kombo kwa Fource kudutsa malire a malire.

Njira Zamtsogolo: Kusankha Njira Yolowera ndi Kupanga Technie

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti ndi Nyumba Zabwino

Zipangizo zochenjera . . . . . . . . . United States . [FLT] [2001], Khoti likadaona kuti kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi akutumiza miyuni yotentha m’nyumba yopanda chilolezo inali kufufuza, chifukwa kuti luso la zopangapanga linali "kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse" ndipo linavumbula tsatanetsatane wa chinsinsi. Monga momwe zipangizo zamakono zimakhalira zoyendera nyumba za United States. [FLT] [2001]

Mmene Zinthu Zinalili ndi Mmene Zimadziŵikira

Ziŵalo, kupima nkhope, maso, ndiponso ngakhale kudziwika kwa zilembo za maso kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podziŵikitsa ndi kuyang’anira. Chitetezero cha Fith Commergation chitaphatikizapo kuteteza thupi la munthu chifukwa chakuti amaonedwa kuti ndi "amoyo. Komabe, mfundo za Kukonzanso Zachinayi zofunikira za kulolera zingachepetse kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyerekezera zinthu zachikhalidwe. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Malthand v. Mfumu [FLT:] (2013)) imasunga ndandanda ya DNA yosagwirizana ndi zolinga zopimira, koma malingaliro anali opereŵera. Nkhani zamtsogolo zidzayesa ngati kusonkhanitsa kwa munthu amene sanalakwizidwepo ndi upandu, kapena kutsutsana ndi anthu otsutsa, otsutsa ufulu.

Kuyamba kwa Boma ndi Malamulo Ogwirizana

Chifukwa chakuti kusankha kumangopereka malo alamulo, maboma akuwonjezera kutsegulira mipata malamulo awo achinsinsi. California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA) ndi Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA) amapatsa nzika ufulu wa kulongosola zinthu zawo zosungidwa ndi makampani aumwini. Malamulo ameneŵa sanena mwachindunji za kuyang'anira boma, koma amayambitsa chikhalidwe chachinsinsi chimene chingasonkhetse kumasulira kwa lamulo la Opaleshoni ya Folete Amendment. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lilengeza kuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala ndi chinsinsi m'mbiri yawo yofufuza mbiri ya makampani, khoti lingakhale lofunitsitsa kupeza chitsutso chakupitsidwa cha boma ngati lipeza kuti mbiri yakale siilo.

Kufikira pamene Congress ikuchita zinthu, Congress yalingalira za malamulo achinsinsi atsatanetsatane, monga ngati American Data Ascy and Protection Act, koma sinathebe.

Siliva Ili Mpaka Pang’ono

Kusankha kugawana kumatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kukhala wochedwa ndi wolinganiza. Komabe mkhalidwe wake wogwirizana umalola khoti kulingalira za zotulukapo zothandiza za luso la zopangapanga lililonse latsopano. Mwakugamula milandu imodzi pa nthaŵi imodzi, Bwalo Lamilandu lingapange bungwe logwirizana lomwe limalinganiza zachinsinsi, kusungitsa lamulo kumafunikira, ndi zenizeni za sayansi. Njirayo imachitiranso lamulo: malamulo angayese ndi zitetezero zazikulu, ndipo miyezo ya dziko imawonekera kokha pamene kuvomereza kuyambika kwa kulinganiza kuti kuyenera kuli kofunika.

Mapeto ake: Kukhala wekha ndi ufulu wochita zinthu

Kusankha kuphatikiza anthu kwatsimikizira kukhala kogwirizana kwambiri ndi zaka mazana aŵiri. Kuyambira pa ufulu wa kulankhula mpaka kuyenera kwa mfuti mpaka kuuphungu, Act Classias yafutukula pang'onopang'ono Bill of Rights kutetezera anthu onse a ku America, mosasamala kanthu za boma limene amatcha kuti kwawo. M'nyengo ya manambala, njira imodzimodziyo ikusewera kaamba ka ufulu wachinsinsi. Malamulo a Khoti Lapamwamba m' [FLT: 0] [malangidwe athu achinsinsi] ndi [FLT] Carpartenter [[FL:3] akusonyeza kuti malamulo olembedwa mu 1791] angayankhebe ku zitokosokoso za dziko kumene chidziŵitso chathu chakuya kwambiri chimasungidwa pa manyuzikulu a comppeter.

Komabe ntchitoyo siinathe. Chiphunzitso chachitatu chidakali chopinga chachikulu kwa mitundu yambiri ya chidziŵitso. Kuphatikiza maluso monga AI, ziwalo, ndipo Intaneti ya Zinthu idzayesa malire a Katz [1] kuyesa koyenera. Olemba malamulo, akatswiri, ndi oweruza ayenera kupitirizabe kuchitapo kanthu ndi funso lalikulu: Kodi chimatanthauzanji kusungidwa mu "phon, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro" m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba?

Kwa awo amene akuphunzira mbali yamphamvu imeneyi ya lamulo, kumvetsetsa kuphatikiza ndi kusankha nkofunika. Kumapereka maziko a ufulu wa mwambo wa malamulo ku kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Pamene malo a wailesi asintha, momwemonso tanthauzo la zoyenera zachinsinsi zofunika kwa munthu aliyense . Koma Act Claus Process idzakhalabe galimoto imene ufuluwo umaperekedwa ku boma lililonse.

Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za nkhani zofotokozedwa m’nkhani ino, oŵerenga angafufuze zinthu kuchokera ku Cornell Information Institute pa Carpeent v. United States, , ntchito ya chinsinsi cha magetsi [[FLT] [[FLT]] , ndi kusanthula kwa masamu osanthula [FLT:] [FFLT:].FFFT:7].