Mpumulo Wachinayi: Chikalata Chosintha Anthu ndi Lamulo Lotsatira

Chisinthiko cha 14 ku United States chimakhala chimodzi cha malamulo a malamulo alamulo a America. Kuikidwanso mu 1868 mkati mwa nyengo ya kukonzanso, kunali ndi cholinga chosungitsa ufulu wa anthu omasulidwa chatsopano, koma chinenero chake chatsimikizira kukhala chofala kwambiri. Lerolino, kusintha kwa malamulo a kusamuka ndi mayeso oyenerera a malamulo a boma m’njira zimene oyendetsa ake sakanatha kuyerekezera. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene matanthauzo a 145 Demendmentic adakhalira ndi — The Acimetic Proces Claus, ndi Claus , ndi kusamukira ku Bulgaria kwa Claus — ikupitirizabe kulongosola malamulo a ovomerezera malamulo a osamukira dziko ndi ulamuliro a boma pa kusamuka.

Kusintha kumeneku kumagwira ntchito osati kwa nzika zokha komanso kwa "munthu aliyense" m'dziko la United States. Kulankhula zinenero zophatikizapo zimenezi kwalola makhoti kuwonjezera chitetezo cha malamulo kwa anthu osadziŵika, kuphatikizapo anthu osamukira kudziko lina, ololedwa kukhala ndi anthu achikhalire, ndi eni ma vhisa. Kumvetsa mmene Kusintha kwa 1448 m'malo oloŵera m'dziko n’kofunika kwa madokotala alamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi aliyense amene akusamalira ufulu wa anthu m'nyengo yokambirana za kusamuka.

Nkhani Zake ndi Cholinga Chake

Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera linakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, limodzi ndi Mpambo Wakuchepetsa wa 13 (woletsa ukapolo) ndi Demeterment ya 15 (oletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha). Chigawo 1 cha Demendment ya 14th Amendment chili ndi mawu atatu otsutsa:

  • Thunzi lakuti Claus : "Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ali nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala.
  • Makonzedwe Aake Claus : "Palibe Boma limene lidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena katemera wa nzika za United States; ndipo Boma lirilonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo loyenerera la lamulo.
  • Chitetezero cholingana [[FLT :1]: "Sizikana munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake kutetezera kofanana kwa malamulo.

Congress Congress inakonza njira zimenezi zogonjetsera malamulo a Black Code ndi malamulo ena a boma opatula ufulu amene anafuna kusunga dongosolo la kugonjera kwa mafuko pambuyo pa kutha kwa chiwonjezeko. Khoti Lapamwamba linakonzanso kuŵerenga kochepa m'nkhani zonga Nyumba za Mages [1873] ndi Plebv. Ferguson[FF:3] (18696), koma zaka za 20 zinaona kuwonjezereka kodabwitsa kwa kufika kwake, makamaka m'malo a ufulu wa anthu, kachitidwe kaupandu, ndi lamulo lochokera ku maiko ena.

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kusamukira Kudziko Lina: Kodi Ndani Amene Amatetezeredwa?

Filime Protection Claus imalamula kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kugonjera munthu aliyense m’malo ake amodzi kutetezera malamulo mofanana. Mawu akuti "munthu aliyense" ali wotakata dala. Mu Yicky v. Hopkins [1] (18.86), Bwalo Lapamwamba linanena kuti Chitetezo cha Ault Claus chimagwira ntchito kwa anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za kukhala nzika. Nkhaniyo inali yokhudza San Francisco imene inalamula kuti isiyanitse ochapa zovala a ku China, ndipo Bwalo linalamula kuti chitetezo cha Kukonzanso kwa 114.66

Kuteteza Anthu Okhala M’dziko Lina

Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kusamukira, Aumeal Protection Claus imaika ziletso zatanthauzo pa malamulo okhudzana ndi kusamuka. Makhoti agwiritsira ntchito lamulolo kuchotsa malamulo audani amene amaukira alendo ozikidwa pa mtundu, fuko, kapena malo a kusamukira.

  • Plyler v. Doe[FLT: 1] (1982): Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa lamulo la Texas limene linakana maphunziro aulere kwa ana osalembedwa. Khoti linanena kuti lamulolo linaswa Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Claus chifukwa chakuti linaika vuto la moyo wonse pa gulu la ana amene sakanapatsidwa mlandu wa malo awo a kusamukira.
  • Graham v. Richardson [1] (71): Khoti linagamula kuti khoti silingakane mapindu a moyo wa nzika zokhalamo kwachikhalire pamaziko a kukhala kwawo nzika. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti kusankha kozikidwa pa alendo kuli koyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa pansi pa ezakutetezera za Alingana Clause.
  • Alvarez v. City of New York (2025): Makhoti a boma afufuza ngati malamulo a boma a m'deralo amene amagwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oyendetsa za kusamuka amawononga chitetezo chofanana mwa kukhudza kwambiri anthu a ku Latino. Milandu imeneyi ikupitirizabe kuyesa malire a pepalalo.

Komabe, bungwe la Supreme Protection Claus silimaletsa boma kusiyanitsa nzika ndi anthu osasamukira m'dziko. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti kugawidwa kwa boma kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikondwerero za boma zovomerezedwa, monga ngati kulamulira malire ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka. Koma pamene kugawidwa koteroko kumasonkhezeredwa ndi fuko kapena fuko, iwo amayang'aniridwa mopambanitsa.

Ufulu Woyenera Kuuyendetsa Posamuka

Claus wa ku Windows akupereka kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa "moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. M'nkhani ya kusamukira kudziko, mawuwa akhala chiŵiya champhamvu chotetezera anthu oyang’anizana ndi ndende, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi ntchito zina zosungitsa lamulo.

Kusintha Koyenera m’Kupitikitsa

Kuchotsa anthu ndi mlandu, osati upandu, koma kungachititse zotsatirapo zopweteka kwambiri kuphatikizapo kulekana kwachikhalire ndi banja, kutaikiridwa kwa zinthu zofunikira, ndipo ngakhale kuvulazidwa mwakuthupi. Khoti Lalikulu lanena mosalekeza kuti [[FLT: 0] ma quare otsekereza m'zochitika za kuchotsa ali ndi ufulu wa kulinganiza kwa procracy . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Notice [1] Notice [1]: Anthu ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso chokwanira cha milandu yawo ndi nthaŵi ndi malo a makutu.
  • Kumva [1]: Ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni, kuitana mboni, ndi kutsutsa kwa arnobiane pamaso pa woimira wopanda tsankho.
  • [[FULT:0] Counsel : Pamene kuli kwakuti boma silifunikira kupereka kuimira kwaulere kwa lamulo, osaloledwa ndi boma ali ndi kuyenera kwa kulipira uphungu pa ndalama zawo.
  • Appal : Ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kukopa zigamulo zotsutsana ndi lamulo ku Boma la Kugawirako ndipo, m'zochitika zina, ku khoti la boma.

Chochitika chosonyeza zinthu Mathews v. Elditridge [1] adakhazikitsa kupima koyenera kaamba ka njira yodziŵira njira yofunikira: makhoti amapima chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa kolakwika m'madongosolo amene alipo, ndi chifuno cha boma cha kuchita bwino ndi chuma. Kuyesa kumeneku kumagwira ntchito m'malo oloŵamo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri mathithiwo amachepetsa kulinganiza kwa makompyuta otetezera ku mphamvu ya m'malo a kutentha.

Zimene Amachita Kuti Azitsatira

Kutsekeredwa m'ndende ndi mbali ina imene kudera nkhaŵa kwa njira yoyenerera kuli kowopsa. Boma lingatsekereze kusazengereza kwa kuzembetsa milandu, ndipo nthaŵi zina kwa nyengo zanthaŵi yaitali. Khoti Lapamwamba laletsa ulamuliro wa boma kusunga popanda kuweruza:

  • Zadvydas v. Davis [FLT: 1] (2001]): Khoti linagamula kuti boma silingasunge kwa nthaŵi zonse munthu wosadziŵika amene wachotsedwa koma sakhoza kubwezedwa. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya kumangidwa, boma liyenera kupereka umboni wakuti kuchotsedwa kuli koyenera kuwonedwa.
  • A. Kim (2003): Khoti linachirikiza kumangidwa kwa lamulo kwa apandu ena osakhala aupandu mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu, koma kokha ngati kumangidwako kuli kwachidule ndi kogwirizana ndi chifuno chalamulo.
  • Rodriguez v. Robbins [1] (ya 9 chigawo, 2013) ndi milandu yotsatira yakhazikitsa kuti kusakhalapo kwa anthu m'ndende kwanthaŵi yaitali kuli ndi ufulu wa kugwirizanitsa mayezo kumene boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti liri ngozi ya ndege kapena ngozi ku mudzi.

Makhoti anenanso kuti anthu omangidwa popanda kugwidwa ali ndi ufulu wolandira chithandizo chokwanira, kutetezedwa ku chiwawa, ndi kupezeka ku zipatala. Kusoŵa chithandizo cha mankhwala oopsa m’ndende za anthu oloŵa m’dzikolo kungayambitse chikalata chosonyeza kuti afunika chithandizo cha boma.

Kukhala Nzika Mwachisawawa: Unzika wa Claus

Mwinamwake palibe mbali ya Kusintha kwa khumi ndi zinayi kwakhala kukutsutsidwa kwa ndale zadziko m'zaka zaposachedwapa kuposa Cinturityship Claus. Chigamulocho chikunena kuti "anthu onse obadwa kapena opangidwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ali nzika za United States". Lamulo limeneli la kukhala mbadwa, lodziŵika monga solili [1] (kumanja kwa nthaka), lakhala mbali ya lamulo la ku America chiyambire kupangidwa kwa Gemendement ya 14.

Chingalawa cha Wong Kim ku United States

Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira Thungwe la Chigawo Classic mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898). Mlanduwu unakhudza mwamuna amene anabadwa ku San Francisco kwa makolo a ku China omwe anali ololedwa ndi lamulo koma anali osayenerera kubadwa mu U.S. Khotilo linaona kuti Wong Kim Ark inali U.S. chifukwa chakuti anabadwa ku United States ndi kulamulidwa ndi dziko lake. Chigamulo chinakhazikitsa kuti anabadwira ku U. Dziko lapansi limagamula kuti akhale nzika yachibadwidwe, ndi ana achilendo, adani okha, ndi ziwalo za mafuko a dziko la Enikweni la America (odedwa pambuyo pake).

Mavuto a M’tsogolo a Kukhala Nzika

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ziŵerengero zina za ndale zadziko zapereka kuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa ufulu waufulu kwa ana a anthu osamutsidwa. Malingaliro ameneŵa anayang'anizana ndi kukanidwa kwa mbulunga yonse ndi akatswiri a malamulo, amene amatsutsa kuti malemba omveka a Chigamulo cha Clausse ndi zaka zana la chitsanzo atsimikizira kukhala nzika kwa aliyense wobadwa ku U.S., mosasamala kanthu za malo a makolo awo a kusamukira. Khoti Lapamwamba silinafotokozepo mwachindunji kaya ana a alendo osalembedwa, koma malingaliro a [[FLT: 0] Kim [[FL: 1] akulingalira mwamphamvu kuti iwo ali]. Zoyesayesa kusintha kumasulira kumeneku zingafunikire kulembedwa ndi lamulo kapena kukonzedwanso kwa maziko kwa chiphunzitso chachikulu cha Khoti Lapamwamba.

Mlandu Waukulu wa Bwalo Lamilandu Unatsutsa Lamulo la Kusintha la 14

Zigamulo zingapo za m’khoti Lalikulu zafotokoza mmene Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha zinthu lagwiritsirira ntchito pankhani ya kusamuka:

  • Fong Yue Ting v. United States[FLT:] (1893): Khoti linachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma wa kuchotsa anthu osagonana, kuwona kusamutsidwa monga nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni yopanda zitetezero za apandu. Nkhaniyi inakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha "mphamvu zachikale", chimene chimapereka Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi ulamuliro wa aulamuliro pa kusamuka. Chiphunzitsocho chachotsedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali koma chimaikabe malire ena oyenerera.
  • Wing Wing v. United States[FLT: 1] (196): Khotilo linanena kuti osayang’anizana ndi chilango cha upandu wa kulanda alendo ali ndi ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli ndi zitetezero zina zaupandu za lamulo. Mlanduwuwu unasiyanitsa kwambiri pakati pa kuthamangitsidwa kwa boma ndi chilango cha upandu.
  • Kwock Jan Fat v. White (1920) ndi Ngulu Ho v. White (122]): Milandu imeneyi inasonyeza kuti nzika zosakhala za U.S. zili ndi ufulu wa kuweruzidwa asanathamangitsedwe, monga kuchotsedwa kwa nzika yeniyeniyo kumachititsa chiwongola dzanja.
  • triridges v. Wixon[[FL:1] (1945): Khotilo linasintha lamulo lothamangitsira kumbuyo kwa wofuna ntchito, likumati boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuthamangitsidwa kwawo mwa umboni womveka bwino, wosatsutsika, ndi wokhutiritsa — muyezo umene umasonyeza kudera nkhaŵa kwa ntchito.
  • INS v . St. Cyr [2001] (2001]) (Bwalo lamilandu: Khoti linavomereza kuti Suspension Claus (Katswiri I, Gawo 9) pamodzi ndi malamulo oyenera amaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kuchotsa kupenda konse kwa chiweruzo cha kuchotsako malamulo a anthu ena osagwirizana ndi madera ena.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza mutu wosasintha: Bwalo Lapamwamba lavomereza mphamvu yaikulu ya boma pa kusamukira m’dziko, koma laumiriranso kuti anthu osaloŵa m’dziko la United States asunge ufulu walamulo, makamaka kuyenera kwa kulinganiza njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo cholingana.

Zochita za Panthaŵiyo ndi Mafunso Osamalizidwa

Nkhani zingapo zimene zachitika tsopano zikugogomezera kufunika kwa kukonzanso kochitidwa:

Boma ndi Kukakamizidwa kwa Kusamukira Kumaloko

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko ena ndi madera akhazikitsa malamulo olinganizidwa kuthandiza kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti ena atengera "malamulo a kusamukira , omwe amachepetsa kugwirizana. Makhoti agwiritsira ntchito bungwe la Unimetic Protection Claus ku [[FLT: 0] malamulo a boma amene amasankha pa maziko a dzikolo kapena fuko. Mwachitsanzo, SB 1070 (2070) adachotsedwa chifukwa chakuti ilo linalenga dongosolo limene apolisi akwanuko angagwiritsire ntchito m'njira zimene zimakwezaponso nkhaŵa zofanana za chitetezo. Khoti Lapamwamba mu . Azoka . [United States .FLT.] [FLT:]]

Kutsatira Kachitidwe ndi Kuchotsedwa Kolinganizidwa

Boma lagwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto osoŵa pogwira anthu ogwidwa pafupi ndi malire. Njira zimenezi zimapereka chitetezo chaching'ono ndi kuchepetsa njira zoyendera chiweruzo. Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe atsutsa kuchotsa zinthu pamaziko oyenerera, akumati imalepheretsa anthu kumva bwino asanachotsedwe. Maulamuliro a Biden anawonjezera mphamvu zochotsera zinthu mu 2023, ndipo akupitiriza kufotokoza ngati njira zimenezi zikukwaniritsa zofunika ngati zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza anthu amene angafunike kuopa chizunzo kapena kuopa kuti apereke thandizo loyenerera.

Luso la Zaluso, Kuyenda kwa Maselo Otentha, ndi Kukonza Zinthu Moyenera

Umisiri watsopano, kuphatikizapo kudziŵa nkhope, kugawana mathekishoni, ndi kuneneratu za ndandanda, zikugwiritsidwa ntchito posungitsa anthu osamukira kudziko. Zida zimenezi zikukweza njira yoyenerera ndi mafunso ofanana otetezera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati lagalamu ya algorith saizi yosadalira pa kusungidwa kwa malembo osakwanira kapena olakwika, kodi munthu ali ndi ufulu wotsutsa kulondola kwa malamulo? Makhoti akungoyamba kulimbana ndi mafunso ameneŵa, koma kutsimikizira kwa Geneth Amendment's Reformation kwa kutsimikizira kwa kuyenera ndi kulingana kudzakhala maziko aakulu a lamulo.

Kusuntha Kukumbukiridwa m’Nthaŵi ya Kulimbana ndi Chipani cha Covid - 19

Mliriwu unagogomezera njira yoyenerera kutsekera anthu ku ndende zoloŵera m'dziko. Anthu osakhudzidwa anayang'anizana ndi ngozi zowonjezereka za kuyambukiridwa ndi matenda, kulephera kupezeka kuchipatala, ndi ziletso za kuyenderana ndi lamulo. Milandu yambiri inatsutsa kuti kupitiriza kumangidwa mkati mwa mliriwo kunaswa ufulu woyenerera, makamaka kwa anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe yaumoyo. Makhoti anapereka zigamulo zosagwirizana, ndi kulamula kuti ogwidwa mosavuta ndi ena aperekedwe ku kulungamitsidwa kwa boma. Milandulo imeneyi imasonyeza kufunika kwa kayendetsedwe ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka

Mpumulo wa 14 ndi Mtsogolo mwa Lamulo Losasintha

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment chidakalibe chokhalitsa m'lamulo la kusamukira. Chinenero chake chachikulu —"ny, "chitetezero cholingana," "kuyambira kwa lamulo" — kumapatsa makhoti kulolera kuvomereza ku mikhalidwe yatsopano pamene akutetezera mapindu alamulo lalamulo. Pamene United States ikupitirizabe kutsutsana za lamulo la kusamukira m’dziko, ndithudi kukonzanso kudzakhala chitetezero cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi maziko a kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kachitidwe ka boma.

Zinthu zambiri zingadzasinthe m’tsogolo zinthu za ku boma zokwana 14 zokhala ndi malamulo oletsa anthu kusamuka:

  • Upandu wa kuswa lamulo la kusamuka [[FLT: 1] : Pamene milandu yowonjezereka ya kusamuka ikuzengedwa mlandu, makhoti adzafunikira kulongosola bwino zitetezero za kumbuyo zimene zimagwira ntchito pa kutseguka kwa lamulo la upandu ndi loloŵa m’dziko.
  • [[FLT :0] Luntha lopanga ndi kupanga zosankha zongopanga [1] : Pamene makampani otumiza alendo agwiritsira ntchito maajensi kupanga zosankha za kutsekera, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kuchotsa, Claus Claus angafune kuonekera bwino, kulondola, ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo kutsutsa zotuluka za ndandanda.
  • Kusamuka kwapadera [1]: Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachotsa malo mamiliyoni a anthu, kukaikira za ufulu waufulu, chitetezo chofanana, ndi njira yoyenerera kwa osamuka ku nyengo idzakulirakulira.
  • Kudzisungira ndi kusungitsa anthu kusamuka [1]: Kulimbana pakati pa boma ndi boma pa kusamuka kudzapitirizabe kuyambitsa kutsutsidwa, ndi Exct Protection Claus ikumatumikira monga kuyang'anira pa malamulo a boma amene amasankhana ndi anthu osadziŵika.

Kwa oweruza alamulo, kumvetsetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Amereka 14 m'nkhani za kusamuka sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro. Kuli kofunika. Kaya kuimira wogula m'nkhani za kuchotsa, kutsutsa chigamulo cha m'ndende, kapena kuchirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo, chisinthiko chimapereka zigomeko zalamulo zotetezera ulemu wa munthu ndi chilungamo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za kumasulira kwa lamulo kwa Demetriyo ya 144, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute za kukonzanso . Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu [[FLT:] Plyler v. Doe (1982] akhalabe chimodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zothandizira Kuteteza Claus kuti asamuke, ndipo lingaliro lonse limapezeka kudzera mwa [[FLT:] Project [FL:] ]]. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale pa , [FLT.FLT], [FLT] [6]] [FL]]

Kumaliza

Demetrie la 14 si lamulo la kusamuka, koma lakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya lamulo la ku America lokhudza kusamukira ku dziko. Chitsimikiziro chake cha chitetezo chofanana chimatsimikizira kuti malamulo otetezera anthu osamukira ku dziko sagwiritsidwa ntchito monga galimoto yopezera tsankho la fuko kapena fuko. Chitetezero chake choyenerera chimatsimikizira kuti anthu oyang’anizana ndi mphamvu yowopsa ya makina othamangitsidwawo amachitiridwa mopanda chilungamo.

Pamene lamulo la kusamuka kwa anthu likupitirizabe kusintha, Apper ya 14 idzakhalabe lamulo lofunika kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa malamulo amene amalamulira kusamuka ku United States, chisamaliro ku Demendment ya 144 si chinthu chodzisankhira — nchofunika. Malemba a a m'mbiri, mbiri, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo kumapereka malamulo amene adzapitirizabe kulinganiza zoyenera za anthu onse m’dziko la United States, nzika ndi anthu osagwirizana ndi dziko la United States.