Maziko a Lamulo

United States Constitution, inavomerezedwa mu 1788 pambuyo pa nkhondo yaikulu ya ufulu, idakali lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Olemba malamulo ake, okayikira kwambiri ulamuliro wapakati, adapanga dongosolo limene likapatsa boma ladziko mphamvu ndi kukakamiza kuti lifike. Cholinga chimenechi nchiŵiricho kukhazikitsa boma logwira ntchito pamene likuteteza ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Pa maziko ake, Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma oikika, pangano limene limatchula mphamvu za boma ndi kusungitsa anthu ena onse. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene makonzedwe a malamulo a malamulowo akutetezera boma ndi kuletsa kulingana kwa boma ndi kuchirikiza lamulo loyendera ufulu wa anthu onse.

Kuzindikira zitetezero zimenezi nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse. Lamulo siliri dongosolo la moyo limene makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi ochirikiza malamulo amamasulira mosalekeza. Kuchokera ku kulekanitsa maulamuliro kufikira ku Bill of Rights ndi Civil War Amendments, chidutswa chilichonse chimawonjezera kuchinjiriza mokulira ku nkhanza ndi tsankho. Mwa kupenda njira zimenezi, timawona mmene Lamulolo likhalira chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri chotetezera ufulu ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo kwa onse.

Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro: Kuchotsa Ulamuliro Woletsa Kulimbana ndi Anthu

Opanga mafomu, akugwiritsira ntchito nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ya Montesquieu ndi chidziŵitso chawo cha atsamunda, anamvetsetsa kuti mphamvu yamphamvu imatsogolera ku kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa. Mfundo I, II, ndi II ya Lamulo imapanga nthambi zitatu zosiyana za boma, iriyonse yokhala ndi ntchito yake yaikulu. Kulekanitsa kumeneku sikuli kokha kulamulira koma kuli chopinga chadala chotsutsana ndi gulu lirilonse lokhala ndi ulamuliro wopambanitsa.

Nthambi Yopereka Malamulo (Katswiri Wojambula)

Congress, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, imapatsidwa mphamvu yopanga malamulo. Chisankho chachindunji cha Nyumbayo chochitidwa ndi anthu chimatsimikizira kuŵerengeredwa kwa anthu kukhala ndi mlandu, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba Yamilandu (yosankhidwa ndi makhonsati a boma) imaimira zikondwerero za boma. Mphamvu zalamulo zimaikidwanso ndi Mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu [zamphamvu] [[FLT: 1] zoikidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, chimene chimaika malire ku maulamuliro apadera monga kuponya ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukweza gulu lankhondo. Desiti la Desiti la Desiti la United States likutsimikizira lamulo limeneli: Maulamuliro osaperekedwa kwa United States kapena anthu asungidwa ku maulamuliro kapena anthu.

Otsogolera Nthambi (Article II)

Pulezidenti akupatsidwa mlandu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Konsichushoni imaika ulamuliro waudindo kwa munthu mmodzi, kuyambitsa kuyang'anira komanso kuyang'anira. Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya kuyendetsa malamulo ndi yolondola, koma ndi yolinganizidwira ndi mphamvu ya Congress ya kuchotsa chivomezi ndi magawo aŵiri a mphamvu zazikulu. Woyang'anira amalamuliranso asilikali monga Mkulu wa asilikali-in-Chief, koma ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yokhayokha imene ingalengeze nkhondo .

Nthambi Yoweruza Yachitatu

Makhoti a boma, otsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba, amamasulira lamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Mphamvu ya yopenda inakhazikitsidwa osati m'malemba oyambirira koma m'nkhani yotchuka Marbury v. Madison [18] [03]). Ulamuliro umenewu umalola makhoti kuswa malamulo kapena zochita zapamwamba zimene zimaswa malamulo. Ngakhale kuti oweruza amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo (ndizoyenera), iwo amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndipo amatsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuyambitsa mlandu wa ndale zadziko. Ufulu wa judia ndi wofunika kwambiri kutetezera anthu ochepa ku nkhanza.

Mwa kugaŵa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana, Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mbulunga yakeyake, ndipo iliyonse imadalira pa inayo kugwira ntchito . (kutsutsana kwadala kumene kumachedwetsa ntchito ya boma ndi mphamvu kulolera molakwa.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumachirikizidwa ndi mpambo wa mathayo otsatizana. Nthambi iriyonse iri ndi zida zokanizira kuloŵetsedwamo ndi ena, zikumapanga mkhalidwe wamphamvu umene wathetsa mavuto kuchokera ku Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni kufika ku nsautso ya Watergate.

Kufufuza Kwalamulo pa Mphamvu ya Olamulira ndi Yachiweruzo

Congress imachita mphamvu ya kachikwama kachikwama . Siingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawu. Ingathe kufufuza zochita za maulamuliro mwa kumva ndi kutumiza mapope. Nyumba ikhazikitsa kuikana kwa pulezidenti (oweruza audindo, akazembe, akazembe, ndi olemba malamulo. Chochititsa chachikulu, Congress angachotse Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, ndi oweruza a boma kaamba ka "Thonda, Chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi Misdears" kachitidwe kameneka, kamagwiritsidwa ntchito modukiza, kamodzi, kamakhalabe chiletso champhamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kugamula kwa Pulezidenti wa Andrew Johnson (1868) ndi kuchotsa kwa Pulezidenti wa Nix Richard (1974)

Akuluakulu Afufuza Mphamvu ya Malamulo ndi Zachiweruzo

Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama zothandizira kukonzanso malamulo. Ngati masuti aŵiri chitatu a nyumba zonse ziŵiri agwirizana, chiwopsezocho chikhoza kukhala chosamveka, koma chiwopsezocho kaŵirikaŵiri chimasintha malamulo. Pulezidentiyo alinso ndi mphamvu yardon ya milandu ya boma, imene imatsimikizira za kulemera kwa komiti, monga momwe imawonedwa kwa Pulezidenti Gerald Ford' Ford's Forrepy of Richard Nixon.

Kufufuza za Ulamuliro wa Oweruza ndi Waudindo

Kupyolerapo . Makhoti amagamula kuti kaya malamulo kapena malamulo a akulu agwirizane ndi Malamulo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Achichepere Commentpart & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer (1952] anatseka Pulezidenti Truman kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale zochita za prezidenti pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo zimafuna ulamuliro wa malamulo kapena pulogalamu. Posachedwapa, [[FLT: 4.]] Kusintha kwa Home ezachitete za eza Californialand Security. Regets of University of California [FLT]20])

Macheke ogwirizana ameneŵa amapanga njira imene magetsi amayendera nthaŵi zonse. Palibe nthambi imene ingachite zinthu popanda kusokonezeka kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo kuyesa kusonkhanitsa mphamvu kungatsutsidwe ndi nthambi ina. Imeneyi ndiyo njira yaikulu yotetezera boma kwa ochenjerera.

Mlandu wa Ufulu: Malire Ovuta pa Mphamvu ya Boma

Konsiti yoyambirira inalibe lamulo la ufulu, kupereŵera kumene kunatsala pang'ono kuswedwa. Kuti chivomereze, Nyumba Yachigawo yoyamba inafuna kuti pakhale zisinthiko khumi ndi ziŵiri, zimene zinavomerezedwa mu 1791 monga Bill of Rights . Zikalata zimenezi zinaletsa boma kuswa ufulu wachindunji, kuika chipani cha malamulo ndi kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ka boma.

Kusintha Koyamba: Chinsinsi cha Moyo Wademokrase

Nyumba ya malamulo sidzapanga lamulo lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa manyuzipepala; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kupempha boma kuti lithetse milandu. Kusintha kumeneku kumateteza ntchito za demokrase: kukhoza kutsutsa boma, kuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi chikhulupiriro cha munthu, ndi kulinganiza kusintha. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Kukonza Koyamba kumagwira ntchito kudzera mu 14ne8 Demendment (inporation). Nkhani za m'dziko monga [[FLT: 0]. Co Sullivanvan . [1] (1964]) yoteteza akuluakulu a boma, ndi kutsutsa akuluakulu a boma. [5]

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kukhala Wekha ndi Kukonza Zinthu Zoyenera

Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka mu anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro zotsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa khunyu sizidzaswedwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amafuna kusungidwa kwa lamulo kupeza zilolezo zozikidwa pa chochititsa chopanda kugamulidwa. Lamulo [[FLT]] [FLT]] [2] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [2] [3], lokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] [4]] [4]. Week v. United States [1914] [1914] ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kulongosola [[FLT:]. v [FLT] [FLT] [ziL:], (196]), ziganiŵero zopezedwa m'zama zamakono, (1961) m'malongo wa zopimira za kuyesedwa ku chikalata chakumbuyo kwa .

Malamulo Owonjezera Achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu: Ubwino m’Maulendo a Upandu

Demendment yachisanu imatetezera ku kudzitsutsa (kuyenera kukhala chete), ngozi yoŵirikiza, ndi kumanidwa kwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Sixth Amendment imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwapoyera, juli yopanda tsankho, chithandizo cha uphungu, ndi kuyenera kwa kukambirana ndi mboni. Zoyenera zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti boma silingapereke chilango mwadala anthu. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kunakulitsidwa mwambiri mu Gideon v. Wainright , kufunikira kupereka malo a oweruza milandu amene sangathe kuwapereka iwo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Bears yopambanitsa siidzafunikira, kapena kulipiritsidwa kopambanitsa, kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo choperekedwa. Kusintha kumeneku kwasonyezedwa kuchepetsa chilango cha imfa (m’chitsanzo, Furman v. Georgia mu 1972 chilango cha imfa cholekezedwa kwa kanthaŵi) ndi kutsutsa mikhalidwe ya ndende. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe pa ukulu wa "cruel ndi wachilendo," chitsenderezocho chimakhazikitsa lamulo la makhalidwe abwino lakuti chilango cha boma sichingakhale chankhanza.

Buku la Boma lonena za ufulu wachibadwidwe limapereka malamulo otsutsa boma, ndipo limauza boma zimene sangathe kuchita.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Konsichushoni inakonzedwanso ndi Reconstructs, makamaka Gemendment ya 145 (1868). Chigawo 1 chimalengeza kuti: “Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma mmene amakhala. Palibe Boma limene lidzapanga kapena kukakamiza lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena kuchinjiriza nzika za United States; ndipo Boma lirilonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo; kapena kukana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja ake otetezeredwa ndi malamulo ofanana.

Kuteteza Claus Molingana

Kuteteza Claus ndi injini ya malamulo yolimbana ndi tsankho. Kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswa malamulo amene amasamalira anthu mosiyanasiyana pa fuko, mwamuna, ndi magawo ena okayikira. Chiphunzitso cha kusanthula kwa chigawo chimagwira ntchito pamene lamulo liyang'ana "kagulu ka anthu asokhano" (mbadwo, mtundu) kapena kulephera kuwonana kwa anthu pa kumanja kwapadera [1] Boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti n’chifunitso chomveka ndi kuti lamulolo nlo lokhalo kuti lizipeze.

Milandu yachimaline imaphatikizapo Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :1] (54]), imene inalengeza malamulo a boma okhazikitsa masukulu ogaŵanitsa a anthu akuda ndi oyera kwa ophunzira osagwirizana. Khoti linanena kuti "masukulu a maphunziro ndi osalingana. Chigamulo chimenechi chinathetsa chiphunzitso cha "kusankha koma chofanana" kuchokera ku [[FLT:] Preveny v. Ferguson[F:3] [1866] ndi kuyambitsa ziyeso za ufulu wa anthu. Nkhani zonga [[FLT:] [4] . v (197]) kuletsa maukwati, ndi [FLT]

Makonzedwe a Claus

Mchitidwe wa Claus Classias uli ndi mipambo iŵiri: Kusintha ndi kuchotsa. Njira zoyenerera zimafuna njira zolungama pamene boma limalanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu . "makutu, kumva, ndi kukonza kosakondera. Kuyenera kwa kutetezera ufulu wa mkazi wosatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo, monga kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi. [Kuyenera kwa chinsinsi] [Kugwirizana]. [Kugwirizana kwa Akazi:]. [[FLT] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [2] [77]] [7]], Khoti linapeza kuti lamulo lalamulo lakusunga kubisa kuchotsa mimba. [FLT:] Kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, ngakhale kuti lamulo lakuya lakuchotsa mimba likupitirizabe.

Kupanda kutero, maboma angakhale omasuka kutsendereza kulankhula, kukhazikitsa zipembedzo, kapena kukana kuzenga milandu ya ajuli. Mwa chiphunzitso cha kuphatikizana, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a Bill of Rights ku boma ndi maboma, kutsimikizira kuti palibe boma limene lingapondereze ufulu wofunika.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kuyamikirabe

Ngakhale kuti pali chitetezo cholimba chimenechi, chitetezo cha Malamulo sichimafuna kudziphera okha. Zimafuna kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse, kupenda chiweruzo kwamphamvu, ndi kulonjezana kwa anthu. Zipangizo zatsopano, uchigaŵenga wa padziko lonse, ndi chitetezo cha dziko lonse zimayesa malire a malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, USA PATRIOTTT Act (2001) mphamvu zoyang'anira, zimene zimachititsa kuti adziperekere pamlingo pakati pa chitetezo ndi chinsinsi mu [FL:0] Clapper v. Amnes International USA .[FT:1] (2013).

Mphamvu ya pulezidenti yafutukukanso kwambiri m'nyengo yamakono. Boma lauyang'anira, ndi mabungwe ake ambirimbiri, limadzutsa mafunso onena za oimira audindo alamulo . Ndi chitokoso ku Kagamu wa I wa mphamvu za lamulo m'Mabungwe. Khoti Lapamwamba la losalabaditsa chiphunzitso [ mwachisawawa, koma nkhani zaposachedwapa monga [[FLT:] Goundsy v. United States [FFLT:3] (20.9) limapereka chikondwerero chatsopano m'kugawa kugawa makampani amene amapereka nzeru kwambiri.

Malo a makompyuta a za makompyuta, ngakhale kuti si a boma, angaletse kulankhula m’njira zimene zimakhudza makhalidwe Oyamba Opukutira . Khotili likufunikirabe kulongosola bwino lomwe za kudutsa kwa pulatifomu ya munthu ndi zochita za boma, koma milandu yonga Packingham v. North Carolina [1] (2017]) ikuvomereza kuti mawailesi akanema ali olankhulira amakono.

Nkhondo ya kulingana imapitirizabe. Khoti la Expandel Protection Claus lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa malamulo a ovota, gerrymaning, ndi kuvomereza. Mu Shelby County v. Haker . Harler . (2013) (2013), Khoti la Filimite Development) linagonjetsa makonzedwe ofunika kwambiri a Voting Rights Act ya 1965, likutsutsa kuti njira yodziŵira kuti maboma amene akufuna kusankhidwa ndi boma linatha. Chigamulochi chinatsogolera kuwonjezereka kwa ziletso zatsopano zovota m'maboma ambiri, kudzutsa mafunso atsopano onena za tsankho losankhana. Congression iri ndi ulamuliro kukonza njira yokonza njira yopangira malamulo, koma yoletsa kachitidwe kachitidwe kayendetseke.

Kumvetsetsa zitetezero za Konsichushoni sikuli kokha maphunziro; ndi ntchito ya boma. Chikalatacho chimachokera ku kukhoza kwake kusinthira ku kusintha ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo. Malemba oyambirira sangakhale akutsimikizira bwino lomwe kulingana kwa akazi kapena kwa mafuko aang'ono, koma malamulo ake a ufulu ndi boma lokhala ndi polekezera afutukulidwa mwa kulimbana ndi kumasulira.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] [FLT :1] Ndiko malembo a National Archives a Constitution[[FLT :2] [1] [FLT ], . Covernell Information Institute [ [FLT]] [7], ndi milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba yonga v. [[FLT:] [3] [3]] [7] [zithunzi] [zithunzi], [zithunzi zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana ndi malamulo.]

Kumaliza

Malamulo apamwamba ali m'kuphatikizana kwake kwa kulephera kwa maufumu ndi ufulu woonekera. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndi mayeso ndi zipilala kumaletsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala ndi ulamuliro wosaletsedwa. Buku la ufulu wachindunji limene boma lingaswe, pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo a 144 akuwonjezera chitetezo cha kukhazikitsa ndi kufuna kuchitiridwa molingana kwa anthu onse. Onsewa achititsa kuti anthu a ku America asakhale opondereza ndipo awonjezere cholinga chawo cha kufanana kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Komabe Malamulo saali chikalata changwiro. Poyamba ukapolo unayang'anizana ndi . Sandford v . [FLT:] "1] , mwa kukonza, kumasulira, kuweruza, ndi mabungwe a anthu, wasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwinopo. Ulendo wa [[FLT:] Dered Scott v. Sandford [[FLD:] [1] [1857] [, umene umakana kukhala nzika za Africa, ku [FLT] Aamerekani, ku v. Hodges [20], umene umatsimikizira kuti ukwati uli wolingana ndi kukula. Pamene dziko likupitiriza kuvuta ndi kuvutitsana ndi ufulu watsopano, kuyendetsa ufulu wa zachuma, kuyendetsa ufulu wa boma.