Chiyambi: Lamulo la Malamulo Limatsimikizira Kuti Anthu Ali Olingana

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, ndi yoposa kulinganiza boma kwamphamvu , ndi chikalata chimene kumasulira ndi kusintha kwake kwakhala kowonjezera malire a ubale ndi ukazi. Mwa kulolera kumene kunapangitsa ukapolo ku kukonzanso kuchotsako gululo ndi kupatsa , Konsichushoni yakhala ponse paŵiri chopinga ndi galimoto kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu. Kuzindikira chisinthiko nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kuzindikira mmene lamulo la malamulo amapangira nkhondo yosalekeza nkhondo ya chilungamo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda nkhani ya mbiri yakale, kukhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba, malamulo apamwamba a khoti, ndi mikangano yapanthaŵi ino imene imalongosola udindo wa kulinganiza kwa mafuko ndi kufanana kwa anthu.

Mbiri Yake: Oyambitsa Mafuko ndi Anyani Osiyana

Asilikali a ku Southern anakhazikitsa chikalatachi m’nthaŵi imene ukapolo unali wokhazikika mwalamulo ndi mwachuma. Mayiko a kum’mwera anaumirira kuti ateteze bungwelo, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale makonzedwe angapo amene anasokoneza mwachindunji lingaliro la kulingana kwa anthu onse.

Ana Atatu Ololera Kulakwa ndi Akapolo

Mfundo I, Gawo 2, Claus 3 .N. . . . . . . Gawo 9 adaletsa kulowa m'dziko la ukapolo . Anayesedwa anthu atatu paukapolo chifukwa cha kuimira ndi kukhoma msonkho. Malamulo ameneŵa anapatsa maboma a ku Southernernern State mphamvu zandale zosasiyana pamene ankakana kumanga anthu ukapolo. Kuwonjezera apo, Gawo I, Gawo 9 linaletsa kuletsa kulowa m'dziko la ukapolo mpaka 188. Amenewa analolera kulowa m'malamulo kuyambira mu 188.

Udindo wa Akazi m’Malamulo Oyambirira

Malamulo oyambirirawo analibe chitetezo chenicheni cha ufulu wa akazi. Chiphunzitso cha lamulo chofala cha kubisa, chochokera ku England, chinatsata akazi okwatiwa mwalamulo pansi pa amuna awo. Akazi sakanasankha, kukhala ndi udindo, kapena kutumikira pa makhoti a milandu. Kungokhala chete kwa Malamulo kwa amuna ndi akazi kunasiya kuswa lamulo la boma, kumene anakhala osasungidwa kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi.

Kupatulidwa kwa Eni America

Mfundo I, Chigawo 2 inaŵerengera “Aindiya osakhomedwa msonkho” kukhala osiyana ndi anthu onse, kuchotsa iwo kuimira. Lamulo linatenga mafuko a Eni America monga mitundu yachilendo kaamba ka zifuno za pangano, osati monga mbali ya thupi. Kupatula kumeneku kunayambitsa chiyambi cha kulandidwa ndi kuikidwa m’malo mwa lamulo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kukonzanso Malamulo: Kukhazikitsa Mwayi Watsopano wa Ufulu

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi zotsatira zake zinabweretsa masinthidwe aakulu kwambiri okhudza ubale wa mafuko. Malamulo 13 ndi 14 ndi 145 odziŵika bwino monga Reconstructon Amendments . Anakonza kuti achotse ukapolo, akhazikitse ufulu wa anthu akuda, ndi kuteteza ufulu wosankha anthu akuda. Kusintha kumeneku kunasokoneza kwambiri ubale pakati pa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha.

Lamulo la 13 (1865)

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Kusintha kwa 13 kunachititsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo wosafuna, kusiyapo chilango cha upandu. “Chigamulo cha [1] chakhala chotsutsana, pakuti chinalola maboma kugwiritsira ntchito kutsekereza kumasuka ndipo, pambuyo pake, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri kupititsa patsogolo kulamulira fuko. Mosasamala kanthu za chikhoterero chimenechi, kukonza chiletso choyamba cha lamulo loletsa dzikolo. Kufufuza mwakuya pa kutha kwa malemba ndi mbiri, kuyang'ana ku National Archives [1]

Mpumulo wa 14 (1868)

Demetrisement ya 14th Commission ndilo lamulo lofunika kwambiri lokhudza kulingana. Chikalata chake cha Cisaizimenti Claus chinapatsa anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, kugwetsa chigamulo cha Dred Scott. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la The Cumetic Protection Clausle chimaletsa kukana aliyense amene ali m’manja mwawo “chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo." Chikalata chimenechi chakhala maziko a ufulu wonse wa anthu, kuyambira kusukulu mpaka kulingana kwa ukwati. The Intecle Procestion Claus, inde, yagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ufulu wofunika wolimbana ndi maboma, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi ufulu wa thupi.

Zolephera ndi Kumasulira Koyambirira

Ngakhale kuti panali chinenero chachikulu, Chisinthiko cha 145 chinafotokozedwa mochepera ndi Khoti Lapamwamba kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Cases-Nyumba (1873], Bwalo lamilandu linachepetsa kwambiri kutha kwa kukonzanso, ndipo mu Plaby v v. Ferguson [1896], linachirikiza tsankho la fuko pansi pa “chiphunzitso chofanana . Likatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi kuti Chitetezero cha Claus chizindikire lonjezo lake lonse.

Mpukutu wa 15 (1870)

Demendment ya 15 inaletsa maboma a boma ndi boma kukana munthu ufulu wosankha chifukwa cha “fuko, mtundu, kapena ukapolo wakale.” Ngakhale kuti kukonza zinthu zina kunachititsa kuti dziko lonse likhale ndi chikalata chokhudzana ndi malamulo, sikunapereke chilolezo choti mayiko onse apereke msonkho wofunsira, mayeso ofufuza kuwerenga, ndi njira zina zothandizira anthu odziwa kulemba ndi kulemba. Akazi, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, sanasunthe. Kukonzako kunachotsedwa kwenikweni ndi kutha kwa Alconton kudzera m'chiwawa ndi chicanery, zomwe zinatsogolera ku zaka zana limodzi la kuletsa anthu akuda a ku South America.

Kusintha kwa Chigawo 19 ndi Kumenyera Ufulu wa Mabanja

Nkhondo ya akazi inayamba kale kwambiri Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni isanayambe koma inakula bwino kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Mpambo wa Demetrieth Amendment, wovomerezedwa mu 1920, pomalizira pake unaletsa ziletso za kuvota zozikidwa pa kugonana. Chigamulo cha kukonza mawu a Chingelezi . Chigamulocho ndi cha zaka makumi ambiri cha kuchita mpikisano, kumangidwa, ndi kuperekedwa nsembe zimene zinatheketsa. Atsogoleri onga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ndi Alice Paul analinganiza ndawala, masiteshoni, ndi njala kusonkhezera mabungwe ndi makhomageti a boma.

Chiyambukiro ndi Malire a Kusintha kwa Nambala 19

Mpando wa 19 wa Amereka unavutitsa mamiliyoni a akazi, koma sunathetse tsankho la akazi m’malamulo kapena m’chitaganya. Akazi anali kuyang'anizanabe ndi ziletso pa ufulu wa katundu, ntchito, ndi ufulu wodzilamulira wobereka. Ndiponso, akazi ambiri a mtundu wa Aamereka . Mosiyana ndi Aajeni, ndi Aafirika adapitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi ziletso zosankha chifukwa cha malamulo ena ophera uhule. Kusintha kwa kulakwa kunali sitepe lofunika kwambiri, koma kunali chiyambi cha ulendo wautali wofikira kulingana kwa kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi.

M’chikalata chovomerezeka cha M’nkhani ya Ufulu Woyenerera: Nkhani Yosatha

Kuperekedwa koyamba mu 1923, Aumedial Rights Amereka (ERA) ikanatsimikizira poyera kuyenera kwalamulo kwa Aamereka onse mosasamala kanthu za kugonana. Kukonza kunachitidwa m'chaka cha 1972 koma kunalephera maboma atatu pa nthaŵi yamapeto ya 1982. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Nevada, Illinois, ndi Virginia avomereza ERA, kudzutsa mafunso onena kuti nthaŵi yoikidwiratu ikhoza kuyambitsidwanso. Kutsutsana kopitirizabe kumagogomezera magaŵano aakulu a malemba alamulo otetezera kulingana kwa mbeta. Ochirikiza ERA amatsutsa kuti maziko omveka bwino a kugonana ndi kugawana, pamene otsutsawo amati deti deti la 1471 la malamulo akupereka chitetezero chokwanira mwa kumasulira konga [FLD: 0]. v [FFF: [FF] ndi "2]

Mafotokozedwe a Khoti Lalikulu: Kufutukula Tanthauzo la Kulingana

Khoti Lalikulu lachita mbali yaikulu pomasulira maumboni a kufanana kwa malamulo a m’Bungwe la Malamulo.

Kuletsa Fuko

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): [[FLT ] Chigamulo chogwirizana chimenechi chinalengeza tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse osagwirizana, kubwezeretsa [[FLT:] Platry v. Ferguson[FL:5]. Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti “Malo a maphunziro ngosalingana, [1] Kuchirikiza lonjezo la Claus Wotetezera Wofanana.
  • Kutuluka v. Virginia [1] (1967): Khoti linagonjetsa ziletso za boma pa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito ziletso zozikidwa pa fuko kuswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Proces Claus. Chigamulochi chinathetsa choloŵa cha malamulo oletsa kulowa m'dzikolo.
  • . Mapangano a University of California v. Bakke [1] [[FLT :2] [788] Khoti linachirikiza ntchito yovomereza m'malamulo koma linachotsa malire aufuko. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa kuti kusiyana kuli chikondwerero chokakamiza cha boma, koma kuvomereza kwa fuko kuyenera kukonzedwa pang'ono. Chosankhacho chakhala choyengedwa ndi zochitika zapambuyo pake monga [[FLT:] Gritate v. Bollinger [FL:] (2003) ndi [FL:] [2]
  • Shelby County v. Hoker [1] (2013): Khotilo linawononga makonzedwe aakulu a Court Rights Act yomwe inafuna kuti maboma ena apeze chilolezo asanayambe kusintha malamulo ovota. Chigamulocho chinachepetsa lamulo la ufulu wa anthu ndi kuchititsa kuti pakhale ziletso zatsopano zoletsa kuvota.

Kuletsa Zinthu Motsatira Mfundo Zachibadwidwe

  • . I''''''''. I''(71):''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''kuyambiyambi, Khoti Lali Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito Generance kuti lipereke lamulo limene linasiyanitsa kugonana. Mlandu wa amuna monga oyang'anira chuma, ndipo Khoti linatsutsa kuteteza Claus.
  • [FLT] Craig v. Boren [1] [[FLT :] Khoti linakhazikitsa “kufufuza kwa pakati" popenda masankho ozikidwa pa kugonana. Pansi pa kuyesa kumeneku, malamulo amene amasamalira amuna ndi akazi mosiyana ayenera kuwonjezera chidwi chachikulu cha boma. Muyezo umenewu ukugwiritsidwabe ntchito lerolino.
  • United States v. Virginia[FLT :2] (1996): Khoti linagamula kuti lamulo la Virginia Military Institute ya amuna okha kuvomereza linaswa lamulo la Kuteteza Claus. Chigamulocho chinagwiritsa ntchito “kulungamitsa kokopa , kothandiza kuchepetsa muyezo wapakati.
  • . [[FLT:] RY] ik. [77] ndi [FLT] Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Health Organization (2022]): pamene kwakukulukulu anazika pa zoyenera zachinsinsi, [[FLT]] [FLT] adakhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za kugonana mwa kutetezera kubereka. [FLT:] Magamu [FLT], omwe anatsutsa za kulingana kwa kugonana.

Nkhani Zamakono ndi Nkhani Zotsutsana Zopitirizabe

Magulu a m’nthaŵi ino ndiponso mikangano ya malamulo ikuvumbula kusiyana kosatha pakati pa malemba alamulo ndi mmene zinthu zinalilidi.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Gulu la Anthu Okhala ndi Moyo Lotchedwa Black Life

Bungweli linayambitsanso nkhanza za apolisi, kumanga anthu ambirimbiri komanso kusiyanitsa mitundu. Bungweli likufuna kusintha zinthu kuposa mmene linasinthira mfundo zowonjezera za m’Baibulo, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa njira zoteteza nyama, njira zoperekera ndalama, ndiponso malamulo operekera chilango. Mafunsowa anadzutsa zinthu zambiri zokhudza nkhanza za Sexh Amendment ndiponso chilango chachilendo cha bungwe la Genement.

Mabanja Awo Amapindula ndi Kusiyana kwa Mabanja ndi Kuchuluka kwa Anthu Ogwira Ntchito

Mosasamala kanthu za lamulo la Sucture Pay Pay ya 1963 ndi Thit VII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu mu 1964, akazi amapezabe pa avareji masenti pafupifupi 82 pa dola lililonse lopezedwa ndi amuna. Mpata wa akazi a mitundu umakhala woipa kwambiri. Malamulo amaphatikizapo mikangano pansi pa Chitetezo Cholingana ndi zoyesayesa za boma zopitirizabe monga Pacheck Fairner Act. Chigamulo cha Supreme mu [FL:0] Lead Best v. Goodyearty & Lamp; Ruber Comber . (2001) chinasonkhezera Nyumba za Malamulo kudutsa Pakezopanga Malamulo a Chipamba Chabwino cha 2009, kuonetsa kuweruza pakati pa kumasulira ndi kuyankha kwachiweruzo.

Kusiyana Kwake: Kumvetsetsa Tsankho Lovuta

Mfundo yakuti anthu onse azikhala ndi ufulu wosankhana, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Kimberlé Crenshaw, imavomereza kuti anthu amasalidwa chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kapena chifukwa chakuti ali ndi akazi amtundu umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mkazi wakuda angasalidwa osati chifukwa cha fuko kapena chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi koma kuti onse aŵiriwo ndi osiyana. Malamulo a malamulo sanachedwe kuyankha zimene anthu amanena. Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti anthu asankhe pakati pa mafuko ndi kugonana monga maziko a mlandu wawo.

Kuvomereza Ufulu M’zaka za M’ma 2000

Pambuyo pa Chigamulo cha Shelby County, maboma angapo opanga malamulo a ovota, ochotsa mipukutu ya ovota, ndi otseka malo ofunsira m’njira zimene zimayambukira mokulira anthu a mitundu yochepa. Malamulo a anthu (H.R. 1) ndi John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act adalingaliridwa kuti abweze ndi kulimbitsa chitetezo cha boma. Nkhani zimenezi zimagogomezera kufunika kwa kukhazikika kwa Demetrisement ya 15 ndi kufunika kwa kusungitsa bwino ufulu wosankha.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja Aunyamata

Ngakhale kuti si kukonza kogwirizana ndi malamulo, mutu wakuti IX of the Education Amendments ya 1972 wakhala chida champhamvu kwambiri choyendera ufanano wa amuna m’mabungwe a maphunziro oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Imaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m’maprogramu ndi ntchito, kuwonjezera mipata ya akazi m’maseŵera, m'mabwalo a STEM, ndi kutetezera ku kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana. Nkhondo za lamulo zikupitirizabe pa mbali ya mutu wakuti IX, makamaka ponena za kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira m'maseŵera ndi kulowa m’malo a za maofesi.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya Kulingana

Ulendo wa Constitution kuchokera ku chikalata chimene chimalola ukapolo ku chisawawa chozikidwa pa fuko ndi kugonana uli chipangano cha mphamvu ya kukonza ndi kumasulira. Communion Amendments, Demendment ya 19th, ndi zigamulo za khoti lapamwamba zawonjezera kuzungulira kwa awo oyenerera ufulu wolingana. Komabe ntchitoyo siitheratu. Kulephera kuchirikiza ufulu wa Actal Amerekation, kulimbikira kwa kusiyana kwa mafuko posankha, chilungamo cha upandu, ndi mwaŵi wachuma, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe pa ufulu wosinthasintha ufulu ndi ufulu wakubala imasonyeza kuti kulingana kwalamulo ndi ntchito yosamalizidwa. Ophunzitsa ndi ophunzira ayenera kupitirizabe kuchita motsutsana ndi malemba a malamulo, mbiri, ndi kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la kufanana kwa onse likhaledi lotsimikizirika.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, pendani malemba onse a Konsoli ndi zisinthiko zake pa Shrs ya mtundu , ndi kupenda milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu pa zoyenera za nzika pa ntchito .