Kumanga Malamulo a Ku India

Nyumba ya malamulo ya Indian, yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo 79 ya Malamulo, ndi bungwe la bidameral lokhala ndi malo a Lok Sabhaha (Nyumba ya Anthu) ndi Raje Sabhaha (Bungwe la Malamulo). Nyumba ziŵiri zimenezi zinakonzedwa mwadala ndi Nyumba Yachigawo kuti zilinganize kulinganiza kutchuka ndi zikondwerero za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba zonse ziŵirizo zimachita nawo ntchito zalamulo, mphamvu, ndi kulephera kwa malamulo, mmene amapangira, kutsutsana, ndi kukhazikitsa. Kumvetsetsa kuseŵera pakati pa zipinda ziŵiri zimenezi nkofunika pozindikira mmene demokrase ya ndale zadziko ya India imatembenuzira zikondwerero za boma ku lamulo la lamulo.

Bidadralism ku India si chosankha chongofuna. Opanga malamulo anafufuza madongosolo a malamulo ku United Kingdom, United States, ndi Australia asanakhazikitse chitsanzo chimene chikatsimikizira ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri ndi kuimira chigawo. Lok Sabhaha imaimira chifuniro cha anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti Rajiya Sabhaha imachita monga chipinda chosinthirapo maganizo oyenera. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amaletsa malamulo ofulumira ndi kutsimikizira kuti pali mawu a m'nkhani za m'dziko. Unansi wa pakati pa nyumba ziŵiriwo umalamulidwa ndi Mfundo 107 za Lamulo, zimene zimalongosola mwatsatanetsatane kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama koweruza anthu akufa.

Maziko a Nyumba iliyonse

Chigawo Chachindunji cha Demokrase cha Lok Sabba

Lok Sabba, ndi mphamvu yokulira ya mamembala 552 (kuchokera ku magawo 20 kuchokera ku magawo a mgwirizano, ndi 2 osankhidwa kuchokera ku chitaganya cha Anglo-Indiya , ndi malo oimira otchuka. Ziŵalo zimasankhidwa kupyolera mwa mamembala onse a anthu achikulire mu mabungwe amodzi ogwiritsira ntchito njira yoyamba yosonyezera. Zosankha zimatsogozedwa ndi Ecostation Commission ya India zaka zisanu zirizonse, kusiyapo ngati nyumbayo ya kuipsa. Lok Sabba amaikidwa ndi mawu asanu a zaka zisanu, koma Pulezidenti angaisunge pa uphungu wa ndunalayo, kutsogolera ku masankhoti atsopano.

Lok Sabba ali ndi ulamuliro m'madera ambiri ovuta. Bungwe la Ministers, lotsogozedwa ndi Nduna Yaikulu, limakhala ndi udindo pa Lok Sabba . Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi chidaliro cha Lok Sabba kuti likhalebe mu ofesi. Voti yopanda chidaliro, ngati iperekedwa ndi anthu wamba, ingachititse boma kugwetsa. Zimenezi zimapangitsa Lok Sabba kukhala malo apakati a kuyang'anira ndale ndi kuyang'anira. Wolankhula wa Lok Sabba, wosankhidwa pakati pa mamembala ake, kuyang'anira malamulo ndi kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu womasulira malamulo a bungwe la malamulo.

Raje Sabra: Bungwe la Federal Chamber

Raje Sabra, ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya mamembala 250 (238 osankhidwa ndi misonkhano ya boma ndi 12 yosankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti kaamba ka ukatswiri wawo wa zofalitsa, sayansi, luso, kapena utumiki wa anthu), imaimira mkhalidwe wa boma wa Indian Union. Ziŵalo zimatumikira mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi mmodzi wa chitatu wopuma pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Kupitiriza kumeneku kumatanthauza Rajiya Sabba ndi nyumba yachikhalire imene siingathe kuthe. Mtsogoleri wa India amatumikira monga pulezidenti wa Rajiya Sabha, pamene Seander Caiman amasankhidwa pakati pa ziŵalo zake.

Chisankho chosadziŵika cha Rajeya Sabba ku misonkhano ya boma chimatsimikizira kuti boma lili ndi mawu m'lamulo ladziko logwirizana ndi anthu awo. Ziŵalo zokhala ndi mamembala a kampani zimapereka chidziŵitso chapadera ku mikangano ya nyumba ya malamulo. Chikhalidwe cha Rajiya Sabba chimapereka chikumbukiro ndi kukhazikika, kuletsa kusinthiratu kwa maluso a malamulo amene amachitika ku Lok Sabba pambuyo pa masankhoti onse. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti Rapya Sabba satenga mbali m'kachitidwe kodalirana, imakhala ndi mkhalidwe wa kuchotsa malamulo ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu m'nkhani zina.

Malamulo: Chikalata Chopereka Malamulo

Chiyambi ndi Kuŵerenga Koyamba

Khoti la malamulo lingayambitsidwe m'nyumba iliyonse, kusiyapo ndalama ndi mafaindi ena a zandalama, amene ayenera kuyambika ku Lok Sabha. Chiyambi, chodziŵika monga kuwerenga koyamba, chimaphatikizapo chiŵalo chofunafuna chilolezo chodziŵikitsa. Mutu wa lamulo la lamulo umaŵerengedwa, ndipo deti la kufalitsidwa kwake ku Gazette ya ku India. Pakalipano, palibe mkangano pa ubwino wa chikalata. Chiyambicho chingakhale chotsutsana ndi malamulo akuti chikalatacho chimalowa kunja kwa malamulo a nyumba.

Kuŵerenga Kwachiŵiri: Kulimba kwa Kusanthula

Kuŵerenga kwachiŵiri kuli mbali yaing'ono kwambiri ya kachitidwe ka malamulo. Lamulolo limafufuzidwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu alamulo, ndipo ziŵalo zingapereke kukonza. Chigawo chimenechi chimaphatikizapo masitepe atatu: choyamba, kukambitsirana kwa onse pa malamulo a ndalama; chachiŵiri, lamulo laperekedwa ku komiti yosankhidwa, komiti yogwirizana ya nyumba zonse ziŵiri, kapena kufalitsidwa kaamba ka malingaliro a anthu; ndipo chachitatu, lamulolo limalingaliridwa kukhala lachilozero ndi chigawo. komitiyo ili yofunika kwambiri, monga momwe imalozera kupendedwa kwatsatanetsatane kwa ziŵalozo ndi chidziŵitso chapadera. Malipoti a Komiti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku kuwongolera kwapadera kumene kumawongolera mtundu wa malamulo.

Kuŵerenga kwachitatu ndi Kusintha

Pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwachiŵiri, ndalamazo zimapitabe ku chigawo chachitatu, kumene kukonzedwa kwalamulo kapena kwa pakamwa kokha kumaloledwa. Nkhaniyo imangokhala ngati lamulolo liyenera kuperekedwa kapena kukanidwa. Ngati mamembala ambiri akhalapo ndi kuvota achilikiza ndalama, amalingaliridwa kukhala akupitidwa ndi nyumbayo. Ndalamazo zikaperekedwanso ku nyumba inayo kaamba ka kulingaliridwa kwake. Lamulo loperekedwa ndi nyumba zonsezo limaperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti kaamba ka kuvomerezedwa pansi pa Malamulo 111. Pulezidenti angapereke chikalata chovomereza, kutumiza kubwereranso (kuphatikizapo ndalama). Ngati nyumba zonse ziŵirizo zibwereranso ndi kupitirira chikalatacho, Pulezidenti ayenera kupereka monga chovomerezeka.

Malamulo a Ndalama: Lok Sabha: Kupereka Mphatso

Malamulo a zachuma amavumbula kugwirizana kwa mphamvu pakati pa nyumba ziŵirizo. Mfundo 110 imalongosola ndalama monga ndalama yokhudzana ndi msonkho, kubwereka boma, Thumba Lokhazikika la India, kapena kutumiza ndalama kuchokera ku Thumba la Makampani. Wolankhula wa Lok Sabba ali ndi ulamuliro womaliza wotsimikizira ngati ndalama zili ndalama. Ndalama ingayambitse ndalama mu Lok Sabba. Pambuyo pa kuitumiza Lok Sabha, ndalamazo zimatumizidwa ku Rajaya Sabha, zimene ziyenera kubwerera ndi masiku 14 kapena popanda zikalata. Lobha angalandire kapena kukana chilichonse kapena kukana chilichonse cha Sabsha. Ngati Raja alephera kubwerera m'malamulowo, zimatha ku nyumba zonse 14 zakhala zikutha.

Gawo lochepa limeneli la Raje Sabba pankhani za ndalama limasonyeza lamulo la malamulo lakuti msonkho ndi ndalama ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi chipinda chosankhidwa mwachindunji. Ndalama za pachaka, zimene zimaphatikizapo Bill wa Ndalama ndi Appropriation Bill, zimatsatira njira iyi. Rajiya Sabba sakhoza kukonza ndalama, ngakhale kuti zingafotokoze ndi kupanga zikalata zosagwirizana. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti malingaliro a boma a zachuma sangatsekedwe kapena kusinthidwa kwenikweni ndi chipinda chosasankhidwa.

Pa ngongole zandalama zimene sizili ndalama, monga ngati zosamalira za ndalama za bungwe la Conoddy Fund zimene sizikuphatikizidwa ndi Article 110, Rajiya Sabha iri ndi mphamvu zofanana. Mapepala ameneŵa amatsatira njira ya kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, ndipo Rajiya Sabba angawakanize kapena kuwathetsa. Komabe, malamulo a zachuma ambiri amapangidwa monga ndalama zopimira kupyola Lokwaha.

Kusintha Malamulo: Ntchito Yapadera kwa Raje Sabba

Kukonzanso malamulo pansi pa Mfundo 368 kumafuna mamembala apadera ndipo, m'zochitika zina, kuikidwa ndi malumbiro a boma. Pano, Raja Sabha ali ndi maulamuliro ofanana ndi Lok Sabha. Lamulo la malamulo lingayambitsidwe m'nyumba iliyonse ndipo liyenera kuperekedwa ndi unyinji wa ziŵalo zonse za nyumba iliyonse ndipo ndi unyinji wa ziŵalo zosachepera pa zitatu ziŵiri za ziŵalo zimene ziripo ndi kusanthula. Ngati Raja Sabba atsutsa lamulo la malamulo, ilo silingakhale lamulo, ngakhale ngati Lok Sab Sabha itapita. Ichi chimapereka Raja Sabba tha wamphamvu pa kusintha kwa malamulo a boma.

Ntchito yofanana imeneyi imasonyeza cholinga cha oyambitsa kuti kusintha ku Konsichushoni kufunikire kugwirizana kwakukulu kuposa lamulo la ambiri. Raje Sabha, ndi mkhalidwe wake wa boma ndi mamembala ake ogwedezeka, imapereka chikhazikitso ndi kuletsa zinthu zazikulu zandale zosasintha malamulo. Zosintha zofuna kuchititsa boma kusokonezedwa (monga ngati zija zokhudza kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa Union ndi maboma), pafupifupi theka la malamulo a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi zigamulo. Njira imeneyi yopanga malamulo ambiri imatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa malamulo alamulo ndi dala ndi kusonyeza mgwirizano wa boma.

Kuthetsa Kusamvana: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Makina Ogwirizana

Ngati nyumba ziŵirizo sizigwirizana pa lamulo wamba, Mfundo 108 imapereka kuti pakhale anthu onse aŵiri ogwirizana kuti athetse vutolo. Pulezidenti angaitane pulogalamu yogwirizana ngati chikalata china chaperekedwa ndi nyumba ina, kapena ngati nyumbazo sizigwirizana pa kukonzedwa, kapena ngati patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi popanda lamulo loperekedwa ndi munthu wolandira. Chigawo chogwirizanacho chimayendetsedwa ndi Wolankhula wa Lok Sabba, ndipo zosankha zimatengedwa ndi unyinji wa mamembala onse aŵiriwo amene alipo ndi kuvota.

Poona kuti Lok Sabha (543 Mamembala ake ndi 2 otchulidwa kuti Anglo - Incans, ndi 245 a Rajiya Sabhaha), Lok Sabhaha nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo onse. Njira imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu m’mbiri ya nyumba ya malamulo ya India: chifukwa cha Dowry Probition Act (1961), Bank Service Repeal Bill (1988), ndi kuteteza Uchigamu (2002), kuletsa ntchito zauchigaŵenizo kumasonyeza kuti kusagwirizana kwakukulu kumathetsedwa mwa kukambirana ndi kukafika pambali imeneyi. Chiwopsezo cha msonkhano wachigawo chachigawo cha mobwerezabwereza chimalimbikitsa Raje Sabba kuti chifike povomerezeka m’malo moti chikanetse.

Mabuku a Ziŵalo Zamseri: Mwaŵi Wogawana

Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimapereka mwaŵi kwa ziŵalo zaumwini (ziŵalo zimene siziri atumiki) kukhazikitsa lamulo. Ola lomalizira la tsiku lirilonse limasungidwa kutsatiridwa ndi bizinesi ya ziŵalo zaumwini. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapepala ambiri aumwini samakhala lamulo, iwo amatumikira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mwa kutchera khutu nkhani zimene boma linganyalanyaze. Kufikira lero, 14 okha a mamembala a mapepala achinsinsi aikidwa m’lamulo, opambana kwambiri kukhala Khoti Lapamwamba (lochuluka la APlaste Juriscion) Act (1970). Mosasamala kanthu za chipambano chimenechi, kachitidweko kamalola ziŵalo zaumwini kukhala ndi phande mwachindunji m'malamulo ndi kukweza nkhani za anthu.

Raje Sabba waona kale kukhala ndi phande lokangalika m'malamulo a ziŵalo zaumwini chifukwa chakuti ziŵalo zake, zosayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha mwamsanga, zingasumike pa nkhani za malamulo a nthaŵi yaitali. Kugwedezeka kwa Raje Sabba kumatanthauzanso kuti iwo angalondole njira zalamulo m'magawo ambiri popanda kusokonezedwa kwa masankho. Zilango zapadera za ziŵalo zimene zinapeza chisamaliro chachikulu zimaphatikizapo zija za kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chiweruzo cha kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Ntchito ya Makomiti a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimadalira kwambiri makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo kupenda malamulo, kupenda bajeti, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yauyang’aniro. Makomiti aimirira, sankha makomiti, ndi makomiti a mogwirizana amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la malamulo. Dipatimenti ya Service Staimed Parmary Committee (DRSCs), yokhazikitsidwa mu 1993, imaphimba mautumiki onse ndi kupenda ndalama zimene auzidwa. Makomiti ameneŵa kwenikweni ali ndi ziŵalo za nyumba zonse ziŵiri, limodzi ndi kuimira mphamvu ya gulu.

Makomiti amapereka pulogalamu yatsatanetsatane yopimira pulogalamu yomwe singathe kuchitika pansi pa nyumba. Makomiti angaitane mboni, zopempha, ndi kumva umboni. Makomiti athandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo a India mwa kulola kuti asakhale pa gulu, akatswiri afufuze. Lamulo loperekedwa ku komiti liyang'aniridwa kwambiri kuposa limene lina lokambidwa pa chipinda chokha. Makomiti angapereke lingaliro la kusintha kokwanira, ndi kuvomereza kwawo kukhala ndi kulemera, ngakhale kuti sachita ntchito pa boma. Komitiyi imathandizanso kuyang'anira ntchito ya malamulo, monga momwe ndalama zambiri zingafufuzidwe.

Malamulo Achibadwa Otsutsana ndi Mabuku a Ndalama: Kusiyana Kovuta

Malamulo a boma atsutsa kwambiri kudalira kwambiri ndalama zoyendetsera malamulo m’makhoti. Modabwitsa, Aadhaar Act (2016) ndi ntchito zina za ndalama zimene zinasintha malamulo osapereka msonkho, kuchepetsa ntchito ya Rajya Sabba's. Khoti Lapamwamba lafufuza ngati chikalata cha Supreme cha Supreme cha Super cha lamulo ngati ndalama n’zongoyenera, ndipo Khoti lasonyeza kuti malamulo otereŵa angayankhidwe kuti avomerezedwe mogwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo.

Kopeli limagogomezera kusagwirizana pakati pa chikhumbo cha boma cha kupanga malamulo mwaluso ndi ntchito ya malamulo ya Raje Sabba monga chipinda chopezeraponso. Otsutsa amanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito njira ya ndalama yopitira kupyola lamulo la boma lachibadatic kumaluluza lamulo la kulera ndi kuchepetsa kupenda kwa malamulo. Kutsutsana pa ndalama za ndalama kukupitirizabe kuyambika, limodzi ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nyumba ziŵirizo.

Ordinances: Mwa Kuposa Malamulo Achibadwa

Mfundo 123 imapatsa Prezidenti mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo siikuchitika ngati mikhalidwe ifuna kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. Lamulo lili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi Lamulo la Palamente koma liyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵirizo pasanathe milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ngati nyumba iliyonse ikana lamulolo, imaleka kugwira ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola mkulu wa bungwelo kukhazikitsa malamulo panthaŵi yamwadzidzidzi, koma angagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwa kunyalanyaza kuyang'anira nyumba ya malamulo.

Gawo la Raje Sabba la kupenda malamulo nlofunika kwambiri chifukwa limapereka mayeso a ntchito ya akuluakulu ochitidwa panthaŵi ya nyumba ya malamulo. Rajiya Sabba angakane lamulo, kukakamiza boma kusiya kapena kuyambitsa lamulolo monga lamulo lanthaŵi zonse. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, njira ya malamulo yagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, kuchititsa nkhaŵa za kutha kwa uyang'aniro wa malamulo. Chirajiya Sabba chachikhalire chimatanthauza kuti chingapendenso malamulo ngakhale pamene Lok Sabha Sabha atha, kupitiriza kuyang'anira malamulo.

Zogwira Ntchito Zogwira Ntchito: Kugwirizanika ndi Kukangana

M’zochitika, kugwirizana kwa ntchito pakati pa Lok Sabba ndi Rajiya Sabba kumapangidwa ndi mfundo zandale. Pamene gulu limodzimodzilo kapena mgwirizano wa kulamulira nyumba zonse ziŵiri, mabizinesi a malamulo amayendera bwino. Komabe, pamene magulu osiyanasiyana alamulira nyumba ziŵirizo, Rajiya Sabba kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala malo otsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kutha kwa malamulo, kuchedwa, ndi kunenezedwa kwa kuletsa. Boma likhoza kulinganiza madongosolo a madongosolo a malamulo ndi mphamvu za prodetesttura ya Rajiya Sabbaha imakhala yofunika m’mikhalidwe yotero.

Ntchito ya Raje Sabra Sabra imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pamene ipereka zowongolera zomangirira mmalo mwa chitsutso chokulira. Mkati mwa zaka, Rajiya Sabhaha wapanga zothandizira zazikulu kukhazikitsa malamulo a chitetezo cha malo okhala, ufulu wa anthu, ndi nkhani za boma. Dongosolo lake la komiti latulutsa malipoti amene apanga malamulo opangidwa modabwitsa osakhoza kulipira munthu aliyense payekha. Chisankho cha Rapya Sabbaha chimatanthauza kuti kupangidwa kwa masinthidwe a nyumbayo pang’onopang’ono, kukhazikitsa bata ndi kuletsa kukhazikika kwa mwadzidzidzi kwa mphamvu ya malamulo.

Kumaliza: Phindu Lokhalitsa la Kuloŵerera M’zandale

Chigwirizano pakati pa Lok Sabba ndi Rajiya Sabba ndi mbali yolinganizidwa bwino ya pulaneti la malamulo a India. Lok Sabba imapereka ulamuliro wa democracy kupyolera m'masankho apadera ndi kulamulira mkulu kupyolera mwa mavoti odalirana. Rajiya Sabba imapereka nduna za boma, kupitirizabe kwa bungwe, ndi pulatifomu kuti afufuze bwino malamulo.

Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosololi kumadalira pa nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimene zimatsimikizira mbali zawo zalamulo pamene zikulemekeza malire okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo. Ukulu wa Lok Sabba m'nkhani za ndalama ndi kudalirana umalinganizidwa ndi mavoti a Rajiya Sabba''antchito yofanana m'kusintha kwa malamulo ndi ntchito zake. Njira yogwirizana imapereka chitetezo chotetezera pothetsa malo ofera osawononga malamulo. Pamene democracy ya India ikukula, unansi pakati pa zipinda zake ziŵiri za palamente upitiriza kusandulika, kupangidwa ndi mphamvu zandale, kumasulira kwa komiti ya chiweruzo, ndi zosoŵa za anthu ocholoŵa m'malo osiyanasiyana.

  • Direct vs . Chisankho chosalunjika: Lok Sabba amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, pamene Rajiya Sabba amasankhidwa ndi makhomagelamu a boma, kupereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulamuliro wa demokrase.
  • Maulamuliro a Zachuma: Ndalama za ndalama zimachokera ku Lok Sabha, ndipo Rajiya Sabba ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa (masiku 14) kupanga zivomerezo zosamangirira.
  • Malamulo a Chikalata: nyumba zonsezo zili ndi mphamvu zofanana, zikumafuna malo aakulu apadera m'nyumba iliyonse, kupatsa Rajiya Sabba chivoto pa kusintha kwa malamulo.
  • Chigamulo cha Kusintha: magawo aunyinji pansi pa Mfundo 108 amathetsa kusamvana pa malamulo wamba, ndi Lok Sabba wofala chifukwa cha kupambana kwa manambala.
  • Permanence: Raja Sabha ndi nyumba yosatha yokhala ndi zisankho zogwedezeka, kutsimikizira kupitirizabe, pamene kuli kwakuti Lok Sabha angawonongeke zaka zisanu zirizonse.
  • Kuŵerengera koyenera: [[FLT :1] Lok Sabha yokha siingapambane njira za kudalira ndi kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu kaamba ka kupulumuka kwake.
  • System ya Committee: [[FL:1] makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo ogwirizana ndi ziŵalo za nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimapereka kupenda kwatsatanetsatane kwa malamulo ndi malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zotsatira: Nyumba zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kuvomereza malamulo mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi ya kubwereranso kwa; Chikhalidwe cha Rajiya Sabhaha chimalola kupenda malamulo ngakhale mkati mwa kusweka kwa Loka Sabhaha.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri pa malamulo a bidaralism ku India, fufuzani pawebusaiti ya Palamende , [FLT :2] Constitution of India , ndi kusanthula ndi [FLT :] PRS Legiscitive Research [ pa malamulo a pa khoti.