Kumvetsa Makhalidwe Opotoka: Chida Chothandiza Kuwongolera

Kufufuza kopotoka kuli ngati imodzi ya njira zonyenga kwambiri ndi zokayikitsa kwambiri m'ndale. Mosiyana ndi kufufuza kwa anthu kovomerezeka kumene kukufuna kuyerekezera malingaliro, kukakamiza kufunsira kwa cholinga cha kugwiritsa ntchito ofunsidwawo mwa kuwapatsa chidziŵitso cholakwika kapena chabodza. Njira yapakati ndi yomveka bwino: woitanayo amafunsa mafunso ambiri ofufuzidwa amene mwamachenjera kapena mopambanitsa amasonkhezera anthu kuvomereza malingaliro oikidwiratu. Kuitana kumeneku sikufufuza; ndiko kukopa kwachinyengo monga ndandanda ya chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso. Mawu akuti "push flation" inayamba mu 1990, koma machitidwewo abweranso kumbuyo, ik-sintha mawu a pa telefoni yotchuka ndi kuimbira matelefoni.

Pamtima pawo, kukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lamaganizo lalikulu: chiyambukiro cha kuvumbula. Pamene munthu amva mawu otsutsa obwerezedwa m'nkhani ya "Chiwonkhetso," kudzinenerako kumawonekera kukhala kodalirika kokha chifukwa chakuti kukufunsidwa. Zimenezi zimapanga njira yowopsa m'maganizo a wovota, kusunga chidziŵitso chonyenga kapena kusinjirira monga chinthu chofunikira kuchilingalira. Wofufuza sasamala zimene yankho lake lakuyankha; cholinga chake ndicho kubza mbewu za kukayikira, mkwiyo, kapena kuwopa zimene zidzayambukira zosankha za wovotayo mtsogolo.

Kuopsa kwa Funso la Kupotoza Zinthu

Kufufuza kwamwambo kumagwiritsira ntchito mawu auchete, olinganizika. Mwachitsanzo: [FLT: 0] . Kodi mungaone bwanji kuyendetsa kwa kazembe za chuma cha boma? Ndi bwino, n’zosauka, n’zosauka? . Kufufuza kokakamiza, ngakhale kuli tero, kudzafunsa: " Kukayikitsa kapena kochepekera kuvotera Sena Smith ngati mukudziŵa kuti amavotera kukweza misonkhoma pa mabanja atatu apakati? .

Njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo:

  • [Chinenero choikidwa: Mawu onga "wasi," "rarupt,"" kapena "yowopsa" amaikidwa m'mafunso kuyankha maganizo a anthu.
  • Malo onama:[[FLT :1] Mafunso amapanga maumboni osatsimikiziridwa, onga: " Kodi muganiza kuti Kusamalira kwa X kwa kuphonya kwa bajeti kunali kosayenera? [[[FLT: 3] pamene palibe cholakwa.
  • Kunyalanyaza kosasankha: Makhalidwe oipa okha a mdani amatchulidwa, pamene zipambano zawo zimanyalanyazidwa.
  • Kubwerezanso za kuwukira: mafunso ambiri amatsimikizira mutu wotsutsa umodzimodziwo kuchokera ku mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuchititsa woyankhayo kuyankha ndi uthenga.

Zitsanzo za Mbiri Ndiponso Zosaiwalika

Kufufuza kwa makampani sikuli kwachilendo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mtundu wawo wamakono unakhala wofala mu ma 1990 ndi kukwera kwa ma rodocall ndi ma projecting , mabaibulo oyambirira adawonekera mu wailesi ndi kusindikiza . Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa ma 1930, ndawala za ndale zadziko zina anagwiritsira ntchito "kufufuza kwa dala" kumene kunayambitsa mitu yankhani yabwino. Komabe, mawu akuti "kufufuza kwa Pulezidenti" adatchuka mkati mwa 1996 Republicicial primial, kumene progatedro inagwiritsira ntchito manena za kufalitsa mabodza onena za moyo wa adani.

Imodzi ya milandu yotchuka kwambiri inachitika mu 2000 South Carolina Republican, kumene George W. Bush anaimbidwa mlandu wa kukakamiza anthu kuti apereke lingaliro lakuti John McCaine anali ndi mwana wa m’malamulo (bodza). Pambuyo pake, mu 2004, mkupiti wa U.S. Woyang'anira wa Tom Daschle anachitidwa ndi kukakamiza kusanthula konyenga kwa anthu otsutsa. Pambuyo pake, mkati mwa 2020 U.S., chisankho, chivoti cha kampani inasimba kuti inalandira mafoni amene adafunsidwa: [[FLT: 0] ngati munkadziŵa Joe Biden adaimbidwa ndi chiphuphu ndi komiti ya boma, mukanamvoterabe? [FLT.1]

Kunja kwa United States, kufunsira kokakamiza kwachitidwa ku United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ndi India. Mu 2019, voti ya boma la Canada inawona ma rococall amene anayerekezera kukhala ochokera ku Ecostations Canada koma kwenikweni anali ndi ndemanga zoipa ponena za mbiri ya malo okhala. Chingwe chofala ndicho chimene chimasonkhezera kufufuza nchothandiza kwambiri m'mafuko apafupi kapena malo otsika ozungulira, kumene chigawo chochepa cha ovota chingatengedwe ndi mbali imodzi ya chidziŵitso choipa.

[[FLT :0] Malo a [1] Kumira kwambiri mu 2000 South Carolina kuchititsa mkangano wa kusanthula, onani lipoti la 2000 la Shashington [[FLT :⁠2]

Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Okalamba

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi makampani kukuchitika m'madera ozungulira. Ku United States, si kuswa lamulo pa kosi imodzi, chifukwa chakuti First Amendment imateteza kulankhula kwandale, kuphatikizapo njira zonyenga, malinga ngati sadutsa m'kuipitsa kapena kunyenga. Komabe, maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo ofuna kuti adziŵike kapena kuvumbula kuti foni ya foni ndi ya ndale zadziko. Federal Commissions (FCC) imaletsa mafoni a galimoto ku malo ake popanda kulola, koma mafoni andale amaletsedwanso pansi pa foni ya Consumpyutation Protection Act. Komabe ofufuza amalimbikitsa oimba nyimbo za foni kapena "live" oimba nyimbo kuchokera ku mafs a ku mamendreact, kupanga lamulo lovuta.

Moyenerera, kufufuza kokakamiza kumatsutsidwa ndi mabungwe ofufuza aukatswiri. The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) imatsutsa poyera kufunsira, ikumanena kuti "sikufufuza" ndi "kuyenera kuchitiridwa lipoti kwa maulamuliro oyenerera" "ayenera kuchitiridwa lipoti kwa maulamuliro andale ambiri amapeŵa, kuwopa kubwezera kuwonedwa. Koma mchitidwe wosadziŵika wa kuimbira telefoni ndi kuvuta kwa kuzilemba kwa woyambitsayo kulola makampani ogona kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso ndi kuyankha kochepera.

Makina Omwe Amasonkhezera Anthu Kuwononga Maganizo

Kumvetsa chifukwa chake kufunsira kumakhala kothandiza, munthu ayenera kupenda kukondera kwa maganizo. chiyambukiro cha chowonadi champhamvu kwambiri: kuonekera mobwerezabwereza kwa zonena – ngakhale zonama – kuwonjezera kuthekera kwakuti munthu adzakhulupirira. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumagwiritsira ntchito zimenezi mwa kupereka "fact" (kaŵirikaŵiri konama) m’kafunso, ndiyeno kulola chivomerezocho kuichita. Pambuyo, ngakhale ngati iwo amakana kupendako, chikumbukiro cha "fact" chimatsala. Ichi nchifukwa chake kukakamiza kufufuza kopindulitsa pa kufesa nkhani zonama popanda kufunsa choifunira choivomereza.

Njira ina ndi kukondera kwa m'makhoma [1]. Anthu amasamalira kwambiri chidziŵitso chosakondweretsa osati chopindulitsa kapena chosaloŵerera. Kufufuza kokakamiza kumene kufunsa, " Mukachirikiza makonzedwe a X kukweza misonkho? [1] [1] Ngakhale ngati mapulaniwo sakhalapo, amasunga gulu loipa m'maganizo a wovota. Kungotchula misonkho kumakhala kunyansi.

Kuphatikizanso, kufufuza kokakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito [1]. Funso loyamba mu mpambo lingakhazikitse nangula amene amakhudza mayankho onse otsatira. Ngati kufunsira kokakamiza kutseguka ndi, " Kodi mukuvomereza kuti cholembera cha Kusanthula Y pa upandu nchofooka kwambiri? , wovotayo tsopano amakhomeredwa ku pulogalamu yolakwika. Ngakhale ngati pambuyo pake mafunso satenga mbali ina, nangula amasokoneza kusanthula kwa wovota.

[[FLT :0] Masinthidwe a chibadwa cha kubwereza mawu pa chikhulupiriro amalembedwa bwino. Onani tsamba la WRIPTIF pa chiyambukiro cha chowonadi chachinyengo [1] kaamba ka chidule cha maphunziro aakulu.

Mmene Mantha Osonkhezera Amaletsera Chidwi Kufalitsa Nkhani Zovuta

Nkhani yoyamba imanena molondola kuti kufunsira kokakamiza kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kusokoneza, koma mbali imeneyi imayenerera kufutukuka kwakukulu. M'kulankhulana kwamphamvu, "Kunyalanyaza" ndi chiŵiya cha mkupiti. Pamene wobatizidwa akufuna kupeŵa kukambitsirana chivoti chotsutsana, lamulo la flipflop, kapena manyazi, iwo angagwiritsire ntchito kufunsira kokakamiza kukakamiza ofalitsa nkhani ndi chitsutso cha kuchita ku chinenezo chonyenga kapena nkhani yopangidwa. Umu ndi mtundu wa nyambo yachikole yachiambukwa : wotsutsayo amakakamizidwa kukana zonena zonama, zimene zimasunga chinenezo chabodza m'nkhani.

Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mkangano wonena za kusintha kwa zaumoyo, mkupiti ungasonkhezere kufunsa mafunso monga: " Kodi mukudziŵa kuti makonzedwe a Senator Jones a zaumoyo angachepetse mapindu a akulu? (kupotoza kapena bodza lenileni). Mkupiti wa Senator uyenera kuthera nthaŵi ndi chuma chake kutsutsa bodza, pamene nkhani yoyambirira ya kukonza zaumoyo ikutha kuulutsidwa ndi wailesi. Atolankhani, ofunitsitsa kubisa nkhondo, kubisa lamulo lakumbuyo ndi la chinenezo chakunja. Chotulukapo: anthu adakali osadziŵidwa kwenikweni ponena za zinthu zenizeni za kukonzanso.

Njira yosangulutsa imeneyi imagwira ntchito chifukwa cha ntchito ya yokhazikitsa nyuzi . Anthu amakonda kuganizira zimene atolankhani anena. Ngati kukakamiza anthu kuyambitsa mkangano, mkanganowo umakhala nkhani. Mkupiti wanzeru ukhoza kulanda zungulire wa nkhani mwa kuponya bodza lodzutsa chilakolako m'chilengedwe.

Kufufuza za Anthu Odwala: Kusokonezeka kwa Mfundo za Economic Policy

Mu 2010, m'chisankho cha pakati pa United States, ofunsira ku Democratic ambiri anayang'anizana ndi kufufuza kumene kunafunsa: [FLT: 0] Mukanakhala othekera kwambiri kuvotera woimira X ngati mukudziŵa kuti anavotera phukusi limene linawononga ndalama zolipira msonkho mabiliyoni ambiri? Kachipangizo kosonkhezera (American Rerefection and Reinstement Act) kanaperekedwadi mu 2009 kuti atsutse Great Recession. Pamene akatswiri a zachuma anatsutsana za mphamvu yake, kupotolera kopetsa ndalamazo monga zopanda pake. Nkhani yeniyeni iyenera kukhala boma la chuma ndi ntchito. Mmalomwake, kukambitsirana kwa "kuwononga ndalama zowononga" – kukulitsa kwa mtima.

Mofananamo, kufunsira kokakamiza kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa chisamaliro pa zaumoyo. Mkupiti umene umafuna kupeŵa mkangano pa mikhalidwe yokhalapo kale ungagwiritsire ntchito kufunsira kusumika pa nthanthi yopeka ya "imfa", monga momwe kwachitikira pa nkhondo ya zaumoyo ya 2009-2010. Mawu akuti "imfa gulu" anagulidwa ndi kufalitsidwa kupyolera mwa njira zofufuzira, kukakamiza ochirikiza kusintha kuti atetezere ku bodza, pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yeniyeni – kufutukuka – inaperekedwa motsutsana ndi .

Kudera Nkhaŵa kwa Malo Okhala Kukupitidwa

Nkhani za malo okhala zimafuna kwambiri kuchititsa mapendedwe chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zasayansi ndi zachuma. Mkupiti wotsutsana ndi kugulitsa kaboni ungachirikize kufunsira kumene kumafunsa: " Mukachirikiza msonkho wa carbon umene ungakweze ndalama zanu za mphamvu pachaka? Ndalamazo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatukulidwa kapena kuzikidwa pa zochitika zoipa. Funso limaika malamulo monga mtengo wolunjika, kunyalanyaza mapindu anthaŵi yaitali a kuchepetsa kutulutsa mabomba. Panthaŵiyi, makambitsirano owonjezereka ponena za kugwetsa kaboni, zipewa, ndi njira za malonda sizichitikapo. Osankhidwawo samasiidwa ndi mkhalidwe woluluzika, woipa.

Iyi ndi njira yodziŵikira: kusintha chisamaliro kuchokera ku chiwopsezo cha nyengo kukhale nkhaŵa ya kanthaŵi ya zachuma. Kufufuzako kumawonjezera nkhaŵa, ndipo ofalitsa nkhani aphatikizapo "kulimbana" ndi ndalama zapamwamba, osati zofunika za malo okhala.

Kudziŵa ndi Kutsutsa Mavuto a Opotoka

Kwa ovota, aphunzitsi, ndi atolankhani, kuvomereza kufufuza kokakamiza ndiko njira yoyamba yothandizira kuti kukhale ndi chisonkhezero chake.

  • Mafunso samakhala auchete. Ali ndi mawu monga “kupanikizika,”“ popanda kudabwa,” “opanda ,” kapena “ophikira.
  • Mafunso amapereka chidziŵitso chosapemphedwa. Kufufuza kovomerezeka sikumakuuzani zimene wofuna kuloŵa pa sukulu anachita; kumafunsa lingaliro lanu choyamba.
  • Kufufuzako n’kwachidule kwambiri (kaŵirikaŵiri 2-4 mafunso). Kufufuza kwenikweni kwa malingaliro kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi mafunso 10-15 kuti mupeze chidziŵitso chatanthauzo.
  • Woimba foniyo safuna kudziŵa amene akuimira. Mayeso adzazindikira kampani yawo kapena sitomala (m’ lekuatiso, “kwa yunivesite ya X”). Ofufuza otsatsa malonda kaŵirikaŵiri amanena kuti akuchokera ku“ kampani yofufuza” kapena amapachika pamene aponderezedwa.
  • Mafoniwo sadziŵika kapena amatsekedwa. Palibe nambala yobwerera kumbuyo imene yaperekedwa, kapena nambala yatsekedwa.

Ngati mulandira telefoni yotero, musaloŵe. Musangoyankha mafunsowo. Musayankhe mafunsowo, chifukwa ngakhale kukhala chete kwanu kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga chidziŵitso ndi oyendetsa ena opanda khalidwe. Limbani foni ku Federal Commission (FCC) mu U.S., kapena wogwirizanitsa dziko lanu. Ndiponso, onani nthaŵi ndi tsatanetsatane wodziŵika.

Makampani oulutsira nkhani amaphunzitsa anthu kuti adziwe kusiyana kwa masewera ofufuza ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti afufuze. Sukulu, mabungwe a boma, ndi mapulogalamu a nyuzi ayenera kuphatikiza nkhani imeneyi m’mabuku awo osankha. Osankha ambiri akamvetsa masewerawo, mpamenenso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo kumakhala kosavuta.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe Oona

Ofufuza achinsinsi, monga Politifact, Secock .org, ndi Snopes, kaŵirikaŵiri amavumbula zokhala ndi zinyalala. Pamene kufunsira kokakamiza kuyambitsa mfundo zabodza, ofufuza mfundo angazichotse, ndipo makampani angagwiritsire ntchito kuchotsako anthu ofufuza kuti avote. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kukakamiza kufunsa kuti “Chovala X coopera kudula mapindu a akatswiri, . Mkupiti wokakamiza ungatulutse mawu kapena kuletsa bodza, kupangitsa kupeka kupeputsa uthenga wofufuza. Zimenezi zimatchedwa [FLT:] chiphunzitso cha opanga mfundo yokopa ndi yotsutsa kutsutsa.

Malo: Kuyerekeza zitsanzo za zofufuza zopitidwa, onani FactCC.org's 2020 pa Biden kulembera masankho okakamiza [.

Mmene Nkhani ya Demokalase Inakhudzira Anthu

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa mavoti okakamiza kumachititsa anthu kutaya chidaliro chawo ponse paŵiri m'mabungwe ofufuza ndi andale zadziko. Pamene anthu alandira mafoni amene amayerekezera kukhala ofufuza koma kwenikweni ali mabodza, iwo amasuliza mayeso onse. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mayeso a kusanthula kovomerezeka achepetse, zimene zimachepetsanso kulondola kwa malingaliro a anthu. Democracy imavutika pamene opanga malamulo samvetsetsa chimene ofufuzawo amafunadi.

Masewera ofufuza achinyengo amaipitsanso msika wa malingaliro. M’malo mopikisana pa malamulo, ndawala zimapikisana ndi luso la kufesa mabodza. Zimenezi zimachititsa mpikisano umodzi kutsitsa: mpikisano wina umagwiritsa ntchito mayeso, wolimbanayo amakakamizika kubwezera, ndipo nthaŵi yonse ya masankho imakhala phwando lachinyengo. Voters amakhala wosalembetsa, amaona ndale kukhala mabodza. Turnout angachedwe, ndipo mkhalidwe wa kulamulira ukhoza kuchepa.

Ndiponso, kukakamiza kuyambukira mopambanitsa osankha anyuzi apamwamba amene ali othekera kwambiri kupenda zenizeni kapena kukana zikhumbo za mtima. Zimenezi zimapereka phindu losayenerera ku ndawala zimene zimawagwiritsira ntchito, makamaka m'mafuko othina kumene maperesenti angapo angasankhe zotsatira. Motero njirayo imachepetsa lamulo la munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi, mwa kujompha ovota pamlingo wa munthu mmodzi.

Zoyesayesa za Chitsogozo ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo

Maiko angapo achitapo masitepe akuletsa kufunsira. Malamulo a chisankho a Canada amafuna kuti gulu litulukidwe, ndipo CRTC (Canadia Radio-tec and Tetration Commission) adakonza makampani a mafoni onyenga. Australia ali ndi malamulo ofanana pansi pa Spam Act ndi TeTC. Mu U.S., boma la boma silinachotseretu malamulo okakamiza kusanthula, koma Supreme Court ya 2021 ya kugamula , LLTC v. FTC . FLTC . lapangitsa kukhala lovuta kwambiri kusuta anthu olanda katundu. Ena amatero kuti malamulo anene kuti aulule mafoni andale amene akuwawawo.

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka njira ndi mavuto omwe. Zida zoimbira zingapeze manambala osoweka, ndi maapps onga Robo Killer ndi Nomorobo amene amatsekereza mafoni okayikira. Komabe, ofufuza akusintha mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mawu a pa malo apamwamba (VoIP) ndi kulira kwachidule kumene sikukupezeka. Masewera a kat-endi ndi mouse akupitirizabe.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndicho kuletsa lamulo, maphunziro a boma, ndi kuyang’anira nkhani. Atolankhani ayenera kufufuza ndi kusimba za ntchito zokakamiza anthu kufufuza, kutchula ndawalazo ngati n’kotheka. Aphungu andale ayenera kukakamizidwa kutsatira miyezo ya chikhalidwe, monga ija yokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la American Association of Political Concators (AAAPC). Olemba mabuku ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kukhalabe okayikira ndi kusimba mafoni okayikira.

Chidule

Kufufuza kokakamiza kuli chipangizo chosonkhezera kulankhulana chimene chimayerekezera kukhala chosonkhanitsa malingaliro koma chimafalitsadi chidziŵitso cholakwika. Ntchito yawo yaikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri, ndiyo kuchotsapo anthu pa nkhani zapansipansi pa nkhondo zoyambitsidwa. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro monga ngati kusokonezeka kwa choonadi ndi kukondera, iwo angapange malingaliro osankha mopanda pake ndi mosadziŵika. Zitsanzo za mbiri za U.S., ndale za Canada, ndi zina zolamulira za democracy zimasonyeza kuti njira imeneyi njosatha ndipo njowononga. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ndi malamulo a lamulo akukhala, lamulo limakhalabe lofooka. Udindowo pa Reconsotion, aphunzitsi, ndi zitolankhani za dala kuzindikira kusanthula ndi kuchirikiza chisonkhezero kwawo. Zitsata zapo ndi kuchirikiza malingaliro awo otsutsa. Chisankhoteretso cha democratic ndi kuchirikiza malingaliro awo otsutsa angatetezedwe kwa odesalansi kwa otsutsa.