Maziko a Mantha Atatu a Malamulo

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndiko malo opatulidwa a Amereka, opangidwa ndi maframers kuletsa chinthu chimodzi chirichonse kulamulira boma. Paboma, boma, ndi milingo ya kumaloko, kapangidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti kupanga malamulo, kusungidwa, ndi kumasulira kudakali kosiyana. Malamulo amatsalira mizu yake ya Montesquieus Ù [[FLT:] Mzimu wa Malamulo [[[FLT:]], umene umatsutsa kuti ufulu umasungidwa bwino pamene Chilamulo, mkulu, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo zimasungidwa. James Mavie amafutukulidwa pa zimenezi [FLT:] No. [4FLT:], kuchenjeza za mphamvu za mphamvu. Lerolino, boma la United States ku United States ku United States.

Kumvetsa mmene maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma amagwiritsirira ntchito nthambi zitatu, choyamba munthu ayenera kunyamula mathayo aakulu ogaŵiridwa ku nthambi iliyonse. nthambi yothandiza, imapanga malamulo, ndalama zoyenerera, ndi kuimira pepala losankhira. nthambi yodula [[FLT:]] imakhazikitsa malamulo, kuyang'anira magulu, ndi kutsogolera malamulo achilendo pa mlingo wa boma. imamasulira malamulo, kukonza mikangano, ndi kupenda malamulo a bungwe la malamulo kapena audindo. Zimenezi sizimasinthasintha, zimayendera limodzi, ndipo zimaletsa, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ina iliyonse.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Udindo Wolamulira

Maboma a m'dziko ndi amene ali aulamuliro wa anthu ambiri a ku America. Amasamalira malo, chitetezo cha anthu, ukhondo, misewu yakwawoko, mapaki, ndi masukulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. samatchula mwachindunji maboma a kumaloko, iwo amapangidwa ndi maboma a boma pansi pa lamulo la Dillon ̱ Lamulo la , limene limasunga kuti maakampani ali ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi boma. Maboma ena amapereka ulamuliro wa panyumba, kupatsa maboma akwawo ulamuliro waukulu, koma nyumba zitatu za mtundu wa Branch zikhalabe zogwirizana.

Nthambi Yolamulira ya Malamulo ya Kumaloko

Maulamuliro a lamulo pa mlingo wa kumaloko amakhala m'bungwe lapadera. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga malamulo [1] malamulo a malo alionse amene amalamulira zinthu zonse kuchokera ku misonkho. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la mzinda lingapititse lamulo [[[FLT:] kapena [[FLT:] kuletsa chitukuko cha makampani, kapena kulola ndalama za apolisi ndi madipatimenti amoto. M’mizinda yaikulu yonga New York kapena Losland, komiti ya komiti, kuyang'anira mizinda, ndi kuyang'anira maofesi a zachisawanya, ndi kuyang'anira mizinda yaing'ono.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Malowo

Mphamvu yauyang'anira malo akwanuko imachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi maulamuliro, (m'madongosolo a meya-council) kapena pulezidenti /manator (m'madongosolo a bungwe la boma). Woyang'anira malamulo kapena malamulo, amaika madipatimenti monga akuluakulu a apolisi ndi otsogolera ntchito za onse, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. M'madongosolo amphamvu a ntchito zauyang'anira ntchito; meya ali ndi ulamuliro wofooka, mphamvu imagawana ndi bungwe. Mabungwe amathandiza mautumiki ngati masankhoti, misonkho, ndi madipatimenti a zaungwe. Pamlingo wochepa, pulezi wa tauni kapena mabwanamkunja, ndi ntchito zaudindo a maofesi a maofesi a maofesi a ntchito.

Nthambi ya Chiŵeruzo cha Malowo

Makhoti a kumaloko amasamalira kuswa malamulo a boma, kuswa malamulo, ndi mikangano yaing'ono yapakhomo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makhoti a milandu yachiŵembu , makhoti apolisi , ndi makhoti opatula milandu [[FLT:] [malamulo] [mabwalo] . M'mabwalo ambiri, makhoti ameneŵa ndiwo amatsekereza milandu yoyamba ya milandu ya upandu asanasamukire ku khoti. Zikawonso mikangano yakwani yakwakwakwa, malo okhala ndi nkhani zazing'ono. Oweruza a kumaloko amasankhidwa kapena amaikidwa mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuwachititsa mlandu mwachindunji kwa anthu.

Boma: Maboma a Demokalase

Boma limagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo awoawo, omwe sayenera kutsutsana ndi Malamulo a U.S. Boma lililonse lili ndi kazembe, nyumba yogamulako, ndi jaji, koma kakonzedwe kapadera kamasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Nebraska ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya unicameral (katswiri mmodzi), pamene maboma ambiri ali ndi madongosolo a bidameral. Boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, zoyendera, kusamalira thanzi, lamulo laupandu, ndi malonda a boma. Jasitisiti Louis Brandeis anafotokozedwa motchuka [[FL:0] &8220; makampani ambiri a democracy ” chifukwa chakuti angayese ndi malamulo a zaumoyo kapena kuyendetsa kwa boma kwa zachiwandama.

Lamulo la Nthambi ya Boma

Nyumba za malamulo za boma (kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa Msonkhano Waukulu, Legislative Assembly, kapena Malamulo okha) zimapanga malamulo amene amagwira ntchito m'madera onse. Zili ndi Nyumba ya Oimira [Inyumba ya Oimira [kapena Msonkhano]] ndi [[FLT]]] . [Malamulo amakhazikitsa ndalama za msonkho, kutsimikizira mapangano a boma, ndi kutsogolera makomiti amene amafufuza boma. Mwachitsanzo, komiti ya maphunziro ikhoza kumvetsera pa malamulo a sukulu. Boma lalikulu la boma limakumana chaka ndi chaka ndi chaka, ngakhale kuti ena amapanga ndalama, ngakhale kuti amavomereza ndalama za boma, kutsimikizira mapangano a grenatortortor, ndi kuyang'ana ndi kazembe wapadera.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Boma

ndi mkulu wamkulu wa boma, wosankhidwa ndi ovota kuti alembe mawu otsimikizirika (kaŵirikaŵiri zaka zinayi). Kazembe̱ maulamuliro amaphatikizapo kusaina kapena kutumiza ndalama, kukhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu, kukhazikitsa mamembala a boma (attoney, mlembi wa boma, ndi zinanso), kulamulira boma la National Guard, ndi kukhululukira. Mosiyana ndi U.S., pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵana mphamvu za ulamuliro ndi nduna zosankhidwa zonga bwanamkubwa, loyankhuli, ndi gulu lodziŵika monga [FOLD:] mkulu wa boma. Zimenezi zimapanga ulamuliro wowonjezereka ndi kuyang'anira thama.

Nthambi ya Boma Yoweruza

Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo ndi malamulo. Amasamalira mikangano yambiri ya zamalamulo ku United States, kuphatikizapo malamulo a banja, mapangano, milandu, ndi ufulu wa katundu. Makhoti a milandu a boma amaphatikizapo makhoti aakulu (nthaŵi zina amatchedwa makhoti aakulu kapena a zigawo), amakhoti [makhoti a milandu a apilo], ndi kuswa khoti lalikulu (kaŵirikaŵirikaŵiri] monga Khoti Lapamwamba la boma). Oweruza angasankhidwe ndi akagamulidwa ndi akazeneze a boma, kapena kuweruza kosankhidwa ndi kazembe wosankhidwa kudzera m'malamulo a boma lalikulu.

Boma: Ntchito Yopanga Zinthu Zapadera

Boma la boma la United States lotchedwa’ ndi nthambi zitatu zalongosoledwa mu Malamulo ndi kugwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la mphamvu zotchulidwa ndi zosonyezedwa. Oyambitsa anapangidwa nthambi iliyonse ndi malire padera: Congress sangathe kuswa malamulo, Pulezidenti sangathe kupanga malamulo (kusiyapo ndi verto), ndi mayeso onse aŵiri. Boma la boma la boma la boma la boma la dzikolo lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo akunja, malonda a mayiko, kusamutsira dziko, ndi ndalama. Maulamuliro ake ali ndi malire a amene andandandal Thometic Reformation, pamene kuli kwakuti Sermeter imapereka maulamuliro ena onse ku maiko kapena anthu.

Nthambi Yolamulira

Congress ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya bimear yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira . Nyumba imayambitsa ndalama ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yokha yogawa akuluakulu a boma. Nyumba imatsimikizira mapangano a prezidenti (malamulo, mamembala a kabungwe, akazembe), kuvomereza mapangano, ndi kukhala ndi mapangano. Congress ̱ ntchito yaikulu ndi kukonza, koma imayang'aniranso makampani akuluakulu a boma kudzera m’kumvetsera ndi kumbuyo kwa popo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma kudzera mwa mphamvu za boma. Mpatuko (mabungwe, akazembe), anavomereza mapangano, ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano. Mabungwe a . [A.F.Fom]

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Gawo la Bungwe

President , amalamulira magulu ankhondo, amakambirana (amvera malamulo a boma ndi atsogoleri a boma, amasankhidwa zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera ku Electoral College. Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma, amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma (akumayang'anira kuweruza), amalamulira magulu ankhondo, amakambirana mapangano (amvera malamulo a boma), ndi amaika akuluakulu a boma. Nthambi yapamwamba imaphatikizanso [[FOLT:2] Cabinet , madipatimenti ngati Desert, Commotion, ndi Justice) ndi mabungwe aufulu monga bungwe la za malo oteteza zachilengedwe. Pulezidenti &817; 22.

Nthambi ya Chiweruzo cha Bungwe la Maboma

Chigamulo cha boma chinapangidwa ndi Khoti la Makhoti a Malamulo . Makhoti Opatulikitsa (makhoti a Apilo), ndi (makhoti apadera) ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Oweruza a boma amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi Nyumba za Malamulo, kuphatikizapo makhoti a Chigawo (makhoti amilandu a A apilo), ndi makhoti apadera (mphindu zachigamu), ndi makhoti apadera (m. g., Bwalo la Mabwalo la Malamulo, la Zamalonda la Treaste, la Tream, kapena malamulo a bungwe la United States. [F.5])). Zigamu zake zongo zongo zongo zonse zovomerezedwa ndizo.

Kupima ndi Kulinganiza

Kugwirizana kwa nthambi iliyonse ya boma kumachititsa kuti anthu azidziŵerengera mlandu.

  • Ilo lokhala ndi lamulo loposa Uyang'aniro: Pamiyezo ya boma ndi boma, makhomagedo angagonjetse maveto, akuluakulu a boma, amakana kupereka ndalama, ndi kukana kutsimikizira mapangano. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, misonkhano ingaponze donala wa donalvetoes (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kutchuka kwakukulu).
  • Kulamulira pa Malamulo: Maulamuliro angapereke malamulo, kuitanira magawo apadera, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kuchotsa malamulo pa ngozi (zogonjera ku malire a lamulo).
  • Makhoti angagawe malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo amene amaswa malamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro. Makhoti a boma angachite chimodzimodzi pansi pa malamulo a boma.
  • Lopereka lamulo pa Chiweruziro: Malamulo angakhazikitse (kapena kuchotsedwa) makhoti aang'ono, kuika ulamuliro, ndi kuvomereza kapena kukana makhoti achiweruzo. Mabungwe angaperekenso ziyeso za malamulo kuti athetse zigamulo zachiweruzo.
  • Kuweruza pa Chiweruziro: Akuluakulu amaika oweruza (ogonjera ku chivomerezo) ndi kupereka chikhululukiro kapena kukhululukidwa (m’boma ndi m'miyezo ya boma).

Maseŵero ameneŵa amagwira ntchito osati m’mlingo umodzi wokha komanso pakati pa milingo. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma angapende malamulo a boma ngati asemphana ndi lamulo la boma kapena Lamulo la Malamulo (Supremacy Claus). Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, makhoti a boma angafotokoze lamulo la boma pamene zifukwa za kachitidwe zaphatikizidwa, zofunikira kupendedwa komalizira ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Ntchito ya Kuloŵerera kwa Dziko

Kupenda zochitika zenizeni kumasonyeza mmene nthambizo zimagwirira ntchito:

  • Kumalo amodzi: Bungwe la tauni likutsatsa lamulo la phokoso pambuyo pa madandaulo onena za madandaulo a chakumapeto kwa usiku. Meya wa polisi akuiika chizindikiro, koma dipatimenti ya apolisi (kupha) iyenera kuukakamiza. Wokhalamo wotchulidwa pansi pa lamulolo amatsutsa lamulo m'khoti. Woweruza angasunge lamulolo kapena kulikantha ngati aswa malamulo kapena malamulo a boma.
  • Chigawo: Nyumba ya malamulo ya California imatumiza lamulo loika zoponyera carbon dission . Kazembe amaichitira chizindikiro, ndipo bungwe la zoyendera za mphepo (zophera) limapanga malamulo kuti agwiritsitse ntchito. Gulu la makampani a kusuta, likutsutsana ndi malamulo a mpweya oyera a boma. Khoti lalikulu limamva mlanduwo ndi malamulo akuti lamulolo nlogwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma, komanso limatchula kuti kuperekedwa kwa boma kungapereketsedwe ndi chilengezo .
  • [[FLT: 0] Khoti Lapamwamba: [[FLT: 1] likupatsira Affordble Care Act (ACA) mu 2010, ndi lamulo la munthu aliyense lofuna inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Pulezidenti akuisonyeza. Atamaliza kukhazikitsa, maganizi ambiri amatsutsa lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , (202], imachirikiza lamulolo monga kugwirira ntchito koyenera kwa Congressssss ̱ imachepetsa mphamvu ya msonkho koma imawonjezera makonzedwe a Mdica. Izi zimasonyeza kuti judiaert iyang'archy ndi nthambi, pamene nthambi ikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa lamulo la lamulo lokonzedwa ndi khoti.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Kusintha kwa Nthambi

Mantha atatu samagwira ntchito modzipatula pa milingo yonse; amayenderana m’njira zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapempha Congress kuti apereke ndalama kapena chithandizo cha boma. Akuluakulu angagwire ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma panthaŵi ya masoka achilengedwe, kugwirizanitsa kupyolera mwa FEMA. Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma, monga pamene akulamulira ufulu wa anthu pansi pa 42 U.S.C. . . 1983. Lamulo la [[FLT:] limathandiza kuyendetsa kutsimikizira kuti chigawo chilichonse cha boma chisungidwe ndi ulamuliro pamene akulemekeza malire ena.

Mbali imodzi yodziŵika ya chipwirikiti ndiyo Alonda a Dzikolo . Bwanamkubwa amalamula Alonda a boma (nthambi yopatulira) mkati mwa nthaŵi ya mtendere, koma Pulezidenti angaulinganize (pansi pa Insurrection Act) ya ngozi za dziko. M’chochitikachi, mkulu wa boma wa boma akuchotsapo ulamuliro wa boma kwa kanthaŵi, chekensi yoperekedwa ndi Constitution ̱ ziganizo zankhondo.

Mapeto: Kulekanitsidwa Kwamphamvu Kokhalitsa

Kuchokera ku bungwe laling'ono la tauni kufika ku Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, nyumba ya matantala atatu imapereka njira yotsimikiziridwa yoperekera mphamvu ndi kutetezera ufulu. Maboma akumalo akuigwiritsira ntchito mwaluso kusamalira zosoŵa za chitaganya; maboma akuigwiritsira ntchito kupanga mayeso a malamulo osiyanasiyana; ndipo boma limadalira pa iyo kulamulira dziko la 330 miliyoni. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse kumatheketsa nzika zake kuŵerengera boma ndi kuzindikira pamene dongosolo likugwira ntchito monga momwe likulinganizidwira.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] yogwirizana ndi USA.gov kupenda kwa nthambi zitatu , , [[FLT :2] yodzala ndi mawu a U.S. Constitution , ndi [FLT] Conference ya National Commission of State Legis ̱ mkulu wa malamulo a boma. Ziŵiro zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chozama kwambiri kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro a dziko kupyola boma la America.