Kodi ndimotani mmene maboma amakhalira ndi ulamuliro pa mamiliyoni a anthu? Yankho nlovuta. Mphamvu ingatuluke kuchokera ku malamulo, kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira, ku mwambo, kapena ngakhale ku mgolo wa mfuti. Kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa kuli kowopsa kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwatanthauzo ndi ndale zadziko, kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, kapena kungodziŵa chifukwa chake lamulo lili ndi ulamuliro. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza magwero, ziphunzitso, ndi mitundu ya ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo ikufotokoza chifukwa chake nkhani za olamulira ndi nzika zonse ziŵiri.

Magwero a Mphamvu za Boma

Maboma sabwera mwadzidzidzi chifukwa anamangidwa pa maziko enaake, ndipo nthawi zambiri anamangidwa ndi anthu a zamalamulo, mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

M'maboma amakono, gwero la mphamvu yooneka kwambiri ndilo malamulo olembedwa kapena osalembedwa. Malamulo amakhazikitsa kapangidwe ka boma, amagawira maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi, ndi kuika malire pa zimene boma lingachite. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a U.S. amapereka ulamuliro wa Malamulo ku Commission ku msonkho ndi kulengeza nkhondo, pamene kuli kwakuti amasunga maulamuliro ena ku maboma kapena anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza kuneneratu ndi kukhazikika; nzika ndi akuluakulu a boma amadziŵa malamulo a masewerawo.

Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Pansi pa demokrase pali lamulo lakuti mphamvu imachokera kwa anthu. Uchifumu wotchuka umatanthauza kuti kuyenera kwa boma kuli kozikidwa pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, chosonyezedwa mwa masankho anthaŵi zonse, aulere. Pamene nzika zisankha, zimapatsa ulamuliro ku nthumwi, kukhazikitsa mpambo wa kuyenera umene umapita pamwamba pa anthu ku boma. Lingaliro limeneli linali losinthasintha pamene linatuluka m'nthaŵi ya Kutsegulidwa ndipo limakhalabe maziko a dongosolo la demokrase padziko lonse. Chilengezo cha U. .S. cha U. Chilengezo cha U. cha U.

Kuyenera kwa Mulungu

Kwa mbiri yaikulu ya anthu, olamulira ananena kuti ulamuliro wawo unachokera mwachindunji kwa mulungu kapena milungu. Chiphunzitso cha kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, makamaka otchuka ku Ulaya m’zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17, chinanena kuti mafumu anali oyenera kuyankha kwa Mulungu okha, osati kwa anthu awo. Kutsutsa mfumu inali yofanana ndi kutsutsa chifuniro cha Mulungu. Pamene kuli kwakuti magwero a mphamvu awa a ulamuliro wa democracy yamakono, iwo adakali kusonkhezerabe maboma ena lerolino. Mwachitsanzo, m'maufumu ambiri aakulu, onga Saudi Arabia, ulamuliro wa wolamulira uli wogwirizana ndi utsogoleri wachipembedzo. Ngakhale m'maufumu achifumu onga United Kingdom, mfumu imakhalabe mutu wa Tchalitchi cha England, otsalira ophiphiritsira a ulamuliro waumulungu.

Mphamvu ndi Nkhonya

Maboma ena sapeza mphamvu pa chivomerezo kapena lamulo. Ena amatenga ulamuliro mwa kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito usilikali. Nthaŵi zambiri ankhondo, otsendereza, ndi maulamuliro a authoritarianism amadalira pa magulu ankhondo, apolisi achinsinsi, ndi kuyang'anira kutsendereza chitsutso ndi kuyang'anira. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukakamiza kokha sikumapanga ulemu kwanthaŵi yaitali, kukhoza kuchirikiza ulamuliro kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mfungulo njakuti nzika zikhale zogwirizana ndi chifukwa chakuti zimakhulupirira kuti boma liri ndi ufulu wa kulamulira, koma chifukwa chakuti zimawopa zotulukapo za kusamvera. Magwero a ulamuliro ameneŵa amalephera; pamene gulu lankhondo kapena apolisi alephera kuchirikiza, ulamulirowo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwa.

Miyambo ndi Kusankha Zochita

Miyambo ndi machitachita akale angavomerezedwenso. Maufumu a ma monarchy amapatsira mphamvu kuchokera kwa kholo kumka kwa mwana, ndipo nzika zingavomereze zimenezi chifukwa "mwakuti zakhala choncho nthaŵi zonse. Ulemu wamwambo, monga momwe walongosoledwa ndi katswiri wa za chikhalidwe Max Weber, ngwozikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chokhazikitsidwa cha kupatulika kwa miyambo yachikale. Zimenezi nzosiyana ndi ulamuliro walamulo, umene umatsatira malamulo olembedwa. M'magawo ambiri, atsogoleri amwambo onga akalonga a mafuko kapena akulu a m'mudzi amalamulirana kapena mmalo mwa mabungwe a boma. Mwambo ungakhale magwero amphamvu a kukhazikika, koma ukhozanso kutsutsa kusintha koyenerera.

Ulamuliro wa Ochita Chidwi

Atsogoleri ena amapeza mphamvu osati kuchokera ku malamulo, masankho, kapena choloŵa, koma ku mikhalidwe yawo yapadera. Ulamuliro wa anthu, wotchulidwanso ndi Max Weber, umakhalapo pamene otsatira akhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri ali ndi mphamvu yapadera, ngakhale yodabwitsa, maluso. Ganizirani za anthu monga Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., kapena Nelson Mandela. Charisma angayambitse kusintha ndi kuyambitsa zinthu zina, koma n’ngosachedwa kuwonongeka. Chifukwa chakuti imadalira pa mphamvu ya mtsogoleri, kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kukhalabe ndi moyo. Mtsogoleri wa mphamvu ya mphamvu yapadera akachoka, kachitidwe kanga kakhale kamodzi kachitidwe kalamulo kapena ka ulamuliro, kapena kaiwo kangalowetse upandu.

Maphunziro Akale a Ulamuliro

Kuwonjezera pa mizera yondandalika, anthanthi andale zadziko ndi akatswiri a kakhalidwe ka anthu apanga nthanthi zolongosola chifukwa chimene anthu amavomerezera ulamuliro ndi mmene mphamvu zimasungidwira.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizana ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Pangano la kakhalidwe ndi limodzi mwa malingaliro osonkhezera kwambiri m’malingaliro andale Azungu.

  • Thomas Hobbes [[FLT :1] anatsutsa kuti popanda boma, moyo ukakhala "nkhondo ya onse otsutsana ndi onse" — kukhala kwa yekha, osauka, aumphaŵi, aukali, abulu, ndi afupi. M’buku lake 1651 Leviathan , Hobbes anagamula kuti anthu ayenera kugonjera pafupifupi ufulu wawo wonse kwa munthu amene angasungitse mtendere. Hobbes, ulamuliro umachokera ku kuwopa chipwirikiti.
  • [[FLT: 0] John Locke anali ndi lingaliro lotsimikizirika kwambiri. Zikalata ziŵiri za Boma [[FLT:] [1689], Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Amapanga boma kuti ateteze ufulu umenewo, koma ngati boma likhala lankhanza, anthu ali ndi ufulu wopandukira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1] anagogomezera "chifuniro chachisawawa" — chikondwerero cha anthu onse. Mu The Social Contract [1762], Rousseau analemba kuti ulamuliro walamulo umachokera kwa anthu monga gulu, osati kwa wolamulira aliyense. Malingaliro ake ouziridwa a democracy ndi pambuyo pake a socialism akuganiza.

Nthanthi ya kakhalidwe idakali yofunika kwambiri kutsutsana za mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka pankhani monga kukhoma msonkho, kuyang’anira, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia ya Filosofi yoloŵa pa costarianism .

Chiphunzitso cha M’dziko la Marx

Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Engels anapereka mafotokozedwe osiyana kwambiri. Iwo anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa boma suli chotulukapo cha chivomerezo kapena chifuniro chaumulungu, koma chida chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi gulu lolamulira kusungitsa ulamuliro wake wa zachuma. M'chitaganya cha akapitalitale, boma limatumikira zikondwerero za bourgeousie (ambuye wa kutulutsidwa) ndi kutsendereza ulamuliro wa boma (gulu logwira ntchito). Malamulo, apolisi, makhoti, ndi ntchito yonse ya asilikali kutetezera chuma ndi kupondereza. Kwa Marxistism, ulamuliro wowona sunga kukhalapo kufikira kuchotsedwa kwa magaŵano a m'magulu ndi "apolisi akutali. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chikufotokoza chifukwa chake maulamuliro ambiri audindo audindo akuimira gulu pamene akutsutsa molakwa.

Mitundu Itatu ya Ulamuliro wa Max

Katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Germany Max Weber anapereka maziko a kalembedwe amene akugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri. Iye anatchula mitundu itatu yoyera ya ulamuliro wa [[FLT: 0] wogwirizana ndi :

  • Udindo wa m'malamulo — wozikidwa pa miyambo yanthaŵi yaitali yokhazikitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro cha kupatulika kwa mwambo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo maufumu a choloŵa ndi akalonga a mafuko.
  • Wolamulira wa Chikhristu [[[FLT: 1]] — wozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yapadera ya munthu wa mtsogoleri, wolingaliridwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ngwazi kapena wouziridwa ndi Mulungu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo aneneri achipembedzo, atsogoleri osintha zinthu, ndi zisonyezero za magulu ampatuko.
  • ulamuliro wa lamulo — wozikidwa pa dongosolo la malamulo ndi njira zalamulo. Ulamuliro waikidwa mu ofesi, osati munthu. Maufumu amakono, democracy, ndi madongosolo a zamalamulo ndi zitsanzo zazikulu. Umu ndi mtundu wosasintha m'machitaganya aakulu, ocholoŵana.

Weber adanena kuti maboma ambiri enieni ndi osanganiza. Mwachitsanzo, mfumu yalamulo imaphatikiza ulamuliro wamwambo (korona) ndi ulamuliro walamulo (lalamulo ndi malamulo). Kusanthula kwake kudakali kofunika kuti amvetsetse chifukwa chimene anthu amamvera malamulo ngakhale pamene sakugwirizana nawo. Kaamba ka kufufuza kozama, onani mbiri ya Max WeLT [1] [FLT:]

Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo

Kuphwanya malamulo ndiko chikhulupiriro chakuti boma lili ndi ufulu wolamulira. Popanda kuvomereza, boma liyenera kudalira pa kukakamiza, komwe kuli kokwera mtengo ndi kosakhazikika. Wasayansi wandale David Beetam anakhazikitsa mbali zitatu: mphamvu ndi yovomerezeka ngati (1) ikugwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa (kulimba kwa lamulo), (2) malamulo amenewo amavomerezedwa ndi zikhulupiriro zofanana (kulimba mtima kwa ufulu), ndi (3) kuvomereza (zochita zogwirizana). Zimenezi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake ngakhale olamulira ankhanza amayesa kuyambitsa kuonekera kwalamulo kudzera m’masankhoti, maboti, mabodza, kapena kuchonderera anthu kuti agwirizane ndi dziko lawo.

Mitundu ya Ulamuliro wa Boma

Panopa boma limapereka ufulu wosankha zochita komanso limapereka ufulu kwa anthu.

Demokalase ndi Zinthu Zake

Democracy imatanthauza "ulamuliro wa anthu". Ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wotchuka ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo. Masinthidwe aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha Democracy: [1] Nzika zimene zimavota pa malamulo ndi malamulo. Atene wakale ankachita zimenezi m'misonkhano, ndipo Switzerland yamakono imagwiritsira ntchito ma mendulo a foni. Imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'midzi yaing’ono.
  • Kuimira Democracy: [1] Nzika zosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kuwasankhira. Umu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku United States, Germany, India, ndi maiko ena ambiri.
  • Democracy ya Chipani cha Akatolika: Imapita kupyola pa kuvota kulimbikitsa kuloŵerera kwa nzika m’kulamulira kopitirizabe kupyolera m'mayeso a anthu, mabungwe a chitaganya, ndi masankho ochotsera ufulu. Imafuna kukulitsa pangano la democracy.

Maulamuliro a anthu amatengedwa mwalamulo m’masankho, koma amafunanso kufalitsa nkhani kwaulere, kuweruza kwaufulu, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa kuti akhalebe athanzi.

Kulamulira ndi Kupondereza

M’madongosolo a authoritarianism, mphamvu imasumikidwa mu mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kapamwamba, wokhala ndi ufulu waung'ono wa ndale zadziko kwa nzika. Zisankho, ngati zilipo, siziri za mpikisano. Maboma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa mphamvu, manenanena, ndi ulamuliro wamwambo kuti asunge mphamvu. Iwo amalephera kuyenerera m’maso mwa anthanthi ambiri, komabe angapitirizebe mwa mantha ndi kuchirikiza mantha.

Monarchy

Mpando wachifumu wa mfumu yachifumu mu wolamulira mmodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri wolandira choloŵa. Absolute monarchy (m., Saudi Arabia, Oman) amapatsa monarchy mphamvu zosatsekedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri zochirikizidwa ndi ulamuliro wachipembedzo kapena wamwambo. Maufumu a Chikonsitimentiya (m. g., United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden) amachepetsa ntchito ya mfumu yamwambo, ndi ulamuliro weniweni wotengedwa ndi bungwe losankhidwa.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy imatanthauza ulamuliro wa anthu ochepa. Mphamvu imachitidwa ndi kagulu kakang'ono kozikidwa pa chuma, kugwirizana kwa banja, ulamuliro wankhondo, kapena chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko. Sparta ndi Roman Republic (m'zaka zake zapambuyo pake) ndi zitsanzo za mbiri yakale. Lerolino, otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti mademokrase ena olemera akukhala apamwamba kwambiri, kumene lamulo lapamwamba limalamulira mwa zopereka ndi kusonkhezera. Kusiyana pakati pa demokrase ndi oleshoni ndi olegarch kungasokonezeke pamene mphamvu ya zachuma ikutembenuzira mwachindunji ku ulamuliro wandale zadziko.

Teokrase

Mu teokrase, atsogoleri achipembedzo amanena kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wochokera kwa Mulungu. Malamulo ngozikidwa pa malemba achipembedzo, ndipo boma limakakamiza chiphunzitso chachipembedzo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Iran (kumene Mtsogoleri Wamkulu ali mtsogoleri) ndi Mzinda wa Vatican. Ulamuliro wateokratiki umagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro waumulungu wophatikizapo ufulu waumulungu ndi wozizwitsa kapena wamwambo.

Maziko a Kulamulira

Pamene nzika zikhulupirira kuti boma lawo lili ndi kuyenera kwa kulamulira, zimatsatira malamulo mwaufulu, ngakhale pamene sizigwirizana ndi malamulo ena.

  • Ubwino ndi Kulingana pansi pa Chilamulo: [ Pamene malamulo agwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana kwa nzika zonse — olemera ndi osauka, amphamvu ndi ofooka — anthu angaone dongosololi kukhala lolungama. Chinyengo kapena tsankho limawononga kuyenera kwa lamulo.
  • Kudziwitsa ndi kuŵerengera: Kutsegula njira za boma, ufulu wa chidziŵitso, ndi mabungwe oyang’anira (monga ngati omvera ndi ombudmen)) amakulitsa chidaliro. Nzika zifunikira kuona kuti zosankha zipangidwa mwanzeru ndi kuti akuluakulu angachotsedwe ngati agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu molakwa.
  • Mokhutiritsa Kutengamo mbali: anthu amene ali ndi mawu omveka pa zosankha — mwa kuvota, kufunsira kwapoyera, kapena mabungwe a boma — amadzimva kukhala oyenera. Pamene kutengamo mbali kuli ndi malire kapena kulibe tanthauzo, kuyenera.
  • Zotulukapo ndi Ntchito: Boma limene limapereka chisungiko, maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maziko, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma amaweruzidwa ndi zotulukapo zake. Kulamulira kosaphula kanthu, ngakhale ngati demokalase, kungatsogolere ku kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi kutayikiridwa kwa lamulo.
  • Kutseguka kwa Chilamulo:[[FLT :1] Mwinamwake chochititsa chachikulu koposa. Pamene onse aŵiri nzika ndi akuluakulu a boma amangidwa ndi malamulo omveka bwino, otsimikizirika, dongosolo limakhazikika. Lamulo ndilo maziko a ulamuliro wa nzeru.

Kusintha kwa lamulo kungawopsezedwenso ndi zochitika zonga ngati nkhanza ya apolisi, chinyengo cha chisankho, kapena vuto lalikulu la zachuma. Kuibwezeretsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kusintha kwa mabungwe, makhonsati a chowonadi, kapena mapangano atsopano a lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa South Africa kuchoka ku tsankho kupita ku demokrase kunaphatikizapo kupatsidwanso ulamuliro kwa boma kupyolera mwa 1996 Constitution ndi Commission . Kuphunzira zambiri pa [FLT: 0] Constitution Center .

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Zili Zofunika

Kumvetsa mmene maboma amapezera mphamvu si nkhani yongophunzira chabe koma imakhudzanso munthu aliyense.

  • Kusintha ndi Chipangano cha Chigamulo : Pamene anthu azindikira magwero a ulamuliro (m' lekuatiso la, lamulo logwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kuchiritsa), iwo angapende oyembekezera ndi malamulo otsutsa kwambiri. Iwo angawone kupyolera m'mawu opanda pake ponena za "chifuniro cha anthu" ndikusunga atsogoleri ku lamulo.
  • Opatsirapo Opambulidwa: Anu ndi Anzawo amene amamvetsetsa ziphunzitso za ulamuliro angafotokoze mfundo zawo zimene zimamveka. Ngati boma lidalira pa ulamuliro walamulo, ochirikiza angaloze ku mipata ya lamulo kapena kuswa lamulo. Ngati ulamuliro uli wamwambo, angakope miyambo yanthaŵi yaitali ya chilungamo.
  • Kusungidwa kwa Boma Kuŵerengera: [[FLT: 1] Malamulo ndimsewu a njira ziŵiri. Maboma amene amaswa malamulo awo alamulo kapena kunyalanyaza chivomerezo cha anthu amataya ulamuliro wawo. Nzika zingalinganizire zitsutso, kuvota akuluakulu a boma, kulondola zitokoso za lamulo, kapena ngakhale kuchirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo.
  • Kutetezera Ufulu ndi Malo: Chidziŵitso cha ulamuliro chimapatsa nzika zida zopitira kuchenjera. Mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumathandizira anthu kuona pamene nthambi imodzi yapitirira ntchito yake. U.S. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu New York Times Co. v. United States [7] [7]
  • Kulimbikitsa Chikhalidwe cha Democratic Culture: Pomalizira pake, demokrase yathanzi imadalira pa pangano, nzika zodziŵa zimene zimatengamo mbali osati pa tsiku la chisankho, koma chaka chonse. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu kumasonkhezera kufunsa mafunso, kuganizitsa, ndi mpikisano wamtendere.

Kumaliza

Maboma amapeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku msanganizo wa malamulo, chivomerezo chotchuka, mwambo, kukakamiza, kukakamiza, ndipo ngakhale zonena zaumulungu. Nthanthi za pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu, Marxism, ndi ulamuliro wa Weberia zimathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chimene anthu amavomerezera ulamuliro umenewo ndi chimene umauchititsa kukhala. Mtundu wa boma — demokrase, ulamuliro wa a democracy, ufumu wa monarchy, kapena teokrase — umapanga mokulira mmene ulamuliro umagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi mmene nzika zimakhalira. Pamtima mwake, kuyenera, kuonekera, kuwonekera, kugawana, ndi kugwira ntchito.

M’dziko limene maboma nthaŵi zambiri amati ali ndi ulamuliro popanda kulungamitsa, kusiyanitsa mphamvu yozikidwa pa mphamvu ndi mphamvu yozikidwa pa chivomerezo n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse.