Zosankha zopangidwa ndi maboma a boma ndi boma zimaumba pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku mkhalidwe wa mpweya umene mumapuma ku misewu imene mumapitako, sukulu zimene ana anu amapitako, ndi chisungiko cha kupuma kwanu pantchito. Zosankha zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri zopangidwa mwa malamulo ocholoŵana, malamulo, ndi maulamuliro, zingamveke kukhala kutali ndi osawoneka bwino, koma ziyambukiro zake nzapanthaŵi yomweyo ndi zowonekera. Kumvetsetsa mmene mlingo uliwonse wa boma umagwirira ntchito [1] ndi mmene amagwirizanitsira chidziŵitso chofunika cha chifukwa chake malamulo ena alipo ndi mmene mungawasonkhetsere.

Kupanga Zosankha za Boma la Federal

Boma la boma, lozikidwa ku Washington, D.C., lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse. Zosankha zake zinapangidwa ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana: nthambi ya malamulo (Conrell), nthambi yaikulu (Prezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma), ndi nthambi yachiweruzo (makhoti a akulu). Iliyonse imachita mbali yeniyeni m’kulenga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kumasulira malamulo amene amalamulira Aamereka oposa 330 miliyoni.

Kampani [1] [1] [1] Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo [1] Ndiyo ili ndi thayo la kupanga ndi kutulutsa malamulo. Lamulo lingatulukire m'chipinda chilichonse, kupenda komiti, kukambitsirana, ndi kukonza, ndipo kenaka kuvomerezedwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri mumpangidwe wofanana asanatumizidwe kwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti angasaine lamulolo kapena kuiveto; Nyumba ya malamulo ingayendetse ndi anthu aŵiri - tatu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Njira imeneyi, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri imachedwa, imakonzedwa kumanga ndi kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zofunika za dziko zikhale zofunikira.

Pamene lamulo lakhazikitsidwa, mabungwe audindo onga Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu amapanga malamulo atsatanetsatane kuti agwiritsitse ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa amanyamula mphamvu ya lamulo ndipo amafalitsidwa mu Federal Register, ndi mwaŵi wa ndemanga yapoyera. Mwachitsanzo, Deeat Air Act imapatsa ulamuliro wa EPA wa dziko la miyezo ya kuyendetsa bwino ya mpweya imene imayambukira mwachindunji kutulutsa maindasitale, chuma cha galimoto, ndipo ngakhale mitundu ya zipangizo zimene mungagule.

Zosankha za Federal zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mwa maprogramu amene amakhudza pafupifupi nzika iliyonse. [FLT:] Sacial Security imapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu a ku America a zaka 65 ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi vuto. Federal ndi opulumuka akupereka ndalama zothandizira anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. , kugawiridwa ndi mathiransi ndi mapolo a masukulu apadera ku sukulu ya masana. Malamulo a boma amagamulako zankhondo, kukonza njira za pabwalo la ndege, ndi kuyankha tsoka. Kuyendetsa malamulo a dziko, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi kuyendetsa mabanja, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito.

Boma la boma limakhazikitsanso miyezo yochepera m'madera onga ngati chisungiko cha antchito (Occiation Safety and Health Administration , OSSA), kusungika kwa chakudya ndi mankhwala (Food and Drug Administration , FDA), ndi malamulo a zachuma (Umboni ndi Exchange Commission , SEC). Miyezo imeneyi imapanga malire a chitetezo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imawonjezerapo zofunika zina.

Mmene Malamulo Aunyinji Amaperekedwera: Ndalama ndi Malamulo

Pambuyo pa malamulo, zosankha za boma zipangidwa kupyolera m'makonzedwe a bajeti ndi ntchito za boma za chaka ndi chaka. Pulezidentiyo akufunsira ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, imene imatumiza ndalama zoperekera maprogramu a boma. Ndalamazo zimasankha ndalama zimene zimayendera potetezera, posamalira zinthu, ndi pophunzitsa anthu.

Malamulo a akuluakulu, pulezidenti wa ntchito, ndi maulamuliro amalola Prezidenti kutsogolera mabungwe a boma popanda lamulo latsopano. Pamene kuli kwakuti machitidwe ameneŵa angathetsedwe ndi boma lotsatira kapena kutsutsidwa m’khoti, iwo amapereka chiŵiya champhamvu chosinthira malamulo pa nkhani zonga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusungitsa lamulo la kusamuka, ndi chikhululukiro cha ophunzira.

Kusankha kwa Boma

Maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la nkhani zambiri zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, zoyendera, chitetezo cha anthu onse, malamulo a inshuwalansi, ndi malo. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, nyumba yoikika, kazembe, ndi dongosolo la khoti. Maboma amapanga malamulo akugwira ntchito kwanthaŵi imodzi m'zigawo zazing'ono . Zigawo za madera ndi malamulo a ntchito zamanja omwe akuvomereza ku zosoŵa ndi mapindu a chigawo.

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani zoyambira pa chiweruzo chaupandu (zitsogozo zoperekedwa, njira za apolisi) mpaka ku maphunziro (malamulo a sukulu, njira za ndalama) ndi kusamala zaumoyo (kufutukulidwa kwa Medicaid, zifuno za inshuwalansi). Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amasankha msinkhu wochepa wa ukwati, nyengo ya kumwa mwalamulo (kugwirizana ndi ndalama zoyendetsera m'makwawa), ndi malamulo a akatswiri osamalira a madokotala, aphunzitsi, ndi ometa.

AGovers saini kapena seŵero la boma, amalingalira za bajeti ya boma, ndi kupereka malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amene angatsogolere mabungwe a boma kuchitapo kanthu. Mowopsa "monga masoka achilengedwe kapena mavuto a zaumoyo wa anthu] kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kusonkhanitsa zinthu, kutsegulira, kapena kulamula anthu othaŵa. Mliri wa CHOVID, akazembe m'dziko lonse anapanga zosankha zowoneka bwino kwambiri ponena za kutsekedwa kwa sukulu, ziletso zamalonda, ndi manyawu omwe amalamulira ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mabungwe adziko (m' lekuatiso, madipatimenti a galimoto, chitetezo cha malo okhala, thanzi la anthu) amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Amatumiza laisensi, kuyang'anira, kuonetsetsa, ndi kuyang'anira malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Zosankha zawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi ziyambukiro zambiri za mwamsanga kuposa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti ya boma ya zoyendera imasankha pokonza mlatho wakwawo, mmene angagwiritsirire magetsi a galimoto, ndi kumene angaike njira zoyendera mabasi oyendera njinga [1] Makipeto amene amakhudza nthaŵi ndi chitetezo.

Mabajeti a Boma ndi Zosankha za Ndalama

Maboma amakweza ndalama mwa misonkho ya malipiro, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. Malamulo a bajeti amaika ndalamazo pamaphunziro (kaŵirikaŵiri ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zambiri), kusamala zaumoyo (Mdiedi), zoyendera, zowongolera, ndi ntchito zina. Malamulo a boma amachepetsa kapena kuwonjezera malingana ndi kukula kwa makalasi, mandandanda osamalira magalimoto, ndi kupezeka kwa mautumiki a zaumoyo. Malamulo a msonkho a msonkho (misonkhoma yopita patsogolo kapena yosanjika, misonkhoma ndi yotsika ya malonda, yokwera kapena yotsika kumene anthu amasankha kukhala ndi ntchito.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Maboma Aunyinji ndi Boma

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ndi mbali yodziŵika bwino ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo a U.S. amakhazikitsa dongosolo la kugawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Maboma ena ngogawa boma (m’njira yachingapo, kulengeza nkhondo, kuponya ndalama), ena ku mayiko (m’chingamo, kuchititsa masankho, kukhazikitsa maboma a m’dzikolo), ndi ambiri amagaŵana (m’chingaliro, misonkho, nyumba yomangira nyumba).

Chigwirizano cha boma chimachitika pamene milingo yonse ikugwira ntchito pamodzi pa zofunika zogaŵikana. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira misewu ya chigawo kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund, koma limalongosola mapulani, kumanga, ndi kusungitsa misewu. Mofananamo, Medicaid imaperekedwa mogwirizana: boma limakhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu ndi ndalama zimene boma limagwiritsira ntchito, koma mabomawo amayendetsa kukwaniritsa, mapindu, ndi kuyang'anira. Limenelilo limatanthauza kuti chigamulo cha ku Washington cha milingo yofanana chingakakamize chigamu chiwonjeze chigamulo cha kuwonjezera ndalama zake kapena kuwonjezera mlingo wake.

Nthaŵi zina lamulo lopatula lamulo la boma, kutanthauza kuti maboma sangapatsire malamulo otsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma lokhudza kusamuka limachotsa zoyesayesa zambiri za boma zokhazikitsa malamulo ogaŵikana oloŵera m'dziko. M’madera ena, maboma ali ndi malo oyesera. Kufikira kumeneku kwa “maluso a demokalase ” kwatsogolera ku malamulo onga miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto ku California (imene maiko ena angavomereze) ndi lamulo la Massachusetts la zauth la inshuwalansi, limene limagwira ntchito monga chitsanzo cha Afford Care Act.

Nkhondo pakati pa zigamulo za boma ndi za boma n’zofala. Mayiko atsutsa boma pa malamulo a malo okhala, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko. Chigamulo chalamulo chimadalira pa chinenero cha boma ndi malamulo a boma. Zigawo zimaona nkhondo zimenezi mwachindunji: Mwachitsanzo, pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma asiyana ndi chamba, nzika zingakayikire za maupandu a lamulo. Pakali pano, maboma ambiri alola kuti anthu azisangalala ndi chamba, koma amapangabe malamulo a boma, kuyambitsa mikangano ya mabizinesi, mabanki, ndi ogula zinthu.

Fiscal Federalism ndi Grants-in-Aid

Federal yapereka ndalama ku maboma iri chiŵiya champhamvu kaamba ka kusonkhezera lamulo la boma. Ma Grant angatsimikizidwe (kukalinga kapadera, monga kumanga misewu) kapena ndalama zoperekera (kwa maluso ambiri, monga kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya). Boma la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya kupereka ndalama zothandizira mwachitsanzo, kufuna kuti maboma awonjezere zaka za kumwa mwalamulo kwa 21 kapena kutengera miyezo ina ya maphunziro kuti alandire maphunziro a boma. “miyambo yogwirizanitsidwa ndi [1] Imalola boma kupanga zosankha za boma popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko mwachindunji.

Maunansi a Boma

M’mayiko, kugwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma akwawo (boma, mizinda, zigawo za sukulu) kuli ngati malamulo a boma. Maboma amapereka ulamuliro wawo kudzera m'zikalata ndi malamulo. Malamulo a boma angachotse malamulo a boma pankhani monga malipiro ochepa, kuletsa kulipira, kapena ziletso zapulasitiki. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chosankha cha mzinda cha kukweza malipiro ake ocheperapo chingagwetsedwe ndi lamulo la boma loletsa zochita za kumaloko. Kumvetsa malamulo apamwamba ameneŵa kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake malamulo ena amasiyana osati pakati pa maboma koma mkati mwawo.

Ntchito ya Makhoti Pogamula Nkhani ya Boma

Makhoti a boma ndi aboma omwe amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pomasulira malamulo ndi kugamula malamulo awo alamulo. Makhoti a Federal, kuphatikizapo Khoti Lapamwamba, angamenye malamulo a boma kapena a boma amene amaswa Lamulo la U.S. Makhoti aakulu amamasulira malamulo a boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kuposa cha boma.

Zigamulo za khoti zikhoza kukhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brown v. Board of Education (1854) (1954) sukulu za boma zopatulidwa, pamene Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] amatsimikizira ukwati waufulu wofanana. Posachedwapa, makhoti aumba malamulo okhudza kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wopanga mfuti, ndi malamulo a kutulutsa, kutulutsa, ndi kuletsa kapena kuchedwa malamulo a boma, kupangitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa mabizinesi ndi anthu ena.

Mmene Nzika Zingasonkhezerere Kupanga Zosankha

Zigamulo za boma sizingachitidwe popanda kanthu. Nzika zili ndi njira zambiri zothandizira. Kutumiza m'boma, m'boma, ndi m'malo osankha ndiyo njira yachindunji yosankhira oimira amene ali ndi mbali yanu yapadera. Kulankhula ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa / / foni, email, kapena kulemberana ndi munthuwe. Kuvomereza mabungwe kungachititse kuti anthu avomere pa mapepala apadera. Malamulo a boma alola anthu ndi mabungwe kupereka chivomerezo chimene mabungwe ayenera kuyang'anira.

Pambali pa kuvota ndi kuyankha, magulu a anthu opanga malamulo, ofufuza, ndi osonkhanitsa anthu kuti athandize. sapindula ndi zinthu zina. Magulu osumika maganizo pa zaumoyo, maphunziro, malo okhala, opanga malamulo, ndi malonda olimbikitsa, akuchititsa kufufuza, ndi kusonkhanitsa chilikizo la anthu. [[FLT:] Maluso a zaumoyo [ ndi [FLT:] ndi deletendiers m'mayiko ambiri] m'mayiko ambiri amalola ovomereza kapena kukana malamulo, kuchotsa malamulo oteretsa malamulo monga ngati a msonkho, ndi kusungitsa khomo la lamulo, ndi kuyendetsa kwa lamulo la lamulo.

Kupezeka pa misonkhano ya bungwe la akuluakulu a boma, kutumikira pa bungwe la sukulu, kapena kukhala ndi phande m’zochita za kugawana zingayambukire zosankha zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji mudzi wanu.

Kumvetsa Zochitikazo Kumateteza Ufulu Wanu

Kudziŵa mmene zosankha zimapangidwira [1] ndi amene ali ndi thayo . Nzika zaudindo kuŵerengera boma lawo. Ngati bungwe la boma likhazikitsa lamulo limene simukugwirizana nalo, mungaitsutse kupyolera mwa makhoti kapena kulimbikitsa chiŵalo chanu cha Congress kukhazikitsa malamulo. Ngati nyumba ya boma yanu yachepetsa ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, mungalinganize pamodzi ndi makolo ena ndi aphunzitsi kuti akambirane kukonzanso. Kakonzedwe ka American communism kamageni kamapanga mfundo zingapo zopezera ufulu, ndipo nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mfundozo zingagwiritsire ntchito bwino.

Zitsanzo za Zosankha za Boma ndi Zaudindo Zimene Zimakhudza Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

  • Kusamalira kwa ,: Inshuwalansi ya mankhwala yokhazikitsidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa ndalama. Maboma amasankha ngati angafutukule Medicaid pansi pa lamulo. Monga chotulukapo, munthu wamkulu wolandira ndalama zochepa m'dziko limene lingafunsidwe ndi Medicaid, pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wofananayo m'boma losakhala lautali sangakhale. Akuluakulu a boma amalamuliranso ndalama ndi madongosolo a boma.
  • Kuphunzitsa [1] : Bungwe la United States la Fourth Reseeds Act (ESA) likufuna maboma kuyesa ophunzira ndi kusimba za chidziŵitso, koma ligamula pa miyezo, madongosolo oŵerengera, ndi ziyeneretso za mphunzitsi. Kutenga kwa boma Common Core kapena miyezo ina kumasintha zimene mwana wanu amaphunzira m'masamu ndi Chingelezi.
  • Kutumiza zinthu [1]: Ndalama za mafuta zoyendetsera msonkho pakati pa misewu ya m'dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti misonkho ya boma ndi ndalama zolipiridwa pa misewu ina. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera amasankha pa liŵiro, mapulani a msewu, ndi kuyendetsa magalimoto a anthu. Chigamulo cha kukulitsa msewu kapena kuwonjezera njinga chimapangidwa pa mlingo wa boma kapena wa kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kumvetsera kwa anthu ndi kupenda malo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Public Safety[[FLT: 1]: Malamulo a boma amasamalira upandu wa mayiko, uchigawenga, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Apolisi a boma amakakamiza malamulo a pamsewu ndi kupenda upandu wa boma. Madipatimenti a apolisi a m’dzikolo amayang'anira malonda a tsiku ndi tsiku. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa zilango zaupandu, ndipo akazembetsa chilango kapena kukhululukira.
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Kumaliza

Maboma a Federal ndi boma samagwira ntchito paokha. Mabungwewa amasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu oikidwa amene amapanga zosankha tsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimakhudza ntchito yanu, thanzi lanu, maphunziro a ana anu, ndi chitetezo cha m'mudzi wanu. Mwakumvetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma lililonse. Mwakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zimakhazikitsa malamulo, mmene Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe a boma amawagwiritsira ntchito, mmene malamulo a boma ndi akazembe amaikira malamulo, ndi mmene makhoti amapezera chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha mphamvu zimene zimaumba moyo wanu. Chofunika kwambiri, mumaphunzira kumene mungapereke malamulo anu ndi mavoti anu kuti mupange kusiyana.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha mmene boma la boma la boma limagwirira ntchito, chezerani [[FLT: 0]. Gov's kupenda kwa nthambi za boma . Kulemba malamulo ndi malamulo a boma, gwiritsirani ntchito . gov. Kuzindikira m'malamulo, Conference of State Legislatures kumapereka ziŵiro zokulira. Potsirizira pake, mafotokozedwe a Chigwirizano cha boma [[FLT:]] Nyumba ya Chigawo [FLT]]