Chiyambi: Vuto Losafuna Kumanga Matauni Padziko Lonse

Pofika 2050, pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya anthu a dziko lapansi amayembekezeredwa kukhala m’mizinda, kuwonjezera anthu 2.5 biliyoni ku mizinda. Kusintha kumeneku kwa matauni kumakakamiza maboma kupereka nyumba, zoyendera, madzi, ukhondo, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Kukhoza kulinganiza, ndalama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito maprojekiti ameneŵa kumadalira kwambiri pa dongosolo la kulamulira dziko. Maluso aŵiri aakulu a dziko. Maluso a kuyendetsa malo ndi osungira zinthu ndi osungira zinthu zamagetsi amadziŵika kwambiri motani, kudalirana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, ndi kuthetsedwa kwa makampani. Kumvetsetsa njira zawo nkofunika kwa opanga malamulo, mapulani a mizinda, ndi oyendetsa makampani ofufuza njira zothandiza ntchito.

Madongosolo a Federal amagaŵira mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a chigawo kapena zigawo, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi mathayo ofotokozedwa mwalamulo. Madongosolo a Unitary amasumika ulamuliro m'boma lalikulu limene limatumiza mphamvu ku maulamuliro a kumaloko mochenjera. Madongosolo ameneŵa amapanga njira zosiyana zoyendetsera kukula kwa mizinda, zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu za m'makampani, ndi kulinganiza zinthu zopikisana za m'madera. Nkhaniyi ikupenda zonse ziŵirizo, kuyerekezera kugwira ntchito kwawo, ndi maphunziro aakulu ochirikiza kupita patsogolo kwa mizinda.

Maboma Olamulira ndi Matauni

M'mayiko monga United States, India, Germany, Canada, ndi Australia, malamulo a mizinda ndi ziwiya zapamwamba kwambiri zikuyendetsedwa bwino. Boma kapena maboma a chigawo chimodzi ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa ntchito ya nthaka, kukonza malo, kukonza zoyendera, nyumba za onse, ndi ntchito za anthu. Makonzedwe amenewa amathandiza maboma a m'madera osiyanasiyana kukonza njira zothetsera mavuto a m'dera lawo monga Phoenix angachititse kuti madzi asungidwe pamene mzinda wa kumpoto monga Chicago ukufuna kuchepetsa zinthu. Kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kumayambitsa kusintha, mfundo za m'nkhani ya mizinda.

Komabe, kulinganiza zinthu kumachititsanso kusiyana kwakukulu. Maboma a chuma angapereke msonkho wapamwamba ndi kukopa kuikizira ndalama zaumwini, kumanga madongosolo a zaulendo ndi nyumba zokongola. Mayiko osauka, otsenderezedwa ndi chuma chochepa, akulimbana kusungitsa misewu, madzi, ndi masukulu. Ofesi ya Boma la Boma la U.S. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu za munthu aliyense zimasiyanasiyana m’maiko osiyanasiyana, ndi madera akumidzi ndi otsika oloŵamo bwino amabwerera kumbuyo. Chitukukochi chosiyana chimenechi chikhoza kuchepetsa kusalingana komwe kulipo ndi kusokonezeka kwa chuma kwa dziko lonse.

Mavuto Ogwirizana m’Madongosolo a Magulu Ogwirizanitsa

Chidziŵitso china cha boma ndicho kugwirizanitsa chigawo chimodzi cha boma. Makonzedwe aakulu a zamaziko, monga ngati njanji zapamwamba kapena misewu yapamwamba ya m'mayiko, kaŵirikaŵiri amadutsa malire a boma ndi kufuna mapangano a ndalama, miyezo, ndi magawo a nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yomanga njanji yapamwamba ya California, kugwirizanitsa Los Angeles ndi San Francisco, yakhala ikuchedwa ndi kukwera mtengo chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa mabungwe a boma, boma, uyang'anira, ndi maboma akuno. Mofananamo, kampani za Swebriod Bit Batts zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana pakati pa boma, boma, boma, ndi makampani a boma, kutsogolera kuyendetsa mabotolo.

Madongosolo a Federal amavutanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Maboma ambiri a m’mayiko ambiri alibe kubwereka ndalama kapena zinthu zina zothandizira kugula zinthu za m’mizinda. Ayenera kudalira ndalama za boma, mayanjano a anthu paokha, kapena misika yogwirizana. Ku United States, boma limapereka ndalama za zoyendera kudzera m'maprogramu onga Infrablicmental Investicement ndi Jobs Act (IJA), koma mayiko ayenera kupikisana ndi ndalama zimenezi, nthaŵi zina kusiya mizinda yaing'onoing'ono yosungidwa. The World Bank ikunena kuti, “mauve otchuka amafunika madongosolo osintha zinthu a Intactivementalmentalmental and Jobs Act (IJA), koma mayiko ayenera kupikisana ndi ndalama zowonjezereka za ntchito za boma.

Nkhani za Chipambano m’Kulamulira kwa Federal Urban

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, boma lapanga chipambano chotchuka m’mizinda. Maboma a Germany, okhala ndi boma lolimba (Länder), athandiza kulinganiza malo a Rhine-Ruhr, limodzi la malo a tauni yaikulu ku Ulaya. Komiti ya chigawo cha yunivesite ya Zambia, yomwe imapanga mapulogalamu a zigawo zosiyanasiyana, ndi mabasi, ndi magalimoto a trammarksbach kuzungulira mayiko ambiri. Mpando wa boma la Canada wa Undulo wa Ufulu wa ku Canada, woperekedwa kudzera m'mapangano ndi zigawo za mabizinesi, wathandizira ntchito za m'magawo a chigawo cha , kuchokera ku ku magalimoto obiriŵirira, pamene kuli ku malo a chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo.

Ku India, boma limalola maboma onga Maharashtra ndi Gujarat kulondola njira zamphamvu zopitira ku mizinda, kuphatikizapo makhonde opatulidwa a maindasitale ndi masitepe a njanji za m’mafakitale, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko osauka onga Bihar amadalira kwambiri zigwirizano zapakati. Kusintha kumeneku kungakulitse kukula m’madera amphamvu komanso kungayambitse njira ya kukonza matauni a midzi yoyenda ndi iŵiri mkati mwa dziko limodzimodzilo.

Maboma Ogwirizana ndi Kukhazikika kwa Maboma

M'maboma aunyinji onga United Kingdom, France, Japan, ndi South Korea, boma lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa malamulo a mizinda ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Maboma a m’dzikolo amene amagwira ntchito pansi pa maulamuliro a boma ndipo ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko, miyezo, ndi zitsogozo. Kukonza kumeneku kumathandiza madongosolo a mgwirizano a mgwirizano, ndalama zoyendetsera, ndi kulinganiza kwanthaŵi yaitali m'dziko lonselo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lomanga tauni la France, Agence Nationalaunt la larbaine recontion la (ANRU), kugwirizanitsa ntchito zazikulu zowongolera zinthu m'dera losoŵa pogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoikiridwa.

Madongosolo aunyinji angavomereze mwamsanga mavuto a m'mizinda chifukwa chakuti kupanga zosankha sikumafuna kugwirizana pakati pa maiko ambiri. Boma lapakati la Japan, kudzera ku Ministry of Land, Indracturaturature, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), layendetsa njanji yapamwamba yopakidwa (Shinkansen), kuwonjezeka kwa malamulo oyendera chivomezi, ndi malamulo a mizinda yomwe imagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuchokera ku Tokyo mpaka kumidzi. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti zinthu zofunika za dzikolo monga kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon kapena kuchuluka kwa nyumba za anthu, m’malo ofunikira kuloŵetsedwa m'chigawo.

Kuopsa kwa Kulinganiza Zinthu Mwadongosolo

Komabe, kukhazikitsa malamulo kulinso ndi maupandu olembedwa bwino. Malamulo a kampani imeneyi anganyalanyaze mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, kuchititsa kusungitsa ndalama zosayenera kapena zosapindulitsa. Lamulo la nyumba lopangira Paris lingalephere ku Marsèille kapena Lyon, kumene nyengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kapangidwe ka chuma zimasiyana. Otsutsa malamulo a m'tauni ya France amanena kuti kulinganiza zinthu mochedwa kwachititsa midzi yaikulu, yosagwirizana kwambiri (Banlies) yovutika ndi kusoŵa mautumiki. Mofananamo, makonzedwe a UK a dzikolo asuliridwa kaamba ka chitukuko cha kummwera cha kummaŵa, kupikisana kwa chuma cha chigawo.

Vuto lina ndilo kuthekera kwa mabureaucracy irentia. Chifukwa chakuti zosankha zimafuna chivomerezo kuchokera ku mautumiki ambiri apakati, maprojekiti angachedweredwe kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Chipangizo cha London Crosslow (Elizabeth Line) , pamene kuli kwakuti chipambano chake, chinatenga zaka zoposa khumi kuposa zokonzekera kubwereramo ndi kuchirikiza ndalama za mabungwe a boma. M'mabungwe apakati, atsogoleri a boma alephera kusintha njira zopezera zofuna za chitaganya, zimene zingachepetsere kudalirana ndi kudalirana kwa nzika.

Zitsanzo za Olemekezeka Apakati

Ngakhale kuti pali maupandu ameneŵa, maopera apanga maluso aakulu kwambiri. Kusintha kwa mizinda kwa ku South Korea mwamsanga pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Korea kunatsogozedwa ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu . Boma linamanga mizinda yatsopano monga Sejong, likulu la boma, ndi kupanga njira yopangira njanji zapansi zokwera kwambiri (KTX) zimene tsopano zikugwirizanitsa mizinda yaikulu kwambiri. Boma lapakati la South Korea linakhozanso kuyendetsa nyumba kudzera m'mabungwe omanga oletsedwa ndi boma, kuthandiza kuchepetsa mitengo ya msika wotukuka wa ku Seoul. Grand Paris Express, ntchito 200-kilometer project , ikuperekedwa ndi kampani ya boma (Soété Transé Grand Paris) ndi kagulu kamodzi kaonedwe ka dziko lonse, kotsatira kadziko kameneka kanga kangayambitse njira kake kake.

Zomwe zachitika ku Japan zokhudza ukalamba ndi kuchepa kwa anthu zimasonyezanso mmene madongosolo a mgwirizano angayendetsedwe mofulumira. Boma lapakati lakhazikitsa “mzinda wogwirizana ” malamulo a zachuma, kupereka zisonkhezero kwa makampani amene amalimbitsa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka. Njira yoposa yapamwamba imeneyi yakhala yothandiza kwambiri kuposa njira zoyendera za malonda, zoyendera m'mafakitale m'mayiko ambiri.

Kupenda Moyerekezera: Mphamvu ndi Zofooka

Kukonza Malo ndi Kusunga Masheya

M'madongosolo a boma, ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zapamtunda kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa ndalama za msonkho za boma ndi ndalama zimene boma limapereka, zomwe zimachititsa kuikizira ndalama zosalingana. Boma lokhala ndi ntchito zamphamvu za zachuma lingakongole ndalama zotsika ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama, pamene boma losauka likulimbana kuti lisunge chuma chomwe chilipo. Madongosolo a UK angapereke ndalama za msonkho ku madera osoŵa, monga momwe amachitira UK kudzera mwa “makonzedwe ake a", koma zimenezi zingayambitse kudalirana ndi kusasonyeza zinthu zofunika za kumaloko. World Bank’s 2023 Infreclaclaise Financial Ivince ilimbikitsa njira yachikhalidwe lachikhalidwe: ndalama zoyendetsera msonkho ndi ntchito zoyenerera, kulola maluso a dziko kuti agwirizane ndi njira zawo za dziko.

Kuthamanga kwa Ntchito Yogwira

Maboma a bungwe la United States amapanga maprojekiti aakulu, a uyunifomu mofulumira. Komabe, masiteshoni a njanji zapamwamba za ku China zopangidwa pansi pa dongosolo launyinji (ngakhale ndi kuloŵetsedwamo kwa chigawo), zofutukulidwa kuchokera pa zero kufika pa makilomita oposa 40,000 m'zaka 15. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, United States yakhala ikulimbana kumanga makilomita 50 a njanji yowongoka yeniyeni. Komabe, liŵiro la mayunifomu lingafike pa mtengo wa zothandizira anthu: maprojekiti angapitirize popanda kukambirana kokwanira, kutsogolera ku ku kusamuka kwa anthu ndi mavuto a zamalamulo pambuyo pake. Madongosolo a za chigawo a United States, okhala ndi nsonga zambiri , angachepeputse koma angatulutse ndi zinthu zambiri zogula.

Kukonzanso ndi Kuyesa

Federalism imakhala ndi phindu la kuyesa njira za malamulo. Mayiko angathandize monga “maluso a demokrase,” kuyesa njira zatsopano za mavuto a m'mizinda . Zonga ngati kutsendereza, kulumikizana, kapena malamulo obiriwira a nyumba . Zitsanzo za House Development Board za Singapore zinayambitsidwa poyamba zisanakhale malamulo a dzikolo. Mabungwe a United States angayambitsenso kuyambitsa, koma makamaka kupyolera mwa maprogramu a dzikolo mmalo mwa njira za kukhazikitsa. Chikalata cha UK’Gardide Cities ndi L_Écouart_ la France adayamba kujambula zonse ziŵiri monga zofufuzira zapakati.

Kusakondera ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Magawo

Madongosolo aunyinji ambiri ali bwino pochepetsa kusiyana kwa malo chifukwa boma lalikulu lingafalitse chuma kudzera m'kusamutsidwa. Dongosolo la Germany, ngakhale kuti nlosafunika, limaphatikizapo njira yofanana yolimba (Länderfinanzausgleich) imene ikusonyeza kuti ndalama zoyendetsera dziko. Popanda njira zimenezi, madongosolo a boma angatulutse kusiyana kwakukulu, monga momwe zikuonekera ku Brazil: Nyumba za São Paulo ndi dziko lonse, pamene kuli kwakuti mizinda ya kumpoto kulibe ukhondo. Lipoti la 20222 OECD linapeza kuti maiko a m'dzikolonse mu OECD ali ndi 300,000 peresenti ya kusalingana kwa mitundu yambiri, kugogomezera kuvuta kwa dziko lonse.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Federal v. Unitary in Action

United States (Pedal) – Kupereka Masheya ndi Kuchita Ntchito

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France (Pangano) – The Grand Paris Express

Grand Paris Express ndi 200-km , 68-audioding metro programme yozungulira Paris , ndi bajeti ya mabiliyoni 4242 . Itsogozedwa ndi kampani ya boma, Société du Grand Paris , ntchitoyo yalandira ndalama zosasintha kuchokera ku boma lapakati ndi zilolezo. Kumanga kunayamba mu 2015 ndi mzera woyamba kutsegulidwa mu 2024, ndipo kukwaniritsidwa kwake konse kukumayembekezeredwa ndi 2030. Ntchitoyo imaphatikizapo miyezo ya malo okhala ndi ntchito za anthu akomweko, yolamulidwa ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Mameya a m'boma akukhala ndi mfundo zina zothandizira koma boma lomaliza. Kachitidwe koyambirira koyambirirakukukuku kwachititsa ntchitoyo kukhala ndi ndandanda ndi ndalama zambiri za kuundalama zambiri za United States.

Mikhalidwe Yomasinthasintha: Kusokonezeka kwa Madongosolo a Zinthu

Zomwe zimachitika n’zochepa. Mayiko ambiri akutengera njira zotchedwa system system . United Kingdom, yamakono, yachotsa mayiko ku Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, ndi mameya a maulamuliro (m., Greater Manchester, West Midlands). Mabungwe ameneŵa tsopano akuyang'anira zoyendera ndi ndalama zoyendetsera nyumba, kutsanzira mbali za boma. Mofananamo, dongosolo la dziko la India laona kuti boma lalikulu lakhazikitsa ntchito za m'tauni (m. g., Atal Mission for Rejuvotion and Urbactution) zimene zikugwirizana ndi boma popereka ndalama zothandizira.

Umisiri ndi wogwirizananso. Mapulatifomu a manaiform a mapulatifomu a tauni, kuphatikiza mathirakiti, kutsegulira mfundo , kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene miyezo ya dzikolo iikidwa koma ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kudera. Mayiko onse aŵiri a boma ndi aunyinji akutengera zida zimenezi. Magulu a kutukuka kwa tauni a World Bank [[FLT:] m'malo motsatira kwambiri malamulo a boma.

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chinthu china chimene chimayenderana. Mayiko monga Germany agwiritsa ntchito malamulo a dzikolo kuti alamulire mayiko, pamene mayiko monga Japan achititsa kuti mizinda ikhale yosavuta kuyendetsa magawo a zigawo zero . Makina a mizinda amasonyeza mmene oyang'anira mizinda yaikulu, mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo la dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri ali otchuka kwambiri pochita malonda ochirikiza, nthaŵi zina kudutsa boma la dzikolo mu tentia. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kuyendetsa bwino kwa mizinda kungadalire pang'ono pa dongosolo la boma ndi pa utsogoleri, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kugawikana kwa nzika.

Mapeto ake: Kodi Ndi Zinthu Zotani Zimene Zingathandize Kuti Anthu Aziyenda Bwino M’matauni?

Madongosolo a boma kapena aunyinji sapambana kwenikweni kuyang'anira mavuto a m'mizinda. Njira yabwino imadalira pa mbiri ya dziko, chikhalidwe, kulemera kwa ndalama, ndi mtundu wa zinthu zofunika. Federalism imapatsa kulabadira kwa kumaloko, kusintha, ndi kukonza zinthu, koma kuopsa kwa kusalingana ndi kulephera kwa mgwirizano. Madongosolo a Unity amapereka kusasintha, liŵiro, ndi kusalolera, koma angaletse ntchito yakumaloko ndi kunyalanyaza zinthu zenizeni zapansi.

Mizinda yachipambano kuzungulira dziko lonse kaŵirikaŵiri yaphatikiza mbali zonse ziŵiri. Singapore, mzinda waumodzi wa chigawo chimodzi, wayambitsa njira yogwirizana kwambiri mwa kupatsa mphamvu mabungwe a kumaloko. Germany, dziko la boma, lakwaniritsa kulingana kwa mtundu wonse mwa kulinganiza kwamphamvu ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Phunziro lalikulu nlakuti madongosolo a kulamulira ayenera kuyendera limodzi ndi mbali zowonekera bwino, chuma chokwanira, ndi njira zothandizira kuphunzira ndi kuzoloŵera.

Pamene kuwonjezereka kwa matauni kukufulumira, maboma ayenera kusumika maganizo pa kusintha kwa zinthu: kulimbitsa ndalama za kampani, kuwongolera kugwirizana kwa boma, kusungitsa chidziŵitso ndi zomangira, ndi kumanga pamlingo uliwonse. Kusankha pakati pa ma pulaneti a boma ndi aunieary sikofunika kwambiri kuposa ngati dongosolo la kumaloko lingasinthe motsimikizirika dongosolo la zinthu kukhala maziko operekedwa. Mwachifuniro choyenera ndi chandale, maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma limodzi angapange kulimba, kuphatikiza, ndi kukhazikika kwa mizinda imene ikufuna m'zaka za zana la 21.

Nkhani iyi ikujambula pa kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT: 1] ECD Chigawo cha Chigwirizano cha Chitukuko , Brookings Information Intective Information , ndi [[FLT:] World Bank’s Suppending Cities lipoti la [1] [2023].