Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Boma Limakhazikitsa Mabungwe Othandiza Kusintha Zachuma

Kusintha kwa zachuma ndi kuyendetsa zinthu sikumachitikira m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa mofulumizitsa, kapena motsekerezedwa ndi mapulani andale amene amapanga malamulo. Mapulani a boma — kaya ayang’anira ayang’anizane ndi mphamvu zolephera kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, kaya ngati makampaniwo ali oletsedwa kapena oletsedwa kwambiri, kaya magulu a anthu apatsidwa chilango kapena kugawidwa — amapanga njira zolimbitsira ndi zopimira misa za mabotolo zimene zimapanga kuti dziko lisinthe chuma chake. Kuzindikira kuti mabungwe ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwa opanga malamulo, opanga zinthu, ndi opanga malamulo mofanana.

Kutsutsana kwa kakonzedwe ka boma ndi kusintha kwakhala kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Akatswiri a zandale zadziko anena kuti “kwa oseŵera” — anthu kapena magulu amene agwirizana kuti asinthe — angaleke ngakhale kusintha kolinganizidwa bwino. Komabe, madongosolo amene amalola masinthidwe aakulu aakulu kukhoza kukakamiza kuwongolera zinthu zopweteka, komanso angasoŵenso mayeso ofunika kuti apeŵe zolakwa za boma. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene mabizinesi osiyanasiyana a boma amathandizira kapena kulepheretsa kusintha chuma ndi kusintha, kujambula umboni wosiyana ndi kupereka njira zopangira masinthidwe.

Kujambula Malo Okongola: Gawo Lopanga Mabuku la Boma

Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo

Palamente, nthambi yoyang'anira (bungwe la boma ndi nduna yaikulu) imatengedwa ndi kuyankha mlandu kwa nyumba ya malamulo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwa maulamuliro kungatulutse kusakhazikika kofulumira kapena kofooketsa, kudalira pa kulinganiza kwa gulu. Boma limodzi lachigawo — monga ku United Kingdom kapena New Zealand kwa nyengo zambiri ya nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo — kungakhazikitse lamulo mwamsanga chifukwa chakuti mkulu wa bungweyo amalamulira malamulo. Komabe, pamene maboma a mgwirizanowo ali ogwirizana, monga ku Italy kapena Israyeli, kukonzanso zinthu kungachedwe ndi kufunika kwa kukwaniritsa zikondwerero zambiri za magulu ankhondo.

Chilangizo cha maphwando a nyumba ya malamulo ndi chinthu chinanso chovuta. M'mabungwe a m'gulu la Westminster okhala ndi zikoti zamphamvu, zigaŵenga za kumbuyo n’zosoŵa, zimene zimalola boma kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosadziwika koma zofunika zachuma. Komanso, madongosolo opanda mwambo kapena osadalirana kaŵirikaŵiri angawone kusintha kwa mavoti a boma atasintha.

Madongosolo a Prezidenti

Madongosolo a pulezidenti amasiyanitsa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi zalamulo, chimodzi ndi chimodzi ndi malamulo odzisankhira. Kulekana kumeneku kungayambitse mipata ndi zopinga ziŵiri. Pulezidenti wokhala ndi unyinji wa malamulo ochirikiza, monga United States pansi pa Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, angasonkhezere kuwongolera zinthu zazikulu. Koma pamene ulamuliro ndi msonkhano zilamulidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana — mkhalidwe wodziŵika kukhala boma logawikana — malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri umatulukapo. Madongosolo a pulezidenti alinso ndi malamulo okhazikika, omwe angapereke chikhazikitso koma amatetezeranso mkulu wa boma wouma mutu pa chisonkhezero chofala.

Mbali yaikulu ya madongosolo a pulezidenti ambiri ndiyo kukhalako kwa macheke amphamvu ndi malingana, kuphatikizapo kupenda zembe ndi makiya a boma . Izi zingaletse kusintha kwa mwamsanga kapena kopanda pake, komanso kuchulukitsa chiŵerengero cha mfundo za maveto. Kusintha, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale pulezidenti wodzipereka angayang'ane kwa miyezi kapena zaka zambiri asanagulitsidwe ntchito ya boma.

Njira za Semi - Presidery ndi Hybrid System

France, Russia, ndi maiko ambiri a pambuyo pa Soviet amagwira ntchito pansi pa madongosolo a kamodzikamodzi, kumene pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwachindunji amakhala pamodzi ndi nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe loyang'anira nyumba ya malamulo. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kumasintha mogwirizana ndi ngati gulu la pulezidenti limalamulira nyumba ya malamulo. Chigwirizano — pamene pulezidenti ndi a palamente ambiri ali ku zipani zosiyanasiyana — kungayambitse nkhondo ya mkati imene imathetsa kusintha kwa zachuma, monga momwe zinawonekera ku France kumapeto kwa ma 1990.

Madongosolo ena a zidole, monga ngati Sus Federal Council kapena ulamuliro wa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku China, amanyalanyaza kuikidwa kwa lamulo kosavuta. M’dongosolo la kulamulira kapena la kagulu kogaŵikana, liŵiro la kusintha kaŵirikaŵiri limakula chifukwa chakuti oseŵerawo amachotsedwa, koma kusoŵa kwa mlandu kungatsogolere ku kuukira ndi chiphuphu.

Fraderal v. Unitary Mabungwe

Pambuyo pa kugwirizana kwa akuluakulu a boma, kugaŵiridwa kwa malo kwa nkhani za mphamvu. Madongosolo a Federal (m., India, Brazil, Germany) amachotsa ulamuliro waukulu ku maboma kapena madera. Zimenezi zingatheketse kuyesa kusintha — njira zapamwamba za boma zingapimidwe — komanso zimapanganso miyalo yambiri imene imasokoneza kusintha kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, kuyesa kwa boma lalikulu kugwetsa mtengo wake m'migodi ya malasha kunazedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kukanizidwa ndi kutsutsa kwa maiko onyamula malasha.

Madongosolo a bungwe (m’njira ya ku France, Japan) amasumika maganizo pa ulamuliro wapakati, kupangitsa kusintha kwa dziko kukhala kosavuta kukwaniritsa — koma amaikanso pangozi kunyalanyaza kusintha kwa m’madera kumene kungafunikire njira zoyenerera.

Othandiza Kusintha Zachuma ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu

Ulamuliro Waukulu wa Ulamuliro ndi Chifuniro cha Ndale

Ngati mtsogoleri kapena gulu lolamulira lili ndi lamulo lachisankho chotsimikizirika ndi zitsenderezo zochepa za bungwe, kusintha kungayende mofulumira. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo zochitika m'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo okhala ndi mbali yaikulu imodzi. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa zachuma kwa New Zealand m'ma 1980, kumene kunaphatikizapo kuchotsa kwakukulu, kulola malonda, ndi kuchotsa chuma cha boma, kunasonkhezeredwa ndi boma la Labour lomwe linalamulira nyumba ya malamulo. Mofananamo, kutembenuza boma la Presidition ya Chile kumayambiriro kwa 1980 kunayambitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wankhondo umene sunayang'aniziridwe ndi chitsutso cha boma.

Komabe, ulamuliro waukulu ndi lupanga lothiridwa mbali ziŵiri. Popanda mayeso a kudziimira, kusintha kungapangidwe molakwika kapena kukopa mapindu kwa anthu apamwamba. Mfungulo njakuti chifuno champhamvu cha ndale zadziko, pamene chiphatikizidwa ndi a technocrates aluso ndi njira zoonekera bwino, zingagonjetse kuchuluka kwa madongosolo ogaŵanika.

Malo Ovuta Kuwasintha a Zandale Ndiponso Kusintha kwa Mfundo

Opereka ndalama afunikira kuneneratu. Maboma amene amapanga mgwirizano wokhazikika kapena mbali imodzi yokha amachepetsa ngozi yakuti zisinthiko zidzasinthidwa pambuyo pa chisankho chotsatira. Madongosolo a pulezidenti, ndi malamulo awo okhazikika, angapereke chisungiko ngakhale ngati bwanamkubwayo sakondedwa, malinga ngati pulezidenti watsala. Kumbali ina, boma limagwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo (mphindi, maboma 69 a Italy kuyambira 1946) amaletsa kugulitsa ndalama kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kupanga malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a boma kukhala osakopa kwenikweni anthu ogula.

Kukhazikika kumadaliranso pa kudziimira kwa mabungwe akuluakulu.

Mabungwe Ogwira Mtima ndi Udindo Woyang’anira

Kusintha ndi kusintha sikumangofuna kukhazikitsa malamulo; kumafuna maulamuliro aluso kuti apange madongosolo a malonda, chuma, ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Maiko okhala ndi miyambo ya ntchito ya boma yolimba, monga Singapore ndi New Zealand, angagwiritsire ntchito maprogramu ovuta opatsira. Mosiyana ndi, maiko okhala ndi mabungwe ofooka angaone kuyambitsa chuma kapena katangale.

Mabungwe a boma amene amalimbikitsa kulembedwa ntchito kwa anthu ndi kuteteza antchito a boma kuti asawomberedwe ndi mfuti (monga momwe zimakhalira m’malamulo ambiri) amakulitsa udindo wapamwamba wa mabungwe.

Ntchito ya Atsogoleri ndi Njala Zodziyang’anira

Kusintha kwa makampani kumafuna kuti mabungwe odziimira okha ayang’anire misika yatsopano yongolandira ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la UK loyang’anira nyumba ya malamulo linapanga maulamuliro onga Ostem ndi Ostrom. Mofananamo, kusintha kwa telecom kwa ku India kunathandizidwa ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu. Kukhalapo kwa mabungwe otere kumachepetsa ngozi ya maboma a boma amene amaloŵa m’malo mwa maboma, amene angayambitse chichilikizo cha ndalelere.

Kusintha Zinthu pa Zachuma ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu

Kulephera Kusintha Zandale ndi Boma Limasintha Kaŵirikaŵiri

Maboma amene atsala pang'ono kukhala ndi moyo ali pakati pa zopinga zamphamvu kwambiri zosintha. M’mayiko amene muli mavoti ambiri kapena amene sadzidalira, nthaŵi imene opanga malamulo asintha imachepa. Palibe boma limene likufuna kuwononga likulu la ndale pa kusintha kopweteka kumene kungabale zipatso pambuyo pogwa kwake. Vutoli n’lamphamvu kwambiri m'malamulo ndi kugaŵanitsa ndi zigawenga zapamwamba, monga Italy m'ma 1990 kapena Israel. Makonzedwe a za ndale yopanga masinthidwe amayambika koma kenaka limapangidwa ngati mapangano a bungwe la malamulo.

Ziphuphu ndi Kugwidwa ndi Boma

Ziphuphu sizimangochotsa ndalama zokha komanso zimayambitsa magulu amphamvu achifuniro amene amatsutsa kuonekera kwa kuonekera ndi mpikisano. M'madongosolo okhala ndi macheke ndi mayeso ochepa — kaya a pulezidenti kapena a nyumba ya malamulo — olamulira angagwiritsire ntchito privatation kupatsa mphoto. Pamene mabungwe a boma alola maulamuliro kunyalanyaza kuyang'anira kwa malamulo (m'jere, mwa lamulo m'madongosolo ena a pulezidenti), pritat ingakhale galimoto ya kuyendetsa chuma mmalo mwa kupambana. Kusintha kwa Russia kwa Pritation purentivatation mu 1990 kuli chitsanzo chochenjeza: kulephera kwa ukayang'anira wogwira ntchito bwino kwa makampani opanga makampani.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, madongosolo okhala ndi mabungwe amphamvu oletsa ziphuphu ndi ufulu wa kuweruza — monga ufumu wa nyumba ya malamulo ya Sweden — amapanga malo kumene kutchuka kungatulutse misika ya mpikisano.

Kusumika Maganizo ndi Kusoŵa kwa Nkhonya

Pamene kuli kwakuti oseŵera ambiri angatsekereze kusintha, oŵerengeka kwambiri angapange masinthidwe amene kulibe social service in ndipo pambuyo pake amasinthidwa. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti kumene gulu limodzi limalamulira nthambi zonse, kumanganso kokulira kungakhale kosafunikira, koma kusintha kungagwetsedwe pamene chitsutso chipambana. Masinthidwe a Chile a Pinochet anachirikizidwa kwambiri pambuyo pobwerera ku demokrase, koma kokha chifukwa chakuti chitsutsocho chinaikidwa ndi mapangano kapena kusinthako kutsimikizira kukhala kothandiza. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri, kusintha kochititsidwa ndi mgwirizano wochepako kumakonzedwa mwamsanga.

Oseŵera: Malamulo, Makhoti, ndi Ogwirizana ndi Mayanjano

Chiŵerengero ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa oseŵera — mabungwe kapena akanema amene afuna kusintha malamulowo — angakakamize mwamphamvu kusintha. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti, mkulu wa bungweyo ayenera kukambirana ndi nyumba yoyamwitsa; m'madongosolo a boma, magulu a mitundu yonse angaletse kusintha mtundu; m'maiko ndi makhoti alamulo, kutembenuza malo kungatsutsidwe kukhala kuswa ufulu wa katundu. Ngakhale maukwati a antchito ndi makampani atha kuchita zinthu monga ngati opanga malamulo, monga m'mafashoni a Germany.

Chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha kutsekereza kwa oyendetsa malo ndi kulephera kwa United States kukhazikitsa kusintha kwa njira zosamalira zaumoyo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ngakhale kuti mphamvu zofananazo zingaletse kutembenuza. Mwachitsanzo, zoyesayesa za India za kupangitsa mabanki a boma kukumana ndi chitsutso kuchokera ku mabungwe a antchito ndi zipani za ndale zadziko, ndipo kupita patsogolo kunali kochedwa kufikira pamene kutha kwa mavuto kunasintha mphamvu.

Kufufuza za Matenda

New Zealand: Nyumba Yokonzanso Zinthu ya Palamende

Pansi pa dongosolo loyamba la malamulo a palamente ndi maboma ambiri omwe ali ndi mbali imodzi, New Zealand inasintha kwambiri m'zachuma pakati pa 1984 ndi 1993. Maboma a Labour ndi pambuyo pake a National anachotsa ndalama zothandizira ulimi, ndi makampani a ndege, ndi zija zapanja. Kusoŵa kwa oseŵera — malo alamulo limodzi lokha ndi maboma ofooka — analola kusintha mofulumira. Komabe, kusinthako kunasinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa m’zaka zapambuyo pake, kusonyeza kuti mphamvu yaikulu ingatsogolerenso ku ku ku ku kulakwa. Kusintha kwa masinthidwe ophatikizapo mbali zosiyanasiyana za , kuyambira 1996 kwakhala ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono, koma nyengo yapasachedwa idakali buku la mmene kukonzanso nyumba za malamulo. [FF:]

Chile: Demokalase, Kupondereza, ndi Kuchirikiza Masinthidwe

Chokumana nacho cha Chile chimasonyeza mmene dongosolo la boma linayambukirira osati kokha kusintha komanso kusungidwa. Chipani chankhondo chinagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zazikulu kukonzanso zinthu, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso kwa anthu, thanzi, ndi maphunziro. Pamene demokrase inabwerera, boma latsopano linasunga masinthidwe ambiri chifukwa chakuti linapanga masinthidwe amphamvu ndi malamulo a boma ofuna masinthidwe aakulu. Dongo la prezidenti la Chile, kuphatikizapo bungwe lapakati la banki ndi mabungwe a zachuma, lapereka maziko okhazikika a kusintha kopitirizabe. Komabe kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m'bungwe la boma kutsogoleranso ku maupandu a mabizinesi apamwamba, monga kugulitsa kwa mabizinesi pamtengo wapamwamba. [FF: 0]

India: Kucholoŵana kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Padera

Bungwe la boma la India limagwirizanitsa bungwe la boma lamphamvu ndi maboma amphamvu ndi mbali zambiri za dziko. Kusintha chuma ndi kukonzanso sikunayende bwino. Ngozi za 1991 za kulipira ndalama za boma zachititsa kuti boma lizikakamiza kuwonjezera chifukwa chakuti ndale zachepetsedwa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Koma mafunde osintha zinthu asintha zinthu apangidwa ndi maboma, maboma, ndi makhoti. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mabanki ndi makampani a inshuwalansi kwakhala koletsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi antchito ochirikizidwa ndi magulu andale. Panthaŵiyi, telecom ndi Aainjini ndi Aakulu a boma anapangidwa ndi ulamuliro wokwanira. Maboma a World Bank: [FLD]

Kuthandiza Boma Kuti Lisinthe Zinthu

Kumvetsa kayendetsedwe ka boma si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe. Kumathandiza anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu, mabungwe a padziko lonse, ndi okonza ndalama. Kumene mfundo za vatoto n’zochuluka, anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu angafunikire kumanga mgwirizano waukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito mavuto a zachuma kuti apange mpata, kapena kusintha zinthu motsatirana kuti achepetse chitsutso. M'madongosolo a akuluakulu a boma, anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu ayenera kugogomezera kuti anthu aziona bwino ndiponso kuti asamachite zinthu modalirana.

Kuti adzidziŵikitse mwachindunji, kusankha njira yokha zinthu. Kugwirizana kwa makampani, mpambo wapoyera, ndi wantchito amagula chilichonse chogwirizana ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zandale. M'madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo okhala ndi chilango champhamvu, programu ya kukhazikitsa kokulira ingafafanizidwe mofulumira. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti okhala ndi boma logaŵikana, okonzanso angasumike kwambiri pa mabizinesi aang'ono, osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko choyamba kukulitsa kudalirika.

Kumaliza

Makonzedwe a boma si kuikidwiratu, koma amasintha kwambiri njira ndi kuyenda kwa masinthidwe a zachuma ndi kukhazikitsa. Madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo okhala ndi mbali imodzi ya maluso angakhale a kusintha kofulumira, komabe iwo angapereke kutsekereza ndi kusintha. Madongosolo a pulezidenti angapereke kukhazikika komanso kutseguka. Mabungwe adziko amalola kuti anthu ayesetse koma kuti asokoneze kwambiri. Osintha zinthu kwambiri ndi amene amamvetsa bwino malo awo ndi njira zawo zogwirira ntchito — osati kutsutsana ndi — zisonkhezero zopangidwa ndi boma lawo. Mabungwe odalirika, ndiponso andale zadziko adzakhalabe ndi ziwitso zosulitsa, koma mmene amayendera zinthuzo zimadalira pa malamulo a dziko lonse. Pamene maiko akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto a ufulu ndi kukonzanso, maphunziro ogwirizana ndi a zandale zandale monga momwe zimakhalira. [Frective production tractive metives of station mest mest productive production production production production proment promental promentmentmentmentmental