Chiyambi ndi Maziko a Lamulo la Kugwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira

Chitetezo cha boma chodzilamulira si chinthu chamakono; mizu yake inayamba kubwerera ku lamulo la Chingelezi, kumene mfumu siikanatha kuizengedwa mlandu popanda chilolezo chake. Malamulo a Malamulo a U.S. anasunga lamulo limeneli mu Expondth Amendment , yovomerezedwa mu 1795, imene imatsekera makhoti a boma kuti asamamve masuti “amene anazengedwa kapena kuweruzidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika ina, kapena ndi nzika kapena ndi nzika za dziko lina la Dziko lina. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, Supreme Count yamasulira masutime ku masuti a maa ndi masuti a anthu ake omwe abweretsanso ku boma lopatula kwa nzika zawo.

Kuchinjiriza kumeneku kumatumikira zifuno zingapo. Kumatetezera chuma cha boma ku kusokonezeka, kumateteza ulemu wa boma monga gulu la quasi-deign, ndipo kumalimbitsa kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Komabe chiphunzitsocho chimayambitsanso kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma, amene amalinganizidwira kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ngakhale pamene wophwanyayo ali woseŵera wa boma.

Mmene Malamulo Oyenerera Chiŵeniŵeni Amagwirira Ntchito

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe pakati pawo ndikuti, Zigawo VII za Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Chigawo cha 1964, Chigawo 1983 cha Ku Klux Klan Act, Americas Ali ndi Chikalata cha Ulema (ADA), ndi Age Disciption in Work Act (ADEA) . Kumachotsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chipembedzo, chiyambi cha dziko, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu. Malamulo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito kwa olemba ntchito, boma ndi maboma a kumaloko, ndi mabungwe amene amalandira ndalama za boma. Iwo amapereka njira kwa anthu kuti asunge m’chithandizo, kulipira, kuwonongeka, ndiponso, m'nkhani zina, kuwonongeka.

Kukakamiza kumachitidwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe a boma onga Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC) ndi Department of Justice, koma milandu yapatokha imakhala yofala koposa kaamba ka chithandizo cha munthu aliyense. Chopinga chachikulu chimabuka pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo ali boma: kudzitetezera kwaufulu kungatseketsetu sutiyo ngati Msonkhano waletsa motsimikizirika kuchinjirizidwa kapena boma kuiwononga iyo.

Masaizi Opangira Kuchotsa Mazira ndi Kuswa

Congress ingachotse mphamvu ya boma yodzilamulira, koma kokha ngati ikwaniritsa zofunika ziŵiri. Choyamba, iyenera kufotokoza motsimikiza cholinga chake cha kuswa malemba a lamulolo. Chachiŵiri, kugwetsa mlandu kuyenera kuikidwa kuti pakhale lamulo lovomerezeka la mphamvu . Kaŵirikaŵiri Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa Zachikwi, chimene chimavomereza Congress kukhazikitsa zitsimikizo za kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi chitetezo cholingana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likukhulupirira mobwerezabwereza kuti Khotilo silingagwirizanitse boma la Clausle lokha, monga momwe linalongezera mu Florida . Florida v.

Maboma angachotseretunso mlingo wa kudziimira modzifunira, mwa kuvomereza kulingana ndi malemba a lamulo, mwa kulandira ndalama za boma (zimene zingabwere ndi mkhalidwe wa kuyenerera), kapena mwa kuchotsa mlandu ku khoti la boma. Komabe, opatulira ayenera kukhala “wowoyera ndi wosabisala" ndipo sadzatengedwa mopepuka. Mwachitsanzo, boma limene limavomereza ndalama za misewu yaikulu ya boma likhoza kulingaliridwa kukhala ndi mphamvu yotetezera ADA pansi pa mutu wachiŵiri, monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba linanenera mu [[FL:0] Board of Trutyes of the University of Alabama. Garret .

Nkhani Zothetsa Zifukwa Zofunika Kudziŵa

Pa zaka zambiri, malamulo a khoti Lalikulu lasintha pankhaniyi.

  • [FLT ,1] . . . BITHPATRIK . [[FLT :] Khoti linakhulupirira kuti Congress ingatetezere boma polimbana ndi chigawo 5 cha Demendment ya 147 Development, chifukwa chakuti kukonza kumeneku kunalinganizidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma. Nkhaniyi inayala njira ya Ditut VII sudus ku maboma.
  • [FLT .1] SOMINOLE FURY of Florida v. Florida [FLT :] (1996 ): M'chigamulo cha 5-4, Khoti linagamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingagwiritsire ntchito mfundo zake monga Communment I. Chonga ngati Commerce Claus kapena Bankrupcy Claus . Izi zinachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya Congress ya kugonjera mfundo zaumwini kunja kwa Demendment ya 144.
  • KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents (2000): Khoti linatsutsa kuti kutetezera kwa ADEA kunali kosathandiza chifukwa chakuti tsankho la msinkhu siliyenera kupendedwa kwambiri pansi pa chitetezo cha Claus; chotero Nyumba za Malamulo zinalibe maziko oyenerera otetezera.
  • . , Khoti linagonjetsa kuteteza boma pansi pa Ditut I ya ADA (ntchito), polingalira kuti kunyada sikukulandira kupendedwa kowonjezereka ndi Nyumba za Malamulo.
  • [FLT]ssee v. Lane[FLT :] (2004): M'chigamulo, Khoti linachirikiza mutu Wachiwiri wa ADA monga momwe imagwirira ntchito ku kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kulowa m'makhoti. Khotilo linasiyanitsa [[FLT: 4.] Garrett mwa kusawona kuti mutu wa II ukuyang'anira chigawo ndi kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinali ndi tsankho lofala poyang'anira chiweruzo.
  • United States v. Georgia (2006:[FLT:] Khotilo linagwirizana kuti Dituti II ya ADA ikhoza kukhala ndi ufulu wodzitetezera pa khalidwe limene limaswa malamulo a boma a 14 enieniwo, kutanthauza kuti ngati zochita za boma pazokha zingawononge njira yoyenera kapena kuteteza, ADA ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga mankhwala.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Malamulo a Boma ndi Khoti

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, Demendment ya khumi ndi mmodzi yokha ndi imene imalimbana ndi maulamuliro m'khoti. Maboma samadzitetezera okha ku masuti awo m’makhoti, pokhapo ngati malamulo a boma kapena malamulo apatsa chitetezo. Maboma onse makumi asanu ndi limodzi ali ndi mtundu winawake wa chitetezo cha ulamuliro, koma ambiri apanga maulamuliro ochirikiza ma ma maprojekiti [1] kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera m'boma kukhazikitsa malamulo kapena malamulo a ufulu wa anthu.

Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti munthu wotsutsa amene sangathe kuweruza boma m’khoti la boma pansi pa Chigawo 1983 kapena ADA angakhalebe ndi mlandu wodalirika m'khoti. Komabe, machiritso a khotilo angakhale opereŵera. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amaika malamulo achidule, kapena amafunikira kutopa kwambiri kwa boma asanalembe. Ndiponso, malamulo a ufulu wa anthu sapanga kwenikweni chochititsa m’khoti ngati nyumba ya malamulo ya boma yalola dala kuvomereza kuti zinthu zimenezo zikhale zotero.

Zida Zokakamiza Ufulu wa Anthu Pamene Zilango za Boma la Boma

Poona kuti zimenezi ndi zopinga, anthu ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi maloya a boma apanga njira zina zolimbikitsira ufulu wa boma pa oseŵera a boma.

Akuluakulu a Boma Ochita Ufulu Wochita Ufulu Wosankha

Chiphunzitso chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha Amereka samatsutsa akuluakulu a boma chifukwa cha kuchepetsako mphamvu kapena kuwonongeka kumene kwaperekedwa m’thumba la mkulu. Pansi pa Ex pate Young (08), chiphunzitso chotsutsa boma chingasunge nduna ya boma kuletsa kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yofala kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mkaidi angapereke mdindo wa ndende wa chithandizo pansi pa Demendment Wachisanu ndi chitatu, ngakhale kuti boma lenilenilo silingasunthidwe kaamba ka chiwombolo.

Kufunafuna Thandizo ku Maboma Othandiza

Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe amafuna kuti anthu oikidwa paudindo aikidwe mlandu ndi bungwe la boma asanaikidwe mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, EEOC, ikhoza kufufuza, kuulutsa, ndipo ngakhale kuimira antchito. Chifukwa chakuti United States siingatsatire kuphwanyidwa kwa khumi ndi limodzi, bungwelo lingabweretse chigamulo chotsutsana ndi boma popanda kuyang'anizana ndi chopinga chodzitetezera. Mofananamo, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ingaperekere malamulo kaamba ka tsankho lachikhalidwe la pa dzina la VII, ADA, ndi malamulo ena.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo Oimira Ufulu wa Anthu wa Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi ufulu wa anthu kapena bungwe lokakamiza malamulo otsutsa kudana ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma sangakhale ndi njira zofanana ndi malamulo a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amawononga ufulu wa kudziimira pa zochitika za boma ndipo angabweze mphotho ya malipiro, kubwezeretsedwa, ndipo ngakhale kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa anthu. Nthaŵi zina ma Plaintiff angapereke “malamulo a boma ndi EEOC.

Masuti a Nyumba ndi Njira Zake

Machitidwe audindo apadera otsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka chithandizo cha kuchuluka akukhalabebe. Kuswa malamulo kwanthaŵi zonse . Monga mikhalidwe yosagwirizana ndi malamulo m’ndende za boma kapena tsankho laufuko m'nyumba za anthu ambiri . Suti ya kachitidwe pansi pa Lamulo 23 ingafune lamulo la khoti lotsogolera akuluakulu a boma kusintha malamulo. Suti zimenezi sizimaletsedwa ndi otetezera ufulu chifukwa chakuti amalimbana ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo boma lenilenilo sili woimbidwa mlandu.

Kuvomereza ndi Kusonkhezera Masinthidwe kwa Mabungwe

Kulimbana pakati pa kutetezera ufulu wa anthu sikunazindikiridwe. M’zaka zapitazi, Nyumba ya Malamulo yalingalira lamulo kupangitsa kusungirira milandu ya kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Civil Rights Act ya 1991 inavumbula kuti antchito a boma angaimbidwe mlandu wa chiwombolo m'khoti la boma pansi pa Theat VII . ndi [[FLT:] Fatpatrick [1] Chigamulo [[FLT: 1] chinali chitatsimikizira kale kuti kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu.

Posachedwapa, Chikalata cha Rehabilitation Act cha 1973, chimene chimaletsa tsankho la anthu opunduka ndi aliyense wolandira ndalama za boma, chidakali chida champhamvu chifukwa mabungwe a boma amene amalandira ndalama ayenera kusokoneza chitetezo cha ndalama pochita zimenezo. Mofananamo, Family and Medical Leat Act (FMLA) adapezedwa ndi Khoti la kutetezera kotsimikizirika kwa boma kaamba ka “kudzisamalira kwake kwaumwini", koma osati kaamba ka makonzedwe ake a banja opangidwira ndi kugaŵidwa kumene kumapitirizabe kutulutsa ligigawo ([[FLT: 0] Department of Human Resources. [FLT:], 2003, ndi [FLT:] Chourts .V]

Akatswiri ena amachirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo kuti achotse maboma otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe, koma zimenezo sizikuchitika m'zandale. Ena akuti Msonkhano ulinganizire mosamalitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a m’tsogolo ndi Chigawo 5 cha Demetrisement ya 14 ndi kupanga cholembera cha lamulo la tsankho la boma lofalikira lomwe likachirikiza kusankhidwa pansi pa Dorome of Boerne v. Flores . (1997) “kuyesa ndi kulinganiza".

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Opanga Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Ngati ndinu loya kapena wochirikiza kuweruza mlandu wokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi boma, nawa mafunso ofunika kuwafunsa:

  • Kodi woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi “m’dziko” kaamba ka zolinga za khumi ndi chimodzi? Mabungwe a boma, mayunivesite a boma, ndi zipatala za boma zili ndi chitetezo, koma maŵerengedwe, mizinda, ndi makhoti a sukulu kaŵirikaŵiri samatero. (Chilamulo nchakuti maboma akumaloko satetezeredwa ndi Demendment ya khumi ndi chimodzi, koma maulamuliro okhazikitsidwa angakhale ngati boma likhoza kupatsidwa chiweruzo.)
  • Kodi lamulo lakuchinjiriza kwa 'BB? Afuna chinenero chomvekera bwino m'lamulo, monga ngati “Boma silidzatetezeredwa pansi pa kubwezeredwa kwa khumi ndi chimodzi .... "" Chitsanzo cha Khoti Lapamwamba chidzakuuzani ngati kutukula kwachirikizidwa kaamba ka lamulo limenelo.
  • Kodi boma laletsa chitetezo? Kambani ngati boma lapereka chivomerezo cha lamulo kuyenerera, kapena ngati lalandira ndalama za boma za chivomerezo. Mwachitsanzo, boma lililonse limene limalandira ndalama za Medicaid liyenera kutetezera ufulu wina wa kupunduka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kodi mungaike mlandu wa nduna ya boma kaamba ka chithandizo chopinikiza? Zimenezi zimapezeka nthaŵi zambiri ngati pali kuswa kosalekeza. Mukhoza kupempha khoti kulamula nduna kuletsa machitachita a kuletsa kutsegula m'malamulo kapena kupereka malo ogona abwino.
  • Kodi muyenera kubweretsa mlandu m'khoti? Ngati khoti la boma laletsedwa, boma lingapereke mankhwala [1] makamaka ngati boma lili ndi lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe lokwanira lokhudza khalidwe lofananalo.

Tsogolo la Kugwirizana Kolamulira ndi Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Kupangidwa kwa Khoti Lalikulu kukupitirizabe kusinthika, ndipo milandu ya kudzitetezera kwa munthu wodziimira paokha kaŵirikaŵiri imagaŵikana pa mfundo za malingaliro. M'mawu aposachedwapa, Bwalo lamilandu lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kuchepetsa ukulu wa chitetezo cha ulamuliro m'nkhani zina, monga ngati kukhala ndi maulamuliro angaikidwe m'zochitika zolephera pansi pa Bankruptic Claus ([[FL: 0]]] Allen v. Coloper[FL:], 2020, koma dziŵitsani kuti Khotilo linakanadi kukhazikitsa lamulo, kusiya funso lotsegulidwa). Panthaŵiyi, Bwalo lavomerezanso kuti Aindiya Commercional Claus samapereka mphamvu ku chitetezero cha ufulu wa fuko la kuseŵera ([FL:] Morg.Bulls .Bulls .Bulls .[2014]

Kwa opanga ufulu wachibadwidwe, mfungulo njakuti kuchinjiriza ufulu wa kudziimira sikoyenera. Ndi chiphunzitso chosiyana ndi chosiyana ndi cha anthu ambiri osakhala ndi ufulu wa kugwirira ntchito. Mwakumvetsetsa kuphatikizidwa kwa pakati pa Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi, Demendment ya 145, ndi lamulo lililonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe angapezebe mpumulo watanthauzo kwa ochitiridwa tsankho.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute ya kupenda kwa Exponent Amendment ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa chilungamo kwa zotetezera zachifumu zachidule [1]. Kumira kwambiri m'mabwalo aakulu, Oyez Project imapereka mapangano aakulu a mlandu wa Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chimodzi.

Pomalizira pake, kugwirizana kwa malamulo a boma otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi a boma kumasonyeza kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa malamulo opikisana: ulemu ndi kukhulupirika kwa maboma, ndi kudzipereka kwa mtundu wonse ku chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Kulingalira kuti kulinganizika kumafuna zonse ziŵiri kulondola kwalamulo ndi kupanga zinthu mwaluso ndi mwaluso. Koma kulemera kwa malamulowo kumasonyeza kuti kupambana ufulu wachibadwidwe motsutsana ndi maboma nkotheka pamene ochirikiza asankha njira yolondola.