Chiyambi: Zidutswa za Kupangidwa kwa Zinthu Zamphamvu m’Madziko Otchuka

Pamene chitaganya chituluka m'kulimbana kwakukulu kwa mabungwe a ndale zadziko, mapulani ake ali chimodzi cha zosankha zazikulu zimene chidzayang'anizana nazo. Pakati pa zosankha zimenezi, dongosolo la osankhira limawonekera kukhala maziko aakulu a kugaŵiridwa kwa mphamvu, mmene zidandaulo zimagaŵiridwa, ndi kaya ngati mtendere ukhoza kukhalako. Madongosolo ankhondo opanga zigamulo kwa munthu mmodzi kapena chipani chimene chimagwirizana ndi mavoti ambiri. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene mavoti ake ambiri amagwirira ntchito pamapeto pa lonjezo lawo la ulamuliro wotsimikizirika. Komabe mbiri yawo ya mzera imasakanizidwa kwambiri: iwo angapereke chisungiko chokhazikika komanso, kuyambitsa chiwawa chatsopano, kapena kusokoneza chiyanjo, kapena kuchititsa kugwirizana kumene kumachitidwa. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene dongosololi ikukhudzira kuzungulira m'maungwe zandale, ngakhale kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi zoyambitsa mavuto.

Kodi Madongosolo Aakulu N’chiyani?

Madongosolo a osankhira anapangidwa kutembenuza mavoti m'mipando mwanjira imene imatulutsa wopambana. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo a pulogalamu (PR) yofanana, amene amatsimikizira kutsanzira kusiyanasiyana kwa ovota m'chigwirizano, madongosolo aakulu asumika maganizo pa kukhazikitsa boma limodzi la mbali yaikulu. Maboma ofala kwambiri akuphatikizapo:

  • Coprst-past- Post (FPP) : Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United Kingdom, India, ndi Canada. Wosankha wokhala ndi voti yaikulu koposa m'chigawo chilichonse akupambana, ngakhale ngati alandira pang'ono kwa unyinji. Dongosolo lino limatulutsa mbali ziŵiri zamphamvu ndi kukulitsa mbali ya mpando ya gulu lalikulu koposa.
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  • [[FLT: 0] Alternative Vote (AV) kapena Kamodzi-kuthamanga kutulutsa Volting : Ofunsira ku maoda, ndipo ngati palibe munthu amene apeza zambiri zokonda poyamba, wobatizidwa wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa. Njirayo imabwereza kufikira wofuna kubatizidwayo afikire unyinji. Australia imagwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi kaamba ka nyumba yake yaing'ono.
  • Sing Vote (BV) : Igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri kumene ovota ali ndi mavoti ambiri monga mipando yoti akwanitsire, koma wosankha wopanga mavoti ambiri amapambana mpando uliwonse. Dongosolo limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limatsogolera kwa gulu limodzi kunyamula mipando yonse m’chigawo, kukulitsa chiyambukiro chachikulu.

Madongosolo onsewa amagawana nzeru yofanana: iwo amafupa wotenga mavoti wamkulu koposa ndi kulanga zipani zazing'ono ndi oyembekezera. M'mademokrase osasintha, zimenezi zingalimbikitse kusamala ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Koma m'madongosolo a pambuyo pa kuvomereza, kumene kukhulupirirana kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepa ndi kudalirana, mbali zimodzimodzizo zingakhale ndi zotulukapo zaupandu.

Nkhani ya Madongosolo a Maufumu Olamulira Potsatira

Ochirikiza madongosolo a osunga zinthu m’maiko ofooka amanena kuti amapereka mapindu atatu aakulu amene magulu a pambuyo pa kudalirana amafunikira mwamsanga: kutsimikiza, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kufeŵetsa zinthu.

Kulinganiza Kolimba kwa Boma

Maboma atatha kukhazikitsa mapangano a mtendere, kukonzanso mautumiki ofunika, ndi kubwezeretsa. Dongosolo la oyendetsa zinthu limawonjezera kuthekera kwakuti munthu mmodzi adzapata malo ambiri, kutheketsa kuti apange boma popanda kugwirizana. M'madera amene nkhani za mgwirizano zingathetse ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yatsopano, zimenezi zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa tsoka lapambuyo pa kubadwa kwa munthu ku Kenya, kutengera dongosolo lapamwamba la pulezidenti ndi la kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kazembedwe ka zinthu pamodzi ndi kamodzi. Mgwirizano ukhoza kuthandiza kuti malo owonongeka azikhala osokonezeka, ngakhale kuti ayambitsenso mavuto ake. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa ngozi ya 2007-20088 kubadwa kwa mapulogalamu apamwamba ku Kenya, kutengera dongosolo lapamwamba la pulezidenti ya ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka kayendetsedwe kake kawirika kaja kathandiza kuti kathandiza kukhazikitsanso kukhazikitsa mavuto ake.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu mwa Mlandu wa Mbali Imodzi

Pamene chipani chimodzi chilamulira, ovota angapereke ngongole kapena mlandu wa zotsatirapo. Kumveka kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri makamaka pa zochitika zapambuyo pa kulephera kumene nzika sizifuna kuwongolera kocholoŵana kwa ndale zadziko zimene zingaloŵetsedwemo. Malinga ndi kunena kwake, madongosolo aakulu apakati a gulu la anthu ankhondo kukachita ndawala pa mapulatifomu aakulu a dzikolo mmalo mwa kuchonderera kwafuko kapena chigawo, chifukwa chakuti iwo afunikira kupambana zigawo m'dziko lonselo. Chotulukapo chingakhale nkhani yogwirizana kwambiri ya ndale yosumikidwa pa kumanganso dzikolo.

Kusavuta Kupeza

Magulu ambiri ogwirizana pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu ali ndi ziŵerengero zochepa za kusadziŵa kulemba ndi kulemba ndi kuzoloŵera kochepa ndi ntchito ya demokrase. Madongosolo a ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri ngosavuta kwa ovota kumvetsa: iwo amalemba munthu mmodzi kapena chipani, ndipo wopambanayo ndi amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri. Kusintha kumeneku kungachepetse kusokonezeka, kuchepetsa upandu wa olephera kulemba, ndi kuwonjezera chidaliro m'dongosolo la kusanthula. Miyezi itatu pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo yachiweni, wovota ku Sierra Leone safunikira kumvetsetsa madongosolo apamwamba kapena njira zapamwamba.

Ngozi Zake: Kudzipatula, Kuphana, ndi Chiwawa

Mosasamala kanthu za mapindu a kuyerekezera ameneŵa, madongosolo a zandale okhala ndi maupandu olembedwa bwino amene amakula m'malo a pambuyo pa kudalirana. Upandu waukulu ngwakuti iwo amaimira magulu ang'onoang'ono molinganiza, ngakhale pamene maguluwo apanga mbali yaikulu ya anthu. Zimenezi zingafooketse kuyenera kwa dongosolo latsopano la ndale zadziko ndi kuchepetsa madandaulo amene anatsogolera ku mkangano m'malo oyamba.

Kulimbana ndi Mphamvu ndi Kuthamanga

M'chitaganya chimene kutayikiridwa kwa mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena chigawo kuli vuto lalikulu la nkhondo, dongosolo la otsogolera lingasinthe masankho onse kukhala mpikisano wa zero-sum: gulu limodzi lipambana, ndipo linalo limataya zonse. Pamene magulu otsalawo akhulupirira kuti alibe njira yeniyeni yopata ulamuliro kupyola m'bokosi la bolot, chisonkhezero cha kubwereranso ku nkhondo ya zida. Njira imeneyi yaonedwa m'maiko onga Nigeria (maka m'ma 1960) ndi Burundi pambuyo pa nkhondo yake yachiŵeniŵeni, kumene zigawo za mafuko zosankha kulowa pansi pa madongosolo a FPPP zinakulitsa kuwonjezereka kwa madera a dziko lapansi.

Kuika Maganizo pa Malo Ozungulira Ndiponso Zotaidwa

Magulu ambiri a anthu ongodalirana sakhala ndi malamulo. Ngati gulu laling'ono lili lokhala m’zigawo zochepa, lingapambane madera amenewo koma silikhala ndi chisonkhezero kwina. Panthaŵi ino, gulu la anthu ambiri lingatenge mipando ina, ngakhale ngati ambiri a anthu ake ali ochepa. Chotulukapo ndicho chigamulo chimene chimatsogolera gulu la anthu ambiri mopanda nzeru ndi kutsata anthu ochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo chapansi ndi magulu aŵiri ankhondo, A (60% a anthu) ndi gulu la B (40%) FTP ikhoza kupereka mosavuta gulu la A 80% la mapaudindo, kusiya gulu la B ndi 20% yokha. Kusinthako kungamveke ngati kupambana, makamaka ngati kupambana kwa nkhondo.

Kuthetsa Mavuto a Kupambana ndi Kulamulira

Ngakhale pamene dongosolo la akulu lipanga boma lokhazikika, boma limenelo lingakhalebe ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kofunikira kulamulira mokhutiritsa. Ngati mbali yaikulu ya anthu saiwona kukhala yoimiridwa m'nyumba ya malamulo, iwo angakane kugwirizana ndi malamulo, kukhoma misonkho, kapena kulandira ulamuliro wa boma. M’nkhani zambiri, iwo angasiye kusankha kapena kupanga mabungwe ofanana. Motero dongosolo la apamwamba limawononga kupanga chidutswa cha bata chomangidwa pa liwolo, chimene chingasweke pamene chitsenderezo chikwera.

Phunziro Loyamba: Rwanda – Kukhazikika Kokulirapo kwa Mitengo Yobisika

Zokumana nazo za Rwanda pambuyo pa kupululutsana kwa mtundu 1994 kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchulidwa kukhala nkhani kumene dongosolo la ofufuza linachititsa kufalikira kwa ndale zadziko. Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) inapambana zisankho mu 2003 ndi unyinji wa anthu pansi pa dongosolo limene limaphatikiza FPTPPP ndi mipando yosungidwa. Chilakiko chachikulu cha RPF chinailola kuyambitsa kusintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo maprogramu a zachuma, malamulo a zauchimuna, ndi kukhazikitsanso mapangano monga mabwalo a Gacaca. Kuyang'anizira kwa ulamuliro, Rwanda yapeza chitukuko chapadera ndi chitukuko chachuma.

Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo la malamulo lathandiza kuletsa ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa magulu otsutsa mmodzi yekha. Kutsimikiza kwenikweni kuti madongosolo andale a anthu aang'ono, makamaka anthu a mbiri yokwezedwa ndi anthu a Chihutu, ali ndi kuimira kochepa m'nyumba ya malamulo. Kulamulira kokulira kwa RPF kwaletsanso kutsutsana ndi kuchepetsa malo a magulu otsutsa. Kutsimikiza kwenikweni kuti madongosolo andale zadziko alonjeza, m’nkhani ya Rwanda, abweretsa kutayika kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Ofufuza a mitundu yonse adetsa nkhaŵa ponena za kuyenerera kwa masankho, monga momwe dziko limasungitsira njira zachitetezo pakati pa mtendere ndi kuyenderana kwa magulu a anthu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti malondawo ayenera kuyendera pamodzi.

Phunziro la Case 2: Kenya – Kuchokera ku Majoritarian Polariangation Kufikira ku Kulimbitsa Mphamvu

Kenya anapereka chitsanzo chosiyana. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2007, adasonyezedwa pansi pa dongosolo lapamwamba kwambiri , chiwawa chinabuka pamene mtsogoleri wotsutsa Raila Odinga ananena kuti m'kambuku wa Muwai Kibiki adawatsekera kuvota. Chiwawa, chimene chinapha anthu oposa chikwi, chinasonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro a kusiyanitsa mafuko: ambiri m'matsutsa, kuphatikizapo Aluo ndi a Kalenji, anakhulupirira kuti dongosolo lapamwamba la anthu lawatsekera kuchotsapo ulamuliro. Tsoka linathetsedwa pomalizira pake mwa mphamvu yolamulira imene inayambitsa chigwirizano cha boma . Makonzedwewo amene anachotsapodi chivomerezo choyamba cha anthu andale. Mu 2010, Kenya anatengera malamulo atsopano amene anakhazikitsa dongosolo lophatikiza gulu la masankhoma, losankha lolinganizidwa logwirizana ndi lamulo lowonjezera. Mapanganowo anakonzedwa kuti athetse mavuto aakulu kwambiri a boma kutsutsa kwambiri andale zadziko.

Phunziro Lachitatu: Nepal – Majoritarians m’Mavesi Otsatira

Kusintha kwa Nepal kuchoka pa ufumu wa mfumu kupita ku dziko la boma pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni (196-2006) kuli chitsanzo china chophunzitsa. Malamulo a boma a 2007 anatengera njira yosankhidwira pamodzi ya Constituent Assembly, kuphatikiza FPTP ndi kuimirana. Komabe, mbali ya FPPP / imene inali yaikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwecho (imene inali yogaŵikana m’chigumuko): gulu la Maoist linapatala gawo lalikulu koposa la mipando ya FPTP koma linagwa m’malo ambiri. M’zaka zotsatira, kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kunayambika, ndi kusintha kobwerezabwereza kwa boma. Magawo aakulu a dongosolo la dongosolo la dzikolo angawonjezerenso kuukira kwa mitundu itatu ya anthu (Masi, Hill, ndi Thwa), kumenyera nkhondo yaikulu kwa zigawo lankhondo m'madera onse. M'dziko la Nepal, kudalira pa kukhazikitsa njira yolamulira kwambiri.

Kupenda Nkhani 4: Bosnia ndi Herzegovina – Kulephera kwa Kulamulira Mafuko

Mwinamwake nthano yaikulu imachokera ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Komabe, Dayton Reconsutions yomwe inatha nkhondo ya 1992-19995 inakhazikitsa dongosolo lovuta kwambiri lokhazikitsa mphamvu pakati pa anthu atatu a dzikolo (Bosniaks, Serbs, ndi Croatias). Chigwirizano cha gulu la osankha kaamba ka kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi Nyumba ya Anthu nchamphamvu kwambiri: ndi ziŵalo za fuko lililonse zimene zingavomereze oimira pulezidenti wawo, ndipo oyembekezera kulengeza kugwirizana kwawo. Dongolilo latsekera m'magawalo lililonse la fuko, ndi kuletsa mtundu wa anthu, ndi kusanthula kulikonse kwa mtunduwo kapena kukonza. Mabungwe a mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri yakhala ndi kuukira kosiyana kwa mitundu, koma kufalikira kwa magulu a mitundu yambiri.

Kupenda Moyerekezera: Madongosolo Omanga Mtendere

Nkhaniyo ikugogomezera njira yobwerezabwereza: Madongosolo aakulu amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'zitaganya za pambuyo pa kudalirana kumene mbali imodzi yapeza chilakiko chankhondo chotsimikizirika ndipo ingathe kunena motsimikizirika mphamvu yaikulu (monga ku Rwanda), kapena kumene magaŵano a mafuko ndi andale ali otsika kwambiri. Komabe, m'zitaganya zogawikana, dongosolo la kuimira zisonyezero za kulinganiza limachita bwino koposa pochirikiza kuphatikizidwa ndi kuletsa zidutswa ndi chiwawa.

Proportigaal , monga PR yotsekedwa yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku South Africa pambuyo pa tsankho, imatsimikizira kuti ngakhale magulu aang'ono apambana mipando mogwirizana ndi kugawana kwawo. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa maboma ogwirizana ogwirizana omwe amaimira midzi yambiri. Kusintha kwa mu 1994 kwa Nelson Mandela mu South African National Congress , kumene kunapambana 62.6% ya kuvota "6% kwa chivotichi chinapangitsa Boma la Unity ya National Party ndi National and Inkatha Freedom Party, kumanga chikhulupiriro ndi kuyenerera. Kusiyana ndi, dongosolo lapamwamba la ANC likanapatsa ANC oposa 80% ya maaunt, kutha kusamutsira azungu ndi AZulust ndi ochepera.

Madongosolo osanganizidwa ndi ziŵalo, amene amaphatikiza maelementi a metarianism ndi a international, angapereke njira yapakati. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la Germany lasinthidwa m'makonzedwe a pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa monga Lesotho ndi New Zealand (ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya New Zealand sinaloŵetsepo nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni). Madongosolo ameneŵa amalola ofufuza kukhala ndi woimira wa kumaloko (akuluakulu) pamene akutsimikizira kulinganiza kwa onse mwa ndandanda ya makompyuta. Amasunga mapindu ena a kuŵerengera kwa maantirianism pamene akuchotsa. Maboma a Post-licctet monga momwe Liberia alingalitsira kutengera zithunzi zonga, ngakhale kuti kulinganizako kukuvuta.

Pamene Chipani Chachikulu Chingakhalebe Chosankha Chabwino

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, pali mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti imene ingakhale njira yabwino koposa yokhalira ndi anthu ogwirizana pambuyo pa kukambitsirana:

  • pamene nkhondoyo inatha ndi wopambana wankhondo wowonekera bwino : Ngati chipani chimodzi chigonjetsa china ndi kulamulira kukhulupirika kwa unyinji wa anthu, dongosolo lamphamvu lingalimbitse chilakiko chimenecho ndi kukhazikitsa bata lofunikira kaamba ka kumanganso. Rwanda ndi Cambodia mu ma 1990 ndi zitsanzo.
  • [1] Pamene dzikolo lili lofanana kwambiri [1]: Ngati kusiyana kwa mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena zinenero sikuli kwakukulu, maupandu a kuchotsa ngochepa. Zisumbu zazing'ono, zofanana kwambiri m'madera a Pacific (monga Nauru) zagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo aakulu ndi chipambano pambuyo pa mikangano.
  • [1] Pamene chiwopsezo chachikulu ndicho kugawanika, osati kuchotsa , " .: M'makonzedwe ena a pambuyo pake, magulu ambiri onyamula zida angatsogolere ku nyumba ya malamulo yogaŵikana kumene kulibe boma lokhazikika. Dongosolo la akulu la kachitidwe ka zinthu lingalimbikitse timagulu ting'onoting'ono kugwirizanitsa timagulu tokulirapo, kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha akanema andale ndi kuchepetsa makambitsirano.
  • , pamene chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chivomereza utsogoleri wotsimikizirika : M'zitaganya kumene ulamuliro wamphamvu umaonedwa kukhala wofunika kumanga mtundu (m’chitsanzo, kuyambiriro kwa pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa India), FPP inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kumanga maboma okhazikika. Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa India kunafunikiritsa kukhala m’midzi mwa magulu.

N’kofunika kudziŵa kuti ngakhale m’mikhalidwe imeneyi, kutetezera mipando yosungidwa ya anthu ochepa, mlingo wa amuna, kapena kufunikira kupatsidwa ulemu waukulu pa zosankha zina kungachepetse maupandu a kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro wa ang’onoang’ono.

Zikalata Zolimbikitsa Opanga Malamulo

Kwa awo amene amapanga masankho opangira masankho opangira zigwirizano za pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa, malingaliro angapo ozikidwa pa umboni akupezeka m’mabuku oyerekezera ndi kufufuza kwa ofufuza:

  1. Compact penda nkhondo isanasankhe njira [1]: Chindikirani umboni, zidandaulo, ndi mphamvu zimene zinasonkhezera mkanganowo. Ngati mkanganowo unali ndi mbali ya fuko, dongosolo laukhondo lenileni likhoza kuyambitsa kapena kukulitsa magaŵanowo.
  2. Ganizirani madongosolo osanganizidwa kapena PR kukhala ongoyerekezera ]: Magulu amene akuchira ku mkangano wa mkati, kuimira kwa kulinganiza kumachepetsa upandu wa zilembo zero-sum. Ngakhale ngati dongosolo lapamwamba la kuvomerezedwa kwa mkulu (m., masankho a pulezidenti), nthambi ya malamulo iyenera kugwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lolinganizika kapena lophatikiza kutsimikizira kuimira kokulira.
  3. Kumanga m'madongosolo amagetsi : Magulu a pambuyo-kugwirizana angaphatikiza mbali zazikulu ndi maboma ogwirizana mokakamiza (monga ku Northern Ireland) kapena ndi chofunika kuti malo a kabati agawidwe molingana pakati pa magulu amene akudutsa malire.
  4. Phase kuyambitsidwa kwa madongosolo aakulu [1]: Dziko lingagwiritsire ntchito PR pa zisankho ziŵiri zoyambirira pambuyo pa nkhondo kukulitsa kukhulupirirana, kenaka pang’onopang'ono kuyambitsa mbali za chigawo chimodzi kapena zina zazikulu monga magulu andale zadziko akukhazikitsa ndi kuyambitsa magulu a mafuko a mtanda.
  5. Zotsatirapo ndi kubwereramo nthaŵi zonse [1]: Palibe dongosolo la sankho lomwe laikidwa m'mwala. Magulu a pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa makhonsati a sankho odziimira okha okhala ndi chilolezo cha kupenda chiyambukiro cha dongosolo pa kuloŵetsedwa ndi kukhazikika, ndi kuvomereza masinthidwe ngati kuli kofunika.

Zogwirizanitsa Zakunja ndi Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Kuti timvetsetse bwino za malondawo, zinthu zotsatirazi zimapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane:

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Kutsimikiza ndi Kusafuna Kusintha

Madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba samakhala abwino kapena oipa mwachibadwa kwa anthu a pambuyo pa kudalirana. Chiyambukiro chawo chimadalira pa nkhani ya mbiri yakale, mtundu wa nkhondo, kuzama kwa mayanjano, ndi kukhalapo kwa mabungwe ogwirizana. Nthaŵi zina "Monga Rwanda] athandiza kubweretsa mtendere ndi chitukuko, ngakhale pamtengo wa kuchuluka kwa ndale zadziko. Kuliponso monga Kenya ndi Bosnia [1] Akhala ndi mikangano ya mafuko yowonjezereka, kuyambitsa chiwawa, kapena kutsekeredwa m'mphamvu yopanda pake.

Phunziro la opanga pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya votal nlakuti palibe njira imodzi yokha yothetsera vutoli. Magulu a Post-conclict ayenera kupenda phindu la kulamulira kotsimikizirika motsutsana ndi maupandu a kuchotsa. Kulikonse kumene kungathe, madongosolo ophatikizapo kapena olinganiza ayenera kulingaliridwa mosamalitsa, chifukwa chakuti amapereka chinjirizo lotetezera loletsa kupambanako. Potsirizira pake, mayeso ofunika kwambiri a dongosolo la osandutsa dongosolo m'malamulo lapambuyo pa mapangano sangakhale ngati limatulutsa boma lolimba, koma ngati limatulutsa boma limene magulu onse aakulu amaliona kukhala loyenera. Popanda kulinganiza, palibe dongosolo lililonse lopanga nkhondo.