Khoti Lalikulu Linayambitsa Lamulo la Ukwati

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limagwira ntchito monga womasulira wamkulu wa Malamulo, ndipo mbali zochepa za moyo wa Amereka zimalingalira kuti mphamvu yomasulira mofanana ndi ukwati. Chigamulo chilichonse choperekedwa kuchokera ku masitepe a mabulubu a Khoti chimabwezeretsa malire a amene angakwatiwe, zimene malamulo a ukwati amanyamula, ndi mmene maboma ayenera kuchitira maukwati. Chifukwa chakuti maukwati a maukwati ndi ufulu wa katundu, makolo, misonkho, kusamukira kudziko, ndi choloŵa, zigamu za chigamulo chilichonse chapamwamba ndi zazikulu. Chiweruzo chimodzi chingachotse malamulo a boma, kukakamiza malamulo alamulo kulembedwanso, kapena kupatsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ufulu woloŵa m’malo omwe anakanizidwa kale.

Nkhaniyi ikupenda zigamulo zazikulu za Khoti Lalikulu zimene zasintha malamulo a ukwati mu United States, ikupenda mmene zitsanzo zimenezi zasonkhezera mikangano ya malamulo yopitirizabe, ndi kudziŵira malire otsatira a kuperekedwa kwa ukwati. Mwa kumvetsetsa njira za kukambitsirana kwa Khoti, tingayembekezere mmene chiweruzo cha mtsogolo chidzathetsera mavuto onga ngati ukwati wochuluka, ziletso za msinkhu wochepa, ndi zoyenera za akazi oloŵana m’dziko.

Mfundo Zoyamba: Kukhazikitsa Ukwati kukhala Ufulu Wofunika Kwambiri

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba silinkaloŵererapo m’lamulo la ukwati, ndipo linasiya ulamuliro waukulu ku maboma. Bungwe la 144th Amendment’s Reat Procession and Aumement Clauss linakhazikitsa maziko a milandu yotsatizana imene pang’onopang’ono inakweza ukwati kukhala ufulu wofunika kwambiri kwakuti lamulo lililonse la boma liyenera kupitirizabe kuyang’aniridwa mosamalitsa.

Chikondi Virginia (1967): Mapeto a Zipilala za Utundu

Nkhani ya yokwatiwa mu Virginia . Virginia idakali maziko a ukwati wamakono. Richard Loving, mwamuna woyera, ndi Mildred Jeter, mkazi Wakuda, anakwatiwa ku District of Columbia mu 1958. Pamene anabwerera kwawo ku Virginia, anamangidwa chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la boma la University, limene linachititsa maukwati a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Woweruza mlandu analeka chilango chawo pamkhalidwe umene anachoka ku Virginia ndipo sanabwerere pamodzi kwa zaka 25.

Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula limodzi lamulo la Virginia ndipo, kuwonjezerapo, malamulo onse otsutsa kugaŵidwa kwa maboma khumi ndi asanu. Kulembera khotilo, Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analengeza kuti “ufulu wa kukwatira wakhala ukudziŵika kwanthaŵi yaitali monga chimodzi cha zoyenerera zofunika zaumwini zofunika kwambiri pa kulondola kwadongosolo kwa chimwemwe kwa anthu aufulu. Chigamulocho chinanena kuti kusankha kwa mafuko muukwati kunaswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo cha Claus ndi Mgwirizano wa Claus Clause. [FLT: 0] Kuŵerenga chidule chonse cha Oyez ndi . Virginia .

Zabloti v. Redhail (1978): Kulimbikitsa Kuyenera kwa Kukwatira

Mu Zabloti v. Redhail , khoti linalankhula lamulo la Wisconsin lomwe linafuna kuti anthu okhala ndi udindo wosamalira ana apeze lamulo la khoti asanakwatiranenso. Boma linatsutsa kuti lamulo linathandiza kutsimikizira kuti makolo angakwanitse udindo wawo wa ndalama. Komabe, Bwalo Lali Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhwima ndi kuchepetsa malamulo, polingalira kuti likusokoneza mwachindunji ufulu wofunika kwambiri wokwatira. Chigamulocho chinafotokoza kuti ufulu wa kukwatira umapitirira ufulu wa mwamuna kapena mkazi wofuna kulowa m’pangano la ukwati. Boma linaletsa kuti mtolo woyenera kukwaniritsa chikondwerero cha boma chochepa. Malamulowo agwirizana ndi malamulo ogwirizana kuyambira: [Foctive:] [Foct: [3]

Turner ndi Safley (1987): Akaidi Retain ndi Ufulu Wokwatira

Nkhani ya kukwatira kwa anthu omangidwa inafika ku Khoti mu Hacker v. Safley . Lamulo la kuwongolera la Missouri linafuna kuti akaidi andende apeze chilolezo kwa woyang'anira ndende asanakwatire. Woyang'anira akakana ngati ukwati ukana kuwopseza kapena kukonzanso. Khotilo linagamula kuti, pamene malamulo a ndende ali oyenerera kugonjera, ufulu wakukwatira uli wofunika kwambiri kwakuti ngakhale akaidiwo sakhoza kuchotsedwa popanda chifukwa chokakamiza. Chigamulo chokhazikitsa chilolezo chatsopano: ziletso za ndende pa ufulu wa lamulo ziyenera kukhala “zogwirizana ndi zikondwerero zovomerezeka zolembedwa. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a Missouri analola kukana, anamenyedwa. Mlandulo imeneyi inakula kulowa m’dziko lachikhalidwe la kuyenera kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa anthu ambiri.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa Mabanja a Anthu Ofanana Ogonana

Palibe nkhani ya ukwati kuyambira [[FLT: 0] Kusamuka [[FLT :1] kwabutsa mkangano wa mtundu monga [[FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges . Jim Obergefell ndi mnzake, John Arthur, adakwatira ku Maryland mu 2013, koma boma lawo la Ohio linakana kuzindikira ukwati pa chikalata cha imfa ya Arthur . Hodgell . Hotges [[FLT: 3] adalephera kubwezera zoloŵa za choloŵa, zoyenera za makolo, ndi mapindu a imfa. Nkhaniyo inaphatikizidwa ndi mavuto ofananawo kuchokera ku Michigan, Kentucky, ndi Tessee.

Woweruza Anthony Kennedy, polemba kaamba ka 5-44, anakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwa 14 kumafunikira maboma onse kulola maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a kugonana kofanana ndi ena ndi kuvomereza maukwati ololedwa m'mayiko ena. Lingaliro loperekedwa ku ukwati wa kugonana m'maukwati onse aŵiriwo (monga mbali ya ufulu ndi kudzilamulira) ndi kutetezera kwa Akhawult Claus (monga kuletsa anthu kusiyanitsa za kugonana). Kugwira mawu [[FLT: 0] kumanga [[FLT:], Bwalo linabwerezanso kuti ‘ Kukwatira kuli chimodzi cha ufulu wa anthu, kufunika kwa kukhalapo kwathu ndi kupulumuka. [FLT:]

Kufufuza Zochita: Mmene Khoti Lalikulu Limagamulira Malamulo

Zigamulo za khoti lalikulu sizichitika n’komwe, ndipo zinapangidwa mwalamulo ndipo Nyumba za Malamulo, makhoti a boma, ndi makhoti aang’ono ayenera kutsatiridwa.

Falistia ndi Kudziŵika kwa Maukwati Osakhala a M’chigawo Chadziko

Asanabadwe , Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) ya 1996 inalola maboma kukana kuvomereza maukwati a kugonana ofanana m’maiko ena. Mu United States v. Mphepo [[FLT]] , Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula Gawo 3 la DOMA, limene linamasulira ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi pa zifuno za boma. Mwa kubwezeretsa mapindu a boma a mabanja amodzi okwatira osakhala alamulo, Bwalo linakakamiza kuti liyang'ane mavuto pakati pa ziletso za ukwati zawo ndi malamulo kuti aone ukwati wawo.

Lerolino, maboma adakali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kuika ziyeneretso za ukwati . "kusintha, kuvomereza, mayeso a mwazi, ndi chilolezo cha makolo [1] koma iwo sangagwiritsire ntchito zofunika zimenezo kusiyanitsa okwatirana amene amadziŵika kwina. Windsor ndi [FLT:] bergeefest zitsanzo zokhala ndi lamulo la ukwati, kuchepetsa malamulo a boma osiyanasiyana osankhira ngati ukwati uli woyenerera.

Chitokoso pa Kululuza Chipembedzo

Kutsatira [[FLT: 0] , maboma angapo anapatula Ufulu Wachipembedzo kubwezeretsedwa kwa Machitidwe (RFRAS) ndi malamulo ena amene amavomereza anthu ndi makampani kukana maukwati a anthu apakati ozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu silinalamulire mwachindunji pa malamulo ameneŵa, chigamulo chake cha 2023 mu 303 CLC v. Elenis [[FLLT:3] (kuchotsa wopanga web wa pa mawero amodzi)) akulingalira kuti chitetezo chaulerere chapo ndi chiwongo m'maukwati. Ngati zikhoza kutsimikizira kuti zigamu za m'malamulo zachipembedzo za m'tsogolo zingachitike ngati ziganitsidwe ndi mfundo zofanana. [Fofregne]

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo a Ukwati a Boma

Chifukwa chakuti Khoti lanena kuti ukwati ndi ufulu waukulu, maboma sangaike katundu wosoŵa chifukwa chomveka. Zimenezi zachititsa kutsutsidwa pamalipiro a laisensi ya ukwati, nyengo zoyembekezera, mayeso a mwazi, ndi malamulo a msinkhu. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena ayesa kuletsa ukwati ndi anthu okhala ndi ngongole zapadera za mwana (malamulo omenyedwa mu [[FLT:]] Zacti [1] ). Makhoti ang'onoang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa maluwa okhwima kuchokera ku Zatliti kuswa malamulo otero.

Madera Ogwirizana: Lamulo la Ukwati m’Zaka za Zana la Makumi Aŵiri

Ngakhale kuti khotili linakhazikitsa chitetezo chachikulu, nkhani zambiri zimene anthu anatsutsa sizikuthetsedwa, pamene malamulo a anthu akusinthasintha, mabodza akukakamiza Khotilo kufotokoza bwino malire a ufulu wofunika kwambiri wokwatira.

Mitala ndi Kusakhala ndi Moyo Wonse

Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulire mwachindunji za lamulo la mitala chiyambire Reynolds v. United States (1878), imene inasunga lamulo la boma loletsa mitala m’magawo. Reynolds , Khoti losiyanitsa pakati pa chikhulupiriro cha chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe achipembedzo, likumati pamene Amormon angakhulupirire m’mitala, boma lingaike chigamulere. Chigamucho chimadalira pa lingaliro lopapatiza la ukwati monga imfa ya Adamu.

Mabanja amakono ochirikiza kukondana kwa anthu achikulire ndi osagwirizana ndi anthu ena amatsutsa kuti Obergefell mfundo za anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wofotokoza za kugwirizana kwawo [1] angafutukukire moyenerera ku maukwati ophatikizapo achikulire oposa aŵiri ogwirizana. Komabe, palibe khoti lalikulu la boma limene lavomereza mfundo imeneyi. Makhoti aakulu atchula mosalekeza [FLT] Reynolds [FFLT:3] kuchirikiza boma lotsutsa malamulo a polymy, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lalephera kumva. Khoti lino, ndi cholinga chake choyambirira ndi chokhudza malemba, likuoneka kuti silinabwerenso nkhaniyo, koma likusintha m’mabanja a ku America.

Ukwati wa Cousin ndi Malamulo Ogwirizana Koposa

Maboma ambiri amaletsa maukwati pakati pa asuwani oyambirira kapena achibale apafupi ndi mwazi, ngakhale kuti maiko ena (monga ngati California, New York, ndi Colorado) amalola maukwati oyambirira pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulire pa malamulo a ziletso zimenezi kuyambira Zabti . Chifukwa chakuti [[FLT:]] Zabliti [zi] Zitsenderezo za ukwati zimafuna kuti zikhale zongofuna, otetezera ziletso za banja lachibale ayenera kusonyeza maupandu chibadwa. Ofufuza akusonyeza kuti ngozi ya kubadwa kwa ana oyambirira ndi amtundu wa munthu mmodzi [kalelo] ndi kuŵirikiza kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero chochepa kwambiri.

Kuvomerezana kwa mtsogolo kungatsimikizire ngati chiletso chachiphamaso chiri chopambanitsa, makamaka pamene uphungu wa majini ndi kupenda zilipo. Kufunitsitsa kwa Khotilo kulingalira za umboni wa sayansi m’nkhani zina (monga ngati malamulo ochotsa mimba ndi mankhwala) kungayambukire kachitidwe kake pano. Pakali pano, palibe lamulo lotsimikizirika loyenera kukwatira msuwani wake, ndipo funsolo silinathe.

Kuchepa kwa Ukwati ndi Ukwati Wokakamizidwa

Maboma angapo alibe zaka zalamulo za ukwati ngati makolo avomereza ndi woweruza apeza. Ukwati wa ana utafotokozedwa kukhala ukwati usanafike zaka 18 . Uyenera kukhala walamulo m'mayiko ambiri, ndipo ana zikwizikwi, makamaka atsikana, amakwatira chaka chilichonse. Magulu a ana amatsutsa kuti ukwati wa ana umaphwanya ufulu wa ana, makamaka ufulu wawo wa kukhala okhulupirika m’thupi ndi ufulu wawo wofunika kwambiri wokwatira (umene amapikisana nawo, ayenera kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Khoti Lapamwamba silinafotokoze kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa ukwati wa ana mwachindunji. Komabe, mu Hacker v. Safley [1], khotilo linagogomezera kuti ukwati ndi ufulu wofunika ngakhale kwa akaidi . Olakwa amene achotsedwa ufulu wina. N’zosadziwika ngati Khoti likhoza kukulitsa malingaliro a ana. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amatsutsa kuti muyezo wokhwima wa macrutine umafuna kuti atsimikizire kuti msinkhu wocheperapo ndiwo wofunika kuteteza ana aang'ono ku ngozi, ndi kuti chitetezo china (monga ngati uphungu woyenerera kapena kutulukira kukula kwauchikulire) chingathandizenso chifuno chofananacho popanda chiletso. Nkhani imeneyi ingafikire khoti mkati mwa zaka khumi zotsatirazi pamene anthu akukula.

Womasulira ndi Mwamuna Kapena Mkazi Wosalimba

.Obergefell anakhazikitsa ufulu walamulo wa ukwati wa kugonana, koma mafunso akukhalabe ponena za kuvomereza maukwati ophatikizapo kusinthasinthasintha kwa maukwati kapena anthu wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma limafotokoza ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, angakwatire mkazi wa maselo amodzi? Makhoti aakulu agaŵana kaya maukwati ayenera kuzindikira kuti mwamuna kapena mkazi ayenera kupatsidwa ndi dzina lalamulo la ukwati. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2020 mu [FLT:] Bosckester. County v [FFLT]. County , imene imavomereza kuti kulekana kwa munthu ndi dzina lachikazi ndilo lachi, ndilo lachi lachialo lachi lachialo lachi lachiati lachiati, koma silinagwiritsiridwe ntchitobe kuyesa kutsimikizira za ukwati.

Kuphatikiza Malingaliro a Anthu ndi Kumasulira Malamulo

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu za ukwati kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsatira kusintha kwa malingaliro a anthu, komanso zimathandiza kusintha kowonjezereka. M'magawo apakati pakati pa [FLT: 0] Kuchokera pa ndi .Obergefell , kuchirikiza ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana unakwera kuchokera pa ochepera pa 50% kufika pa 90%, ndi kuchirikiza ukwati waukulu womwe unakwera kuchokera pa 30% mu 2000 kufika pa 70% podzafika panthaŵi ya [[FLT:] OFF:berge. Khoti silinangosonyeza kusinthako; kufalikira kwawo mwa kuwalengeza ndi malamulo atsopano.

Komabe, kuyenera kwa Khotilo kumadalira mbali ina pa kukhalabe pakati pa malamulo a ku America. Pamene khoti lipita patsogolo kwambiri kuposa malingaliro a anthu onse . "kuopsa kwa maukwati kapena kusagwirizana. Kutsutsa kwa boma kwa . Kulimbana ndi kwagubuduza [[FL:1], kuphatikizapo kukana kwa alembi a boma ena kupereka malaisensi a ukwati kwa okwatirana amtundu umodzi, kwakhala kwenikweni kophiphiritsira, koma kumasonyeza kuti ukulu wa boma pa lamulo la ukwati si wotheratu. Msonkhano uli ndi mphamvu pansi pa chigawo 5 cha 1450 Destemment to , m'nthano, ku ufulu waung'ono, ngakhale kuti mphamvuzo sizili zochitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’maukwati.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosatha ya Ukwati Yofuna Kulingana

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la Pamwamba lathetsa zopinga za fuko ndi za kugonana, kuzindikira ukwati kukhala kuyenera kwakukulu kumene kuli ndi akaidi ndi makolo okhala ndi udindo wosamalira ana, ndi kuika malire aakulu pa kuloŵerera kwa boma. Zigamulo zimenezi zikuimira chimake cha nkhani za malamulo zimene zinayamba ndi Reconstructon Amendments ndipo zinapitiriza ndi kusintha kwa kugonana ndi LGBTQ + gulu la ufulu wa anthu.

Komabe ntchitoyo siinathe. Mafunso okhudza ukwati wochuluka, ukwati wa abale, zaka zochepa, ndi kudziŵika kwa ma transgender satha kuthetsedwa. Ndiponso, kupangidwa kwa Khotilo nthaŵi zonse kumasintha. Mapangano atsopano angatsogolere khoti lamilandu ku kulamulira kapena kuchepetsa Oberge adagwa [1] ndi [[FLT] ndi [FLT] [] Luving , [2] Loving [[[FLT]] [] Kusintha ngakhale kuti silingalipo m’po pamene athetsa ziyembekezo za mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri. Pakuti, mfundo ya maziko ndi yomveka bwino: Lamulo limateteza munthu aliyense wamkulu kuti asankhe mnzake ukwati, popanda kusokoneza boma. Malungamo adzachita ntchito a za m’tsogolo adzakhudzana ndi mmene zidzachitika.