Makonzedwe a dongosolo la voti ndi chimodzi cha ziwiya zapadera kwambiri koma kaŵirikaŵiri zonyalanyaza zoletsa za mmene demokrase imagwirira ntchito. Njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m'mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo mwachindunji imene imamvedwa, mmene zipani zimapangira ndi kupikisana, ndi kaya nzika zimamva nkhani zawo. Madongosolo a boma sali zida zauyang'aniro zamphamvu zimene zingakulitse kapena kutsekereza chifuniro cha wosankhayo. Kumvetsetsa malungwe awo ndi ziyambukiro nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe weniweni wa kuimira kwa ndale zadziko m’dziko lawo ndi kwina kulikonse.

Nkhani ino ikufufuza mabanja aakulu a magetsi osankhira zinthu . Choyamba-Past-The Post, Proportonal directory , Mixmed Systems , ndi Rankied Chosation Voing , ndi kupenda mapindu awo, zopinga, ndi zotsatira zake za kuimira. Pofika pomalizira, mudzakhala ndi chithunzi chomveka bwino cha chifukwa chake kusankha malamulo kuli ndi nkhani yaikulu kwambiri kaamba ka thanzi la demokrase.

Kumvetsa Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito

Pamaziko ake, dongosolo la voti ndilo malamulo amene amasankha mmene mavoti amasankhidwira kukhala mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo kapena m'nyumba ya malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa amalongosola zonse kuchokera ku ukulu wa chigawo (ndi mmene oimira ambiri amasankhidwa pachigawo chilichonse) ku mafomu a kusanthula (mmene ovotawo amasonyezera zikhumbo zawo) ku njira yoperekera mipando. Kusankha pakati pa mavoti ameneŵa kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu ndi zotsimikizirika pa dziko landale zadziko.

Madongosolo a Electoral amagawidwa m'mabanja atatu aakulu: madongosolo a zinenero, njira zoimira, ndi madongosolo osanganikirana kapena a projects . Banja lililonse lili ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana, ngakhalenso kufooka kochepa m'dongosolo kungatsogolere ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana. M'mbiri, madongosolo a zosankha apangidwa ndi malingana andale, magawo a anthu, ndi njira zaudindo. Mwachitsanzo, kale, ma British British amalandira njira ya Kuyamba- Kufatsa, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya atenga Proportigation poyesayesa kuyang'anira magaŵano a anthu.

Kufufuza kwa maphunziro a makompyuta osankhidwa, kotsogozedwa ndi akatswiri onga Arend Lijphart ndi Rein Taagepera, kwatulutsa zopezedwa zazikulu ponena za kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo a voti ndi kuimira. Internationalpote Institute ya Democracy ndi Electoral Conservation (International IDEA) imasunga ndandanda yonena za madongosolo a zinthu zopanga zinthu padziko lonse, kulola ofufuza ndi opanga malamulo kuyerekezera zotsatirapo za dziko lonse.

Kuyamba - Past- Zilembo Zofika (FPTP)

Woyamba-Past-The Post, wodziŵikanso kukhala mbali imodzi, ndi dongosolo lapamwamba ndi lakale lomwe likugwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala. Wovota aliyense amavota munthu mmodzi m'chigawo chimodzi (kapena kuvomereza), ndipo wofunsira wosankha wochuluka amapambana mpando, mosasamala kanthu ngati apeza unyinji. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankho a boma m'maiko onga United Kingdom, United States (akuti Congress), Canada, ndi India (akufuna Lok Sabha).

Mapindu a FPTP

Mphamvu yaikulu ya FPTP ndiyo kufeŵa kwake. Voters amamvetsetsa kuti amasankha wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo wopambana ndiye amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri. Kumveka kumeneku kumatsogolera ku zotsatirapo za mwamsanga, zotsimikizira pausiku wa chisankho. FPTP imapanganso maboma ambiri ogaŵikana, ngakhale m'magawo aŵiri, amene angachititse kupanga malamulo ndi kuyankha koonekeratu. Anthu amadziŵa bwino lomwe kuti ndi liti limene lili ndi thayo la kulamulira, kupangitsa kuti likhale losavuta kubwezera kapena kulanga m'kasupe mu thumba.

Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi chiŵalo chimodzi chodziŵika cha nyumba ya malamulo chimene nzika zingafikire ndi nkhaŵa za kumaloko. Ntchito yolamulira imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imanenedwa kukhala phindu la FPTP, makamaka m’maiko aakulu okhala ndi zikondwerero za chigawo chosiyana.

Zopinga za FPTP

Kuphophonya kwa FPTP kuli kwakukulu ndipo kuli kolembedwa bwino. Nkhani yowonekera kwambiri ndiyo kulephera kwake: magulu angapambane mlingo waukulu wa voti yotchuka koma kulandira chigawo chocheperapo cha mipando, kapena kuisiyana. Mu 2019 Kingdom General, chisankho cha Conservative Party chinapambana 43.6% ya voti koma 56.2% ya mipando, pamene Liberal Demoractal adapata 11.5% ya voti koma 1.

FPTP imapanganso mavoti "osankhidwa movomerezedwa" — mavoti amaikidwa kaamba ka oyembekezera kutayikiridwa omwe samathandizira kuimira. Pamipando yotetezereka, ochirikiza a gulu laling'ono angaone kuti voti yawo siimakhudza, kutseguka kogwetsa mtima ndi kulimbikitsa kuvota kumene anthu sasankha munthu wawo wokondedwa koma kuti winayo agonjetse njira yawo yosasangalatsa. Khalidwe limeneli limasokoneza kachitidwe ka zinthu zovomerezeka za ndale zadziko.

Ndiponso, FPTP imafuna kulimbikitsa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri, njira yodziŵika monga Lamulo la Duverger. Zigawo zitatu zimalimbana kuti zipeze ufulu chifukwa chakuti mavoti awo amaonedwa kukhala otayika. Zimenezi zingachepetse njira za malamulo zoperekedwa kwa wovota ndi kusiyanitsa nkhani zofunika zimene sizikugwirizana ndi anthu. Dongosololi limafunanso kujambula malire a chigawo chimodzi kuti akonde gulu lina, monga momwe zimawonedwa nthaŵi zonse ku United States. ACE Electoral Knote Comment limagaŵira tsatanetsatane wa ziyambukiro zimenezi ku madera osiyanasiyana.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Proportigational directation imaphatikizapo banja la madongosolo olinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti mipando ya chipani imapambana molingana ndi mbali yake ya chisankho chotchuka. Izi zimachitidwa mwa madera a zigawo zambiri kumene zipani ziri ndi mpambo wa obatizidwa, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zazikulu koposa zonga ngati njira yotsala kapena njira yapamwamba kwambiri (m. d'Hondt kapena Sainte-Laguë). PR ndi njira yosankhira makhoma a dzikolo m'dzikolo ku Ulaya, kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko onga Germany (kwakuti Bundestag, m'dongosolo losanganizidwa) Sweden, Netherlands, ndi Israel.

Mapindu a PR

PR imakhala ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri. Zipani zazing'ono zingapeze mipando mogwirizana ndi kuchirikiza kwawo, kutanthauza kuti malingaliro ambiri andale amaimiridwa ndi nyumba yovomerezeka. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kupanga malamulo owonjezera amene amasonyeza kusiyana kwa osankha. Nzika zimene zimachirikiza gulu laling'ono zimaona mavoti awo akutembenuzidwa kukhala chizindikiro chenicheni, chimene chimafuna kuwonjezera chikhutiro ndi kutembenuza m'kufufuza koyerekezera.

PR imalimbikitsanso madongosolo ambiri, amene angalimbikitse kulinganiza ndi kulolera. Mapangano amwambo amakakamiza anthu kukambirana ndi kupanga kugwirizana mmalo mokakamiza munthu kupambana ndandanda yonse. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malamulo okhazikika ndi oyenerera kwa nthaŵi yaitali, monga momwe kusintha kwamwadzidzidzi kumayendera ndi mphamvu za mgwirizano. Kuwonjezerapo, PR imachepetsa chisonkhezero cha kusanthula, popeza kuti kuvota kwa gulu laling'ono sikunakhale "kusoweka" — kuthandizira ku gawo la mpando wa chipani chonsecho.

Zopinga za PR

Otsutsa amanena kuti PR ingatsogolere ku mabwalo ogaŵanika ndi zipani zambiri zazing’ono, zikumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kupanga maboma okhazikika. Italy ndi Israyeli akumana ndi nyengo za kutembenuka kwa boma mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa magulu. M’mabwalo a malamulo ogawikana kwambiri, magulu aang’ono otengeka maganizo angasunge mphamvu zosayerekezereka, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m’maiko ena a ku Ulaya kumene magulu otsagana akhala okhoza kutulutsa malamulo ovomerezeka.

Chinsinsi china ndi kuchepa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi oimira ena. M'zigawo zambiri, ovota angaone kuti sakugwirizana ndi chiŵalo chilichonse cha nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo njira yoŵerengera siikhala yolunjika kwambiri kuposa m'madera amodzi. Utsogoleri wa gulu kaŵirikaŵiri umayang'anira mindandanda ya ofunsira, kuwapatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa zimene amasankha ndi kuchepetsa kulabadira kwa anthu a komweko. Madongosolo ena a PR amafuna kuti asankhe pakati pa mindandanda yotseka popanda kukhoza kusonkhezera dongosolo la ofunsira, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe audindo angokhala ngati amene akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Finland ndi Brazil .

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zoyendera

Madongosolo a osankhika osanganizidwa amayesa kuphatikiza mapindu a zonse ziŵiri FPP ndi PR mwa kukhala ndi mizera iŵiri ya kuimira: mpambo wa magawo amodzi kumene wobatizidwa mmodzi amasankhidwa mwa kuchuluka, ndi mpambo wa mapale oikidwa molingana kubwezera kusokonezeka kulikonse kwa zipambano za chigawo. Kusintha kodziŵika bwino kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka Minteber Proportonal (MMP) kogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi Palamende ya Scotland. Mdived-Member Majoritarian (MM), imagwiritsira ntchito kuvota popanda njira ya pulogalamu, monga momwe ikuonekera ku Japan ndi South Korea.

Mapindu a Madongosolo Osanganiza

Madongosolo osanganizidwa angafikire zonse ziŵiri kuimira kwa kumalo ndi kulinganiza. MMP, ovota anaponya mavoti aŵiri: imodzi ya wobatizidwa wachigawo ndi imodzi ya ndandanda ya chipani. Mipando ya ndandanda imagawiridwa kubweretsa mpando wonse wa chipani chimodzi kugawana ndi mbali yake yovota, kuwongolera magawo ochotsedwa opangidwa ndi chigawo chimodzi. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti nyumba ya malamulo monga gulu lonse isonyeza chigamulo cha wosankha pamene wovota aliyense ali ndi woimira wa kumaloko.

Kugwirizana kumeneku kungawonjezere pangano la ovota mwa kupereka zabwino koposa za maiko onse aŵiri. Zipani zazing'ono zingapambanebe mipando ku ndandandayo, pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zazikulu zikukhala ndi mizu ya chigawo yolimba. Germany ndi New Zealand awona kuyenderana kosasintha ndi zotsatirapo zotsatizana, ndipo madongosolo awo osanganizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa monga zitsanzo za maiko amene akulingalira kusintha. Nhlangano wa FLT Unyinji wokhoza kufotokoza mmene MMP imagwirira ntchito.

Zopinga za Madongosolo Osanganiza

Kucholoŵana kwa madongosolo osanganizidwa kuli vuto lawo lalikulu. Opanga mavoti ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa mavoti awo aŵiri ndi mmene njira yosankhira imagwirira ntchito. Ku Germany, lingaliro la "mipando yapamwamba" lingakhale losokoneza ngakhale kwa oloŵa m'mipando yandale zadziko. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kungatsogoze mlingo wochepa wa kuzindikira kwa wovota ndi zophonya zothekera pa bokosi la bolota.

Nkhani ina ndi yothekera ya kudyerera machenjera. Parties angayese kusewera ndi oyembekezera a chigawo mwamphamvu pamene akugwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya mavoti. M'madongosolo ena osanganiza, ovota amene anadula matikiti awo satha kumvetsa bwino chiyambukiro cha zosankha zawo. Kuwonjezera apo, njira ya compalatation ikhoza kutulutsa zotulukapo zosayembekezereka, monga ngati pamene gulu litenga malo achigawo ambiri kuposa amene angalonjeze kutsata mpambo wolinganiza, kutsogolera ku malo aakulu a nyumba ya malamulo ndi "mipando yowonjezereka" kubwezeretsa zigawa zapamwamba.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Kuvota kodzisankhira, kodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo kapena kuvota kwapadera, kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo chimodzi ndi kulola ovota kugawa m'njira yosankha. Ngati palibe wosankhidwa kulandira mavoti ambiri a chikole choyamba, wosankha ndi mavoti oyambirira ochepa kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa kwa woloŵa m'chigawo chotsatira woikidwa pa mpira umodzi wa olati. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira pamene wosankhidwa mmodzi aloŵa m'chipata chokulira. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankhoti a dziko lonse mu Australia (akuti Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira) ndi Ireland (a ku chigawo cha , , limodzi ndi masankhoti ambiri a boma ku United States, kuphatikizapo Minneap, San York City, ndi New York City.

Mapindu a RCV

RCV imatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chochuluka (kapena kuti ali wovomerezedwa kwambiri pambuyo pochotsa). Imachotsa chiyambukiro chowononga, kumene woloŵa pa mbali yachitatu amagaŵavoti ndi kulola woloŵayo kupambana. Oyang'anira angachirikize chosankha chawo chowona choyamba popanda kuopa kuwononga voti yawo, chifukwa chakuti ofunsirawo adzasamukira kwa wodalira paokha ngati chosankha chawo choyamba chachotsedwa. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa mkupiti wabwino monga oyembekezera kufunafuna chisankho chachiŵiri cha muyere kuchokera kwa opikisana.

RCV imachepetsanso chisonkhezero cha kuvota kwapadera. Chifukwa chakuti ovota angaike ofunsirawo pamalo amodzi osati kufunikira kusankha zocheperapo pa zoipa ziŵiri, dongosololo likhoza kujambula molondola wovota. Lingatsogolerenso ku kuimira kosiyanasiyana, monga momwe magulu a ovota angachitire pamodzi ndi ofunsira amene amachonderera ku gawo lalikulu la osankha.

Zopinga za RCV

Kusuliza kokulira kwa RCV kuli kucholoŵana kwake kogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa pepala. Osankha ena amapeza njira yapamwambayo kukhala yosokoneza, kutsogolera ku zigaŵenga zowonongeka . Maballet amene amadzazidwa molakwika ndi osaŵerengeka. M'zigawo kumene RCV iri yatsopano, makampani a maphunziro osankha ngofunika, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo, kuphonya kungakhale kokulira kuposa pa FPPP. Kuŵerengerako kumachedwa, popeza kuti mavoti ambiri a kusamuka kuyenera kuchotsedwa, nthaŵi zina zotulukapo za maola kapena masiku.

Chikhutiro china nchakuti RCV ingatulutse zotulukapo zimene siziri zolinganiza kwenikweni pamene zigwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri (monga momwe zimakhalira m'zigawo za mawinwice ambiri, zomwe zimadziŵikanso monga voti yosatengera kumbali imodzi). Komabe, pamene zigwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo za chigawo chimodzi, RCV sizingapereke ku kugaŵana pakati pa kusanthula kwa gulu la osankha ndi kugawana malo; zimangotsimikizira kuti wopambana m’chigawo chilichonse ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Ndiponso, kufufuza kwina kumasonyeza kuti RCV angaletse ocheperapo ngati ali omwazikana, popeza okondedwa awo sangakhale ndi mavoti oyamba kupulumuka.

Kupangidwa kwa Njira Yochitira Zinthu pa Zoimira Ndale

Kusankha dongosolo la pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya magetsi sikumangokhudza mmene mipando imagawidwira [1] Kumaumba mbali zonse za demokrase. Mizere itatu njaikulu kwambiri: pangano la wovota, kupangidwa kwa dongosolo, ndi kulabadira lamulo.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza ali ndi chivoti chapamwamba kuposa madongosolo a kuchuluka. Chifukwa nchachindunji: mu FPTP, ovota ambiri okhala ndi mipando yotetezereka amamva mavoti awo kukhala opanda tanthauzo, ogwedezeka. Mu PR, mavoti alionse akusonyeza kuimira kwa chipani chonse, kupatsa nzika chisonkhezero champhamvu kuti zikhale ndi phande. Zolemba za International IDEA zimasonyeza kuti avareji ya kutembenuka m'maiko ndi PR iri pafupifupi 5-7 percentes kuposa m'maiko ndi FTPPP, ngakhale pambuyo polamulira zinthu zina zonga kusanthula. Madongosolo a sanganizidwa amakhoterera kuloŵa pakati pa.

Madongosolo a Chipani

Madongosolo a Electoral amakhudza mwamphamvu chiŵerengero cha maphwando amene amapikisana ndi kupambana mipando. FPP imayanja kupikisana kwa mbali ziŵiri, pamene PR imapanga madongosolo ambiri. Chiŵerengero cha maguluwo chimayambukiranso mtundu wa maboma ogwirizana opangidwa. M'madongosolo aŵiri, kutsogolera kumasinthasintha pakati pa masankho aakulu aŵiri; masinthidwe a malamulo angakhale odabwitsa ndi amphamvu monga masinthidwe. M'madongosolo ambiri PR, kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kumayambitsa njira zothandizira kupanga, koma ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu. Ntchito yochitidwa ndi Michael Gaglatte ndi Paul Mitchell . [FLD:]

Zotulukapo za Lamulo ndi Kuimira Kuchepera

Makonzedwe a dongosolo la votalism angayambukirenso magulu amene amaimiridwa m'chitaganya. M'ma FPTP, timagulu tating'ono ta m'magawo tikhoza kupambana ngati tipanga ambiri m'madera ena (monga kwa anthu a zinenero zochepa). Komabe, kufalikira kwa malo ochepa monga mitundu ya anthu opatuka "ofanana ndi mafuko kapena mafuko opatulidwa m'madera ambiri. Madongosolo a PR, makamaka amene ali ndi zipata zotsika ndi ukulu waukulu wa chigawo, amapanga nyumba za malamulo osiyanasiyana kwambiri m'nkhani za zinenero, fuko, ndi fuko. Mayi ambiri ndi PR ali ndi magawo a akazi m'malamulo, mbali imodzi chifukwa chakuti magulu amayesedwa kuti alinganizidwe kuti akwane ndi osankhidwa.

Ziyambukiro za malamulo zimasiyananso. M'madongosolo aakulu, malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza zikondano za wovota wa oulutsa ndipo angasinthike kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa boma. M'madongosolo olinganiza, malamulo amasonyeza kugwirizana kokulira, ndi njira zoyendera zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama ndi malamulo a kakhalidwe amene amatetezera magulu osavuta. Akatswiri a zandale apeza kuti kuimira kwa kulinganiza ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama zimene amapeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa paubwino, mwinamwake chifukwa chakuti dongosololi limapereka liwu kaamba ka ndalama zotsika zopezera oloŵa m’gulu la anthu amene mwina angapeputsiritsidwe.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a Electoral ndi osiyana ndi tsatanetsatane wa zaumoyo. Ndi malamulo a maziko amene amaumba mmene mphamvu imagaŵiridwira, mmene nzika zimachitira ndi ndale zadziko, ndi mmene nyumba yoyamwira imasonyezera bwino kusiyana kwa chitaganya chimene imagwira. Choyamba-Past imapatsa kuwonekera ndi malo koma pa mtengo wa kulinganiza ndi kusasamala. Kuimira kwamphamvu kumatsimikizira chilungamo koma kungafooketse ndi kufooketsa zigwirizano za kumalo. Madongosolo ophatikizapo amayesayesa kugwirizanitsa zinthu zabwino koposa zonsezo, komabe amayambitsa kucholoŵa m'zotsatira zambiri. Zosankha Zosankha zokhala ndi zokhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'madera osiyanasiyana koma sizimalongosola nkhani zazikulu.

Kwa nzika ndi opanga malamulo mofananamo, kuzindikira masinthidwe ameneŵa nkofunika. Palibe dongosolo la osankhidwa liri langwiro, koma ena ngoyenerera bwino ku mfundo ndi mapindu ena. Amene amasamalira kuimira demokrase ayenera kuchita ndi madongosolo awoawo a pulogalamu, kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amagwirizana ndi malamulo amene amasunga kukhala ofunika kwambiri. Nthano ya malowo, kuyang'anira, kapena kufeŵetsa. Potsirizira pake, thanzi la demokrase limadalira osati pa amene amavota okha, koma pa mmene mavoti awo amaŵerengera.