Njira ya kupanga zigamulo za lamulo ndi maziko a demokrase iliyonse yogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuseŵenzetsa malamulo, zitsanzo, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Pamutu pa dongosolo lino pali kupenda kwachiweruzo . Mphamvu ya makhoti kupenda kuyenera kwa malamulo ndi machitidwe a maulamuliro. Nkhani ino ikupereka kupenda kokulirapo, motsimikiza mmene ntchito zachiweruzo zimayendera, mmene malamulo a khoti alili ndi ziyambukiro zosatha pa chitaganya. Mwa kumvetsa njira zimenezi, nzika zingayamikire bwino mayeso ndi kulinganiza kumene kumatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kuchirikiza lamulo.

Kumvetsetsa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko ulamuliro woperekedwa kwa makhoti kusanthula kaya lamulo, lamulo, kapena kachitidwe kaudindo kamagwirizana ndi malamulo. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli nlofunika kwambiri kusungitsa malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi ya boma imene imapitirira malire ake alamulo. Popanda kupenda komiti, malamulo a boma kapena akuluakulu a boma otha kulanda ufulu wapamwamba. Mphamvuzo sizingawonongeke kotheratu; makhoti ambiri amangopenda nkhani zimene pali mkangano weniweni ndi kumene gulu liyenera kuimirira kusuta.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri ndi Maziko a Maziko Otchuka

Mfundo ya kupenda chiweruzo inakhazikitsidwa zolimba ku United States ndi mlandu wosintha zinthu Madison . (1803). Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall ananenetsa kuti “mwachindunji ndi ntchito ya bungwe la komiti ya chiweruzo yonena zimene lamulo lili." Chigamulo chimenechi chinayala maziko a ntchito ya judicariary monga womasulira malamulo a ufulu. Mayiko ena atengera njira zofanana: ku United Kingdom, kupenda kwa chiweruzo kunatulukira mwa lamulo lofanana, pamene malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapatulira makhoti alamulo, monga momwe makhoti a Jeremani a boma akusonyeza kugawira kogwirizana kwa lamulo.

Njira Yoyendera Pambuyo pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumayamba mwa kulinganiza:

  • Chosankha: Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito luntha posankha milandu imene amva. Amaika nkhani zimene zimadzutsa mafunso ofunika a lamulo kapena kumene makhoti aang'ono afikira mafotokozedwe otsutsana. M'khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa certiorari, kufunikiritsa oweruza anayi kugwirizana.
  • Kupereka ``Abungwe''': Magawo amapereka mfundo zatsatanetsatane zolongosola mfundo zawo, zitsanzo zalamulo zogwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi mafotokozedwe a lamulo. Amicus curiae (mnzake wa khoti”) chidule kuchokera ku magulu achifuniro kapena mabungwe a boma chingasungidwenso kuti apereke malingaliro owonjezereka.
  • Miluro ya za 'malamulo: Oweruza akupereka milandu yawo pamaso pa khoti, kufunsa mafunso kuchokera kwa oweruza. Chigawo chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri pofotokoza mfundo zomveka bwino ndi kuyesa mphamvu za mfundo iliyonse.
  • Kuweruza: Zoweruza zimakumana m'msonkhano waumwini kukakambitsirana mlanduwo. Amavota motsimikiza, ndipo woweruza wamkulu mwa ambiri amagaŵira ntchito ya kulemba lingalirolo.
  • Kulemba kwa [1] Khoti limapereka chigamulo cholongosola malingaliro ake. Malingaliro aakulu amakhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwirizana, pamene kuli kwakuti kugawana ndi kutsutsa malingaliro kumapereka malongosoledwe ena amene angayambukire nkhani zamtsogolo.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo

Makhoti amapenda zinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuyenera kwa pamtengo kapena mtundu wa kachitidwe ka boma kotsutsidwa kuti:

  • [[FLT: 0] Rasal Basis Review: [[FT:1] Muyezo wotsika kwambiri; lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala logwira ntchito pokhapo ngati siligwirizana ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma lovomerezeka. Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a zachuma ndi malamulo a kakhalidwe.
  • Scrimenti: imafuna kuti lamulo likhale logwirizana kwambiri ndi cholinga chofunika cha boma. Limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mikhalidwe yophatikizapo tsankho la akazi kapena kulankhulana kwa malonda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Scrutiny: Muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri; boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndipo lamulo liyenera kulinganizidwiratu kufikira chikondwerero chimenecho. Kugwiritsira ntchito ku zoyenera zazikulu (m., kulankhula kwaufulu, kuvotera) ndi kukayikira magawo (mzera, fuko, fuko).

Mbali ya Bwalo la Makhoti Posokoneza Chilamulo

Zigamulo za khoti ndizo zigamulo zomaliza zoperekedwa ndi oweruza kapena zigamulo m'milandu. Pambuyo pothetsa milandu ya munthu, zigamulo zimenezi zimayambitsa mfundo zimene zimatsatira. Makhoti aang'ono ayenera kutsatira m’nkhani zofananazo. Chiphunzitso cha stare decis (Chilatini kaamba ka “kuima pa nkhani zogamulidwa") chimatsimikizira kusasintha ndi kuneneratu m’malamulo, ngakhale kuti makhoti angasinthe pamene malamulo a chikhalidwe kapena matanthauzo a malamulo a projekiti a project.

Mitundu ya Malingaliro a Chiweruzo

  • Chigamulo cha Chidziŵitso: Lingaliro linagwirizana ndi oweruza ambiri, kukhazikitsa chigamulo cholamulira cha khoti. Kulingalira kwake kumakhala chitsanzo.
  • Malingaliro Ogwirizana: Olembedwa ndi oweruza amene sagwirizana ndi ambiri, otsutsa malingaliro a ambiri ndipo pambuyo pake angakhale maziko a kuswa chitsanzo.
  • Mfundo Zomveka: Agwirizana ndi zotsatirapo koma amapereka zifukwa zalamulo zosiyana. Zokambirana zingayambukire makhoti amtsogolo pamene afunafuna zifukwa zina.
  • Chigamulo cha Chikumbu: Lingaliro lachidule, losaimbidwa mlandu wa khoti, kaŵirikaŵiri silimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’zosankha zotsutsana kapena zogwirizana.
  • Chiganizo cha Kulingalira: [1] Pamene palibe lingaliro limodzi lomwe lipeza unyinji, lingaliro la mavoti ambiri lingalamulire kutsekereza kwake kochepa, kusiya kusamvekera bwino kwa makhoti aang'ono.

Malamulo Osonyeza Kulamulira kwa Pansi Ndiponso Kukhudza Kwake

Zigamulo za khoti zingasinthe kwambiri chitaganya. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inalengeza tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse popanda upanipaniya, kugwetsa “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso ndi kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu. Roe v. Wade[FLT] [73])) adazindikira kuyenera kwalamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba, kugwetsa zaka makumi ambiri a mkangano wandale ndi walamulo. [FL:4] O. "brogeeb. [b] Hodm] (2011]

Filosofi ya Kumasulira: Activism (kulimbana ndi malamulo)

Kutsutsana pakati pa kuweruza ndi kuletsa kuweruza kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za mbali yoyenera ya oweruza.

Kuweruza

Chigamulo chachiweruzo chikunena za oweruza amene ali ofunitsitsa kuswa malamulo kapena kuwonjezera ufulu wozikidwa pa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu, nthaŵi zina kupitirira malemba kapena cholinga choyambirira cha malamulo. Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti makhoti amalola makhoti kuthetsa kusachitapo kanthu ndi kuteteza anthu ochepa osavuta kutha. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuletsa kukhazikitsa zigamulo za demokalase mwa kuchotsa malamulo a oweruza m’malo mwa oimira osankhidwa.

Kulamulira kwa Chiweruzo

Chiletso cha chiweruzo chimasonkhezera makhoti kugonjera ku nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu, kuloŵerera kokha m’nkhani zowonekera bwino za kuswa lamulo. Ochirikiza amakhulupirira kuti njira za demokrase ziyenera kuthetsa mikangano yambiri ya malamulo ndi kuti oweruza ayenera kupeŵa kukakamiza malingaliro awo aumwini. Njira imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imayenderana ndi kuyambirira kwa mawu kapena malembo olembedwa Chingelezi .

Zitsanzo Zenizeni Zapadziko

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. mu Cibizens United FEC (2010) kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa monga ochirikiza ufulu kuchokera ku kawonedwe kabwino (kugonjetsa malire a ndawala ya ndawala), pamene Lawnce v. Texas [2003] [malamulo opatulidwa)) amaonedwa monga ochirikiza malamulo a dziko) kuchokera ku malingaliro apadera. Zosankha zoletsa zingaphatikizepo [[FT:4] Nationalgation of Independent . Sebelius [FLT:] (20], zimene zimachirikiza lamulo la Afford Carencercestion pa ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira msonkho, kuletsa Claunik Kneorks.

Mmene Makhoti Amamasulira Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera tanthauzo la malamulo ndiponso malamulo.

Kulemba ndi Kuyambirira

Chikalata chisumika pa tanthauzo la mawu olembedwa modzifunira panthaŵi ya kuikidwa. Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kumvetsetsa tanthauzo loyambirira la malamulo a boma kapena cholinga cha okonza malamulo. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anali wochirikiza wamkulu wa zonse ziŵiri. Mayeso ameneŵa amafuna kuchepetsa luntha la chiweruzo ndi zosankha za nangula m’njira zotsimikizirika.

Kutsatira Lamulo Lokhudza Moyo

Lingaliro limeneli likunena kuti mawu aakulu a malamulo (m., “am'mbuyo,” chilango chachilendo” ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi miyezo ya chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe amakono. Ochirikiza amanena kuti njira imeneyi imaletsa chikalatacho kukhala chachikale. Otsutsa amanena kuti chimalola oweruza kulembanso malamulo.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Kulinganiza Bwino Zinthu

Oweruza ena amaika patsogolo zofuna za mpikisano, akumayesa kulinganiza bwino nkhani zothetsa mikangano. Mwachitsanzo, m’milandu yaufulu, makhoti angalinganize chikondwerero cha boma cha chisungiko chapoyera ndi kuyenera kwa wokamba nkhani.

Njira Yozenga Nkhani: Kuyambira ku Kuzenga Mlandu Kupita ku Khoti Lalikulu

Kaŵirikaŵiri kupenda chiweruzo kumathera pamlingo wa kuweruzidwa, kumene makhoti aakulu amapenda zigamulo za m’makhoti ang’onoang’ono.

Njira ya Chikopa

  1. Chigamulo chachikulu: Chipani chiyenera kukhala ndi chiweruzo chomaliza kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu kapena bungwe la oyang’anira.
  2. Notice of Appeal: Mapepala okopa a pa pakiti amafaya chidziŵitso mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika.
  3. Corred on Appeal: Khoti lapansi limatumiza cholembera, kuphatikizapo marekodi ndi umboni, ku khoti la apilo.
  4. Mabungwe ndi Kutsutsana kwa Mawu: mbali zonse ziŵiri zikulankhulana, ndipo khoti lingandandalitsa mkangano wa pakamwa.
  5. Decision: Gulu la oweruza limatulutsa lingaliro lotsimikizira, kutembenuza, kapena kukonzanso mlanduwo kaamba ka zochitika zowonjezereka.
  6. Kubwerezanso: M'madongosolo ambiri, chipani chingapemphe khoti lapamwamba (m’njira, khoti Lapamwamba la U.S.) kuti chipende, koma mapempho oterowo samaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kukopana kwa Anthu Ochita Zinthu

M'mayiko ena, zikalata zochonderera (palsenges) ku malamulo opangidwa asanaweruze pomaliza, zimaloledwa kufunsa mafunso a lamulo. Zimenezi zingathetse nkhani zazikulu za malamulo popanda kuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu kokwanira.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumachitika m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dziko lonse, kusonyeza miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya zamalamulo ndi malamulo.

Chitsanzo cha ku United States

Bungwe la United States lili ndi dongosolo loyenerera lochitira zinthu mmene khoti lililonse la boma lingaloŵetsemo m’kupenda kwachiweruzo, ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu monga wopereka chigamulo womalizira.

Makhoti a ku Ulaya Osonyeza Malamulo a Malamulo

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, monga ngati Germany, Italy, ndi France, ali ndi makhoti alamulo apadera osiyana ndi achiweruzo cha nthaŵi zonse. Mabwalo ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro wokha wopenda kukhazikika kwa malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kupenda kosatsimikizirika (kutsutsa koperekedwa popanda mlandu wotsimikizirika) kapena kupenda kotsimikizirika (kuchokera ku kuumbidwa kwenikweni). Mwachitsanzo, Federal Constitution Court, ufulu waukulu ndi maulamuliro a boma ndipo apereka zigamulo zamphamvu pa nkhani yachinsinsi ndi ulemu wa anthu.

Ufumu Wogwirizana ndi Chisinthiko cha Chilamulo Chachisawawa

Bungwe la UK lilibe malamulo olembedwa m’lingaliro la ku America, koma kupendanso lamulo lachiweruzo kulipo pansi pa lamulo lofala kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe a boma saposa ulamuliro wawo woyenerera kapena kuchita zinthu mopanda nzeru. Chikalata cha Human Rights Act cha mu 1998 chimaphatikizapo pangano la European Convention on Human Rights, kulola makhoti a UK kutulutsa zigamulo zosagwirizana ndi zinthu zina, ngakhale kuti sizingawononge Machitidwe a Palamenti.

Mavuto a Kupendanso Chiŵeruzo Padziko Lonse

M'maiko ena, kupenda kwachiweruzo kuyang'anizana ndi kutsutsa kwa nthambi za ndale zadziko. Kuzenga milandu, kuchotsa, ndi kusagwirizana ndi zigamulo kuwopseza ufulu wachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwaposachedwapa ku Poland ndi Hungary kwadzutsa nkhaŵa za kuwonongeka kwa malamulo. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumagogomezera kuphonya kwa lamulo.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ngakhale kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo nkofunika, sikuli kopanda mkangano. Otsutsa amanena kuti ilo liri kwenikweni lotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa anthu . Oweruza osasankhidwa angasinthe malamulo operekedwa ndi osankhidwa ndi demokrase. “vuto la anthu a boma lokhala ndi ufulu wa anthu" lasonkhezera mkangano wonena za ozembetsa milandu.

Kuyenera ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Oweruza amasangalala ndi moyo kapena zinthu zambiri m’madongosolo ambiri, kuwatetezera ku mlandu wa voti. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti kudziimira kumeneku ndiko kwenikweni kumene kumawalola kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa pa nkhanza zambiri. Kulimbana pakati pa demokrase ndi malamulo sikunathe.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Mapangano a Chiweruzo

Ku United States, kuikidwa kwa khoti Lalikulu kwakhala kotsutsa kwambiri, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri oweruza amayembekezera kumamatira ku nthanthi yachiweruzo yakutiyakuti. Kusintha kumeneku kukhoza kufooketsa chidaliro cha anthu m’kupanda tsankho kwa khoti. Zitsimikizo zapamwamba zaposachedwapa ndi zigamulo zotsutsana zakula.

Zimene Zingalepheretsedwe

Makhoti amadalira nthambi zina kuti zikwaniritse zigamulo zawo. Kukana kotsatira malamulo, kunyoza, kapena kubwezera kwa anthu ena kungachepetse chiyambukiro cha zigamulo zachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Brown v. Board of Education , maboma ambiri a Kum’mwera anakana kuloŵetsedwa kwa zaka zambiri. Khotilo silinakhoze kukhazikitsa lamulo, likufunikira kuloŵerera kwa boma.

Kumaliza: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda ndi kuweruza malamulo nkofunika kwambiri ku ntchito ya demokrase. Amatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa boma ukhalabe wochepa ndi kuti ufulu wa munthu aliyense watetezeredwa ngakhale ku zinthu zazikulu zotchuka. Kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha Marbury v. Madison [ ku mkangano wopitirizabe wa kuchita ntchito ndi kuletsa, ntchito ya jaji ya jaji yakhala yothandiza kuthana ndi mavuto a dziko losintha. Kumvetsa chigamulo chimenechi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amasunga malamulo. Mwa kuloŵa m'malamulo ameneŵa ku maphunziro a boma, kutsutsana ndi kuweruza, kapena kulemekeza mabwalo a khomo. [FFF], kuwonjezera kupenda kwa . [FF4]