Malingaliro a anthu amagwira ntchito monga maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase, kupereka njira yopitirizabe imene nzika zimalankhulira zokonda zawo, mapindu, ndi nkhaŵa kwa osankha akuluakulu ndi mabungwe otsogolera. M'mademokrase oimira mademokrase, kuyenera kwa malamulo ndi malamulo kumayenderana ndi kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa. Pamene malingaliro a anthu asintha, angafulumize kapena kulepheretsa kachitidwe ka malamulo, kukakamiza opanga malamulo kusintha kapena kuyang'ana. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu imeneyi si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe; kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zimene zimafuna kumvetsetsa mmene mawu awo angaumbikire mwalamulo ndi kukonzanso malo.

Maziko a Malingaliro a Anthu Osiyanasiyana

Akatswiri andale akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali za mbali yoyenera ya malingaliro a anthu pa demokrase. Chitsanzo chachikale [1] Nthaŵi zambiri chimatsatiridwa ndi James Madison ndipo pambuyo pake ndi Robert Dahl [1] okhala ndi oimira amene asankhidwa ayenera kukhala nthumwi, kutembenuza malingaliro ambiri m'lamulo. Komabe, unansiwo sumamveka bwino. Anthu azaka zapakati pa 20 amakayikira kuti munthu aliyense sangakhale ndi maganizo oyenera pankhani zovuta, pamene John Dewey anateteza kukhoza kwa anthu onse kukhala ndi kuphunzira. Akatswiri amakono amavomereza kwambiri kuti malingaliro a anthu ali ndi mphamvu, ngati ali opanda ungwiro, makamaka nkhani zooneka kwambiri. Zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri zinthu monga makampani osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo masankho, masankho, manyuzipepala, manyuzipepala, ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zolimbikitsa

Malamulo ndi oyendetsa zinthu sasiyana ndi anthu amene akuwalamulira.

Zofalitsidwa

Manyuzipepala ndi mawailesi akanema a wailesi yakanema [1] kuyambira ku manyuzipepala ndi mapulogalamu a wailesi yakanema mpaka 2020 adayambitsa mkwiyo waukulu pakati pa anthu ndi opanga malamulo. Mwa kusankha nkhani zoti zisonyezedwe ndi mmene angachitire, mawailesi akanema amakhazikitsa nkhani za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kufalitsa za nkhanza za apolisi ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa mafuko pambuyo pa imfa ya George Floyd mu 2020 kunayambitsa kuipidwa kwa anthu omwe anasonkhezera boma ndi kachitidwe ka boma pa kusintha kwa apolisi, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kutsekedwa kwa makampani otsekereza, makamera okakamiza kuletsa, ndi kukonzanso njira za malamulo. Ofalitsa nkhani za nyuzipepala sangosonyeza malingaliro a anthu; imachititsa kuti izi zikhale zonena zonena kuti kusonkhezera kapena kuchepetsa chitsenderezo. M'zaka za kusintha malamulo a wailesi a , ngakhalenso kuchepetsa ziganitsa malonda a kapepala la malamulo a za malamulo a wailesi.

Magulu a Chikondwerero ndi Mabungwe a Aphunzitsi

Zotsatirapo zolinganizidwa . Kuchokera ku mabungwe ofufuza zinthu ndi ku magulu audzu oimba nyimbo , mwachitsanzo, iwo amagwira ntchito yosonkhezera malingaliro a anthu onse ndi zotsatira za malamulo. Amachita kafukufuku, amapanga makampani otsatsa malonda, kusonkhanitsa ochirikiza zikondwerero ndi kujambula makalata, ndi kupereka umboni waluso pakumva. National Rifle Association (NRA), mwachitsanzo, yakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri pothandiza anthu kukonza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu, makamaka pakati pa ufulu wawo waukulu wotsata kutsata, ndi kutembenuza kuchirikiza malamulo ankhondo a boma oletsa kuumatawa. Motsutsana ndi zimenezi, mabungwe onga American Civil Liberies Union (ACU) ndi ufulu wa anthu kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa LTBQ+, kupambana kwawo, kuyendetsa bwino kwa chuma chawo, kuyang'nkhani za malamulo a zachikhalidwe la anthu.

Mavuto

Mwinamwake njira yachindunji kwambiri ndiyo kugwirizana kwa osankhidwa. Akuluakulu onyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu oikidwa mwamphamvu ali pangozi ya kutaya mipando yawo. Pamene njira ya chisankho, opanga mapulatifomu ndi otsutsa mofananamo anasintha mapulatifomu awo kuti agwirizane ndi zikondwerero za oletsa. Kulabadira kumeneku kumatchulidwa kwambiri pankhani zimene amasankha kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 2020 U.S. salution ya pulezidenti, zaumoyo ndi zachuma zinali zotchuka; onse aŵiri anasintha mauthenga awo mogwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwawo (monga ngati kuwonjezeka kwa Afford Care Active Active Active Active Active). Pa mlingo wa boma, zokambirana ndi kutchula za kutchula za kuonekera kwapoyera kwa anthu, kunyalanyaza malingaliro a zalamulo m’malamulo ena monga kuyendetsa mpikisano walamulo.

Kugwirizana ndi Anthu

Magulu olinganizidwa a anthu angachirikize kwambiri malingaliro a anthu ndi kukakamiza lamulo, ngakhale pamene njira zandale zakhazikitsidwa sizikukhudzidwa. Gulu la akazi, gulu la ufulu wa anthu, gulu la malo okhala, ndi posachedwapa kwambiri # Metoo , yomwe inalandira kuukira kwapadziko lonse mu 2017, kubweretsa kuukira kwa kugonana ndi kuukira kwapoyera, kutsogolera ku masinthidwe a malamulo onga ngati kutha kwa Mabungwe a Zachiŵereŵere ndi za Sexual Actusticss m'chaka cha 201, ndi njira zina zovomerezeka za chikhalidwe cha anthu za United States.

Kuchuluka kwa Malingaliro a Anthu

Kumasulira Baibulo m’njira zosiyanasiyana kumathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu adziwe kuti anthu opanga malamulo, atolankhani, ndiponso anthu olimbikitsa mfundo za dziko lawo ndi ndani.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zoipitsa

Kufufuza kwa malingaliro kumapima malingaliro pa nkhani zina panthaŵi imodzi. Kufufuza kochitidwa mwachibadwa ndi telefoni, pa Intaneti, kapena mwa kufufuza kophatikizana, ndi zitsanzo zotsimikizira kuimira. Kufufuza kwa patuluka, kochitidwa pa Tsiku la Chisankho, kumathandiza kuneneratu zotsatirapo ndi kuvumbula kupangidwa kwa magulu a ovota. Kufufuza, monga Kufufuza [PUFC] Center Kufufuza kopitirizabe, kuyang'anira kusintha kwa zinthu mkati mwa milungu kapena miyezi, kuonetsa mmene zochitika zimasinthira. Kufufuza kokhudza maganizo, njira ina yaikulu yoyambitsidwa ndi James Fivekit, imaphatikizapo chitsanzo chowatumizira chidziŵitso, ndi kuwapereka ndi malingaliro oyenera, ndi pambuyo pake ndi kupima kwa chithunzi cha zimene zingawonetsedwe bwino.

Kuposa Kufufuza

M'nyengo ya wailesi, zolankhula ndi makompyuta, kupenda malingaliro, ndi njira zazikulu za masamu zimapereka njira zina zopimira malingaliro. Maplogilamu onga Twitter ndi Facebook amatulutsa zambiri za malingaliro amene sanawafunsidwe. Komabe, magwero ameneŵa amakonda kukondera: si onse amene amachitapo kanthu mofanana, ndipo anthu ochepa a mawu angalamulire. Ofufuza ayenera kusamala kwambiri kufufuza kwa chikhalidwe ndi zizindikiro za manambala kuti apeŵe mfundo zosocheretsa. Olemba malamulo ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zonga Govrack ku agregate formation , koma njira zimenezi zimafunanso kumasulira mosamala.

Kufufuza za Matenda

Examining specific legislative campaigns reveals how the abstract mechanisms of public opinion play out in concrete political battles.

Ukwati Umodzimodzi

Kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana ku United States kumapereka nkhani ya buku la mmene lingaliro la anthu likusinthira. Mu 1996, 27% okha a ku America anachirikiza ukwati wauchigawenga; pofika 2021, chiŵerengero chimenecho chinapitirira 70%, malinga ndi Gwalip[[FL:1]. Kusintha kodabwitsaku kunachitidwa ndi kuonekera kwa boma, magulu a anthu onga ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa udzu. Malamulo a boma anayamba kuyendetsa malamulo a ukwati olingana kumayambiriro kwa 2000. Podzafika nthaŵi imene Khoti Lamilandu Yosanja lapamwamba linagamulapo. Pochitapo kanthu posachedwa, Homebergev. [1] M'poguev [FLT:] mu 2015, anasintha maganizo ovomerezeratu za kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa anthu, ndipo anakhazikitsa chigamulo chachigamu cha ulamuliro cha democracy.

Kulamulira Mfuti

Lamulo lakulamulira mfuti mu United States limatsatira njira yosiyana kwambiri, kumene malingaliro a anthu anakula kwambiri pambuyo pa kuwombera mfuti kwa chigawo chachikulu koma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwerera mmbuyo pamene kulira kwa nkhani kukupitirizabe. Pambuyo pa 2018 Parkland kuombera mfuti, kuchirikiza kwa anthu onse malamulo a mfuti zolimba kukwera ku 67% m'kufufuza kwa Pew Research Center, ndipo ophunzirawo anatumiza March chifukwa cha mayendedwe a Moyo Wathu mamiliyoni ambiri. Kutsendereza kumeneku kunatsogolera ku machitidwe ambiri a boma, monga momwe Florida imakweza zaka zochepa zogulira mfuti mpaka 21 ndi kupitirira “lamulo loyera”. Pamlingo wa boma, Bipartassss Save Actal Act 20222 , yomwe inawonjezera kuyang'anira ogula katundu 21 ndi kuthandizira maprogramungwe a za kuloŵerera kwa kachitidwe ka ka kakhalidwe ka ka ka ka ka kakhalidwe ka ka ka ka kaponde, ngakhale chiyambukiro chachikulu cha chiwopsera cha chitsutso cha chitsutso cha chiwomba cha mfuti, makamaka chikusonyeza chigamu chigamu chigani chokha, chomwe chikusonyeza chika cha anthu onse, chimene chiku

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumasonyeza mmene malingaliro a anthu amasinthira pang'onopang'ono, kuwonjezereka ndi kuvomerezana kwa sayansi ndi zochitika zanyengo, kungapezetsenso dongosolo. Kumayambiriro a 2000, kusintha kwa nyengo kunali vuto lotsika kwa ovota ambiri. Pofika 2023, Programme pa Kusintha Kayendedwe a Nyengo, kupenda kwa boma kukhoza kutulukira kuti 72% ya Aamereka anakhulupirira kuti kutentha kwa dziko lonse kukuchitika ndipo 65% analingalira kuti kunachitika ndi ntchito za anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kwachitapo kanthu pa milingo yambiri: kukonzanso malo a pa malo apamwamba, miyezo ya boma, kukonzanso njira ya boma yogwirizana ndi kutembenuza dziko kuti ikhale lamulo la boma la Reduodio kuyendetsa chuma chachuma. Kusintha kwa nyengo kwa mayiko kudalirana ndi kumasulira kwa zachuma kufalikira kwa makampani.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo

Kusamalira thanzi kumayendera limodzi ndi nkhaŵa zazikulu za osankha a ku America. Kudutsa kwa Affordble Care Act (ACA) mu 2010 kunasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu: kufufuza panthaŵiyo kunasonyeza kuchirikiza mwamphamvu kufutukulidwa kwa anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe yomwe idakalipo, ngakhale kuti lamulo lonselo linakhalabe lotsutsana. Pambuyo pa kuyesa kukonzanso ACA mu 2017, kuchirikiza lamulo kwa anthu kunawonjezeka, kuchoka pa 43% ya chivomerezo mu 2016 kufika pa 55% (20] [[FLT: 0] Kaiser Family Foundation [[FL:1]]). Kusintha kumeneko kunathandiza kusungitsa ACA ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo kulimbikitsa lamulolo, monga momwe kuwonjezera njira zothandizira za kuthandizira anthu. Umoyo ukhoza kusonyeza lingaliro la kuchepetsa mphamvu, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anthu.

Mavuto Pomasulira ndi Kusintha Maganizo a Anthu

Ngakhale kuti anthu amatsatira mfundo zimenezi, anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti n’zosavuta kufotokoza.

Kufunsa ndi Kulimbikitsa

Kufufuza mafunso kungasinthe kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kufunsa ngati boma liyenera “kuchotsa mimba” kumatulutsa mayankho osiyana m'malo mofunsa ngati liyenera“ kulola” kutaya mimba pansi pa mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti. Kutsogolera mafunso, njira, ndi mawu ozungulira nkhani yonse imapereka kuyambitsa. Ngakhale zofufuza zoikidwa bwino zimatenga mbali zolakwika (mwachidziŵikire 763-4 centers). Opanga malamulo ayenera kuzindikira kuti lingaliro lapoyera sili kuimira kwenikweni chikhulupiriro cholimba koma kaŵirikaŵiri yankho lokhala ndi chivomerezo chapadera.

Kupuma ndi Kuothera M’thupi

Anthu angayambe kuvomereza mwamsanga zinthu zikachitika, makamaka ngati zinthuzo zachitika chifukwa cha tsoka kapena mavuto. Kufufuza kochitika mwamsanga pambuyo poti kuwombera mfuti kwachitika, kumasonyeza kuti kuchirikiza kwambiri kuletsa mfuti kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito munthu mmodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake. Opanga malamulo amene amafulumira kuchitapo kanthu pa zizindikiro zachidule angakwiyitse; awo amene amanyalanyaza zizoloŵezi zopitirizabe angalephere kusamalira zosoŵa zakuya. Kufufuza kwanthaŵi yaitali kumathandiza kusiyanitsa kusintha kwa kanthaŵi ndi kusintha kwenikweni kwa dziko.

Kujambula ndi Kuimira

Zotsatirapo zake nzabwino kokha monga chitsanzo chimene amatengerapo. Kufufuza kokha kwa Langer kochitidwa ndi ovota achichepere; makompyuta a pa Intaneti angachulukitse anthu ena a chikhalidwe. Ndiponso, mfundo zamphamvu: lamulo limene anthu ambiri amachirikiza mofatsa koma kutsutsa kwakukulu kungakhale kosatheka kupitirira chifukwa chakuti chitsutsocho nchamphamvu kwambiri. Kusinthaku kumakhala kopanda maziko andale. Kupanda kuvomereza kwa anthu amene alibe lingaliro lenileni pankhani ya [1] Matope a madzi. Kufufuza kopetsa kumagwiritsira ntchito njira ndi makompyuta olemera ndi makompyuta a chidziŵitso, koma masinthidwe ameneŵa si angwiro.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala ndi Kuvomereza Koipa

Otsutsa monga Noam Chomsky ndi Edward S. Herman atsutsa kuti malingaliro a anthu ambiri amasonkhezeredwa ndi akuluakulu apamwamba ndi makampani mwa kuulutsa ndi mabodza. Mwachiwonekere, chimene chikuoneka kukhala chitsenderezo chotsika kwenikweni ndicho kuchepetsa kwa kuyendetsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti si akatswiri onse amene amavomereza kulimba kwamphamvu kumeneku, pali umboni wakuti ndawala zoyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri zingasinthe malingaliro a anthu, makamaka pankhani zimene anthu alibe zikhulupiriro zolimba. Mwachitsanzo, makampani a fodya amakayikira kwambiri za matenda a kusuta fodya, akusonkhezera malingaliro onse aŵiri a anthu ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo. Kuzindikira malingaliro opangidwa bwino ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu afufuze mofufuza mofufuza.

Ntchito ya Maphunziro ndi Ntchito ya Ntchito Yaumuna

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kukambirana pakati pa malingaliro a anthu ndi malamulo sikuli kokha ndi chiphunzitso cha sayansi yandale . Unzika waluso uli wokonzeka bwino kufotokoza zimene zikufuna, kupenda mfundo zandale, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Sukulu zingalimbikitse zimenezi mwa kuphunzitsa ophunzira kulemba ndi kulemba, kuchirikiza makambitsirano amakono, ndi kulimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali m'misonkhano ya boma kapena m'mabungwe amwano. Ophunzira akaphunzira mmene angatembenuzire malingaliro awo kukhala opindulitsa m’makalata, mapempho, kapena mavoti, angapereke umboni wapoyera, kapena kuvomereza zinthu zina za demokrase.

Kumaliza

Lingaliro la anthu ndi lamphamvu, nthaŵi zina losadziŵika bwino lomwe lomwe lili pa maziko a kupanga malamulo a demokrase. Kumapanga malamulo ndi malamulo kudzera m'njira zambiri: zoulutsira nkhani, magulu achifunitso, kukakamiza kwa osankhika, ndi magulu a anthu. Chisonkhezero chake chimachepetsedwa ndi mtundu wa kusanthula, mabungwe andale, ndi mphamvu za zikondwerero. Kuzindikira mphamvu ndi mbuna za maganizo a anthu kumatheketsa nzika kuchita zinthu mwanzeru kwambiri m’moyo wawo. Kwa aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa nkhani imeneyi, kutha kwa madongosolo a democracy si njira yosanjanja kwa olamulidwa ndi oimira. Mwa kupereka chisamaliro kusintha maganizo a anthu ndi mmene amatembenuzira njira zawo, ophunzira angamvetsetse bwino ntchito yawo m’tsogolo m’moyo wawo.