Kumvetsa malungo n’kofunika kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, ophunzira, ndi eni mabizinesi omwe. Njira yochokera ku kudandaula mpaka kuweruza komaliza imatsatira njira yolinganizidwa yotchedwa kachitidwe ka boma. Kakonzedwe kameneka kamapereka kukwaniritsidwa, chilungamo, ndi kukhulupirika ku lamulo. Chitsogozochi chimapereka kusweka kodalirika kwa mbali iliyonse ya malamulo, kuyambira pa kulembedwa koyamba pa apilo komaliza, kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mmene mikangano imatsutsidwira m'dongosolo lamakono la chilungamo.

Sitepe 1: Kuyambitsa Kachitidwe Kalamulo

Kuyamba kwa lamulo la mlandu kumafuna kuti woweruza atenge njira zakutizakuti zimene zimakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa khoti ndi kudziŵitsa woimbidwa mlandu. Kuyambitsa kumeneku kumaikira malire mlandu wonse.

Kuthetsa Kudandaula

Ntchito imayamba pamene madayale ofufuzira ndi kujambula "kudandaula" kapena "kubwerezabwereza" ndi khoti loyenerera. Chikalatachi chimafotokoza maziko enieni a mkanganowo, nthanthi zalamulo zimene zimafunidwa (monga ngati kuswa pangano kapena kunyalanyaza), ndi mankhwala ofunikira, kaya ngati chivulazo cha ndalama kapena chithandizo cha mankhwala. Chidandaulocho chiyenera kukwaniritsa muyezo walamulo wa "pempho," kutanthauza kuti chiyenera kukhala ndi ndemanga yachidule ndi yosavuta kusonyeza kuti wochondererayo ali ndi ufulu wa kuthamangitsa.

Jurisdiction ndi Venue

Mlandu usanapitirize, khoti liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wakumva. Ulamuliro wa mawu a mametain umatanthauza mphamvu ya khoti pa mtundu wa mlandu (mlandu wa boma. lamulo la boma). Ulamuliro waumwini umatanthauza mphamvu ya khoti pa maphwando, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kuti woimbidwa mlandu akhale ndi "anzake ang'onoang'onoang'ono" ndi boma la aum. Venue, losiyana ndi ulamuliro, limasankha malo enieni kumene mlanduwo uyenera kumvedwa, kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala kapena kumene Mlanduyo amakhala.

Ntchito ya Ntchito ndi Machidule

Pamene mlanduwo uperekedwa, kalaliki wa khoti apereka mayeso. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi thayo la kutumikira woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi mafomu ndi zidandaulo zonse ziŵiri mkati mwa mapulogalamu a nthaŵi yakutiyakuti (kaŵiri masiku 90 kapena 120). Utumiki woyenera ndi pulogalamu yofunikira yalamulo; umatsimikizira woimbidwa mlandu weniweni ndi mpata woyankha. Utumiki ungachitidwe ndi woperekera makalata ovomerezeka, kapena monga momwe malamulowo amalozera.

Kulephera

Chinenero chilichonse cha boma chimakhala ndi lamulo la kulephera, lamulo limene limakhazikitsa nthaŵi yaikulu pambuyo pa chochitika cha lamulo. Ikatha nyengo ya malamulo, kuyenera kwa kusuta kumaletsedwa kwachikhalire. Malamulo a nthaŵi imeneyi amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mtundu wa zimene akunena (m’chitsanzo, kuvulala, kuswa pangano) ndi ulamuliro. Kuchotsa lamulo lolondola la malire ndi sitepe lovuta kwambiri poyang'anira zimene zingachitike.

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Zimene Mtsogoleri Wawo Ananena

Ataperekedwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu kapena kuika pachiswe chiweruzo chotsimikizirika.

Yankho ndi Zotetezera Zotsimikizirika

Yankho lofala kwambiri ndi "Tsatirani". Poyankha, woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ayenera kuyankha mawu osonyeza kuti walakwa pa chidandaulocho mwa kuvomereza, kukana, kapena kunena kuti alibe chidziŵitso chokwanira chochivomereza kapena kuchikana. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayeneranso kukweza mfundo iliyonse yosonyeza kuti ndi yodalirika, yonga lamulo la kulephera, kulephera, kapena kulakwitsa. Zimenezi ndizo chitetezo chimene chingagonjetse chinenezocho ngakhale ngati zinenezo za mtsogoleri wachipembedzo ndi zoona.

Zotsatirapo za Pasadakhale: Kufuna Kuchotsa

Mmalo mopereka yankho, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke njira yokanira (nthaŵi zina wotchedwa demurrer). Kachitidwe kameneka kamanena kuti kudandaula kwa mtsogoleri wa boma kumalephera kupereka chinenezo chotsimikizirika chalamulo, ngakhale ngati mfundo zonse zonenedwazo zaonedwa kukhala zoona. Ngati khoti lipereka chigamulo chimenechi, mlanduwo ungatha kuchotsedwa kotheratu, kapena wotsutsayo angaperekedwe kuti athetse kudandaulako kuti athetse vutolo. Zifukwazo zimaphatikizapo kusoŵa mphamvu, kulephera kunena kuti pali chinenezo chimene chithandizo chingaperekedwe, kapena utumiki wosayenera.

Chiweruzo Cholungama

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kuyankha mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu, woyang’anira angapemphe chiŵeruzo chosatsimikizirika. Ichi chikutanthauza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo amalingaliridwa kukhala atavomereza zinenezo zonse zenizeni m’kudandaulako, ndipo khoti lingaloŵetse chiŵeruzo choyanja wansembe popanda kuzenga mlandu. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna wopereka chiwongola dzanja kuti atsimikizire chiwongola dzanja, koma mbali yake imavomerezedwa bwino.

Kutsutsa ndi Kuneneza kwa Gawo lachitatu

Yankho la woimbidwa mlanduyo siliri longokhalira kudzitetezera. Woimbidwa mlandu angalembe chitsutso chotsutsa, akumadzinenera okha motsutsana ndi mtsogoleri wotuluka ku malonda amodzimodzi kapena zochitika. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angaikenso mtanda wotsutsana ndi co-dendentant kapena dandaulo lachitatu lotsutsana ndi munthu amene sanakhalebe mtsogoleri wa gulu la milandu (mtsogoleri). Malamulo ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa mikangano m’kachitidwe kamodzi ka komiti yachiweruzo.

Sitepe 3: Kutulukira Koipa

Kufufuza ndi mbali ya pulogalamu yapasadakhale imene aliyense angapeze umboni kwa mnzake ndi kwa mbali yachitatu. Nthaŵi zambiri ndi nthaŵi yaitali, yokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndiponso yosagwirizana kwambiri. Pansi pa Federal Pages of Civil Procedare, kutulukira kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi zimene munthu afunikira.

Kuyankha

Mafunso ofunsirana ndi olembedwa amene munthu wina amatumiza kwa mnzake, amene ayenera kuyankhidwa mwa kulumbira. Ali othandiza popeza chidziŵitso chenicheni, monga ngati maina a mboni, kukhalapo kwa zolembedwa, ndi tsatanetsatane wa mawu opeka. Maboma ambiri amaika malire okhwima pa chiŵerengero cha ofufuza a chipani (nthaŵi zambiri 25 kapena 30).

Malo

Chikalata ndi kusanthula kwapakamwa kwa mboni kapena chipani, kochitidwa pansi pa lumbiro ndi kulembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Malogalamu ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chotulukira chifukwa amalola maloya kutsimikizira kudalirika ndi mkhalidwe wa umboni ndi kutseka umboni wawo pansi pa chilango cha chinsinsi. Kufufuza kwachindunji ndi kupendedwa kochitidwa pa pepala. Mapangano angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kupereka umboni pamlandu ngati umboni wawo wasintha.

Kupempha Zotulukapo ndi Maphunziro

Chipangizo chimenechi chimathandiza anthu kupempha zikalata zakutizakuti, chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI), kapena zinthu zooneka kuchokera ku chipani china. Zotulukira zamakono zimaphatikizapo kwambiri ma email, makompyuta, metameni, ndi malo a za manyuzipepala. Malamulo monga Federal Launce of Civil Procedure 26(f) amafuna kuti anthu akumane mwamsanga kuti afotokoze nkhani za kuteteza ESI ndi kutulutsa. Mabungwewa ayeneranso kukambirana nkhani za mwayi wogwira ntchito ndi kuteteza ntchito.

Pempho la Kuloledwa

Mawu olembedwa ameneŵa operekedwa ndi munthu wina amene mnzake ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana. Nkhani iliyonse yovomerezedwa imalingaliridwa kukhala yotsimikizirika kaamba ka zifuno za kuzenga mlandu. Mapempho kaamba ka kuvomerezedwa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchepetsa nkhani zenizeni m’makangano, kusunga nthaŵi ndi ndalama pozenga mlandu.

Kupeza Zinthu Zapansi ndi Zachitatu

Mapato sangokhala kungopeza umboni kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kapena kangaperekedwe kukakamiza munthu wosatenga mbali kuti apereke zikalata kapena kuti aonetsere pepala. Pamene kutulukira mbali yachitatu kuli kogwirizana ndi malamulo ofanana, kaŵirikaŵiri nkopereŵera kwambiri kutetezera malo osaloŵa m'magulu ku mtolo kapena ndalama zosayenerera.

Malamulo Otetezera ndi Zotulukiridwa

Ngati chipani chikhulupirira kuti pempho la kutulukira chinthu nlochuluka kwambiri, lolemetsa, kapena lofuna chidziŵitso chapadera, iwo angafune lamulo lotetezera kuchokera ku bwalo lamilandu. Kufufuzako nkofala ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuloŵerera m’chiweruzo. Khotilo lili ndi nzeru zokulirapo kuchepetsa kuchuluka kapena ukulu wa kutulukira ngati litsimikizira kuti kupezedwako kukuphatikizapo kapena kuwonjezera kosayenera.

Sitepe 4: Zomwe Zimachitika Munthu Asanachite Zinthu

Pamene apeza kuti mlanduwo watha, khoti ndi mamembala audindowo amalimbikira kukonza mlanduwo kapena kuuthetsa popanda wina.

Mmene Mungaweruzire Chidule

Chigamulo chachidule ndi chigamulo chotsutsa chimene chikupempha khotilo kulamulira kuti kulibe mikangano yeniyeni pa mfundo iliyonse ya zinthu ndi kuti wosamukayo ali ndi ufulu woweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Ngati aloledwa, mlanduwo umagamulidwa popanda kuzenga mlandu. Khoti liyenera kuona umboniwo molunjika bwino lomwe kwa chipani chopanda kusuntha. Ngati mfundo za m’moyo zikutsutsidwa moona mtima, kuyendetsako kuyenera kukanidwa ndipo mlanduwo uyenera kuperekedwa pozenga mlandu.

Maulendo a ku Limine

Asanazenge mlandu, maphwando amalemba nkhani zotsatizana kuti achotse kapena kuchepetsa kuyambitsidwa kwa umboni winawake. Mwachitsanzo, munthu angayese kuchotsa mawu osonyeza kukambitsirana kwa munthu, umboni wa khalidwe lake, kapena umboni umene ulibe maziko oyenera.

Misonkhano ndi Malamulo Apachiyambi

Khoti likhoza kuchititsa msonkhano umodzi kapena angapo asanayambe kuzenga mlandu, kukambirana kusatsimikizirika kwa umboni, ndi kulimbikitsa kugaŵidwa. Pamsonkhano womaliza wa mayeso, zipanizo zimapereka lamulo logwirizana lomwe limafupikitsa nkhani za lamulo, limafuna mfundo zosatsutsika, limandandalika mboni ndi zionetsero za gulu lililonse lomwe likukonzekera kupereka, ndi kutchula mfundo ndi chitetezo zimene zilipo.

Mfundo 5: Kuyesedwa

Mlanduwo ukapanda kuthetsedwa mwa kukambirana mwachidule, umaperekedwanso kukhoti.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

M'kuweruza kwa ajuli, kachitidweko kamayamba ndi kachiwawa , kumene woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kuti adziŵe tsankho kapena tsankho. Gulu lililonse lingapange ziŵerengero zochepa za mavuto (kuchotsa jurver popanda kutchula chifukwa) ndi ziŵerengero zosaŵerengeka za zitokoso kaamba ka chifukwa. Chonulirapo ndicho kuika pa kakonzedwe ka gean pa kaweru lopanda tsankho limene lidzagamula mlandu wozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mawu oyambawo ndi kufotokoza mwachidule umboni umene gululo likuyembekezera. Siili mfundo yongonena za ajuli koma mapu a a juli. Attorney ayenera kupeŵa kunena mawu amene sakufuna kuchirikiza umboni wotsimikizirika.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Woyang’anira wansembe akufotokoza mlandu wake choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zisonyezero. Mboni iliyonse imapimidwa mwachindunji ndi gulu la oitana, kutsatiridwa ndi gulu lotsutsa. Kusintha ndi kupendanso mtanda kumaloledwa pamlingo wochepa. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angaperekenso mboni zawo ndi umboni. Woimba mlanduyo angayambitse umboni wosonyeza umboni wosonyeza kuti woimbidwayo wapezeka.

Malamulo a Umboni ndi Mtolo Wolemetsa

Kulephera kutsimikizira umboni kumalamulidwa ndi malamulo a umboni, monga Federal Ul Rules of Umboni. Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira mphekesera, phindu, mwaŵi, ndi umboni waukatswiri. M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, wotsutsa ayenera kutsimikizira mlandu wake mwa "kufufuza umboni," kutanthauza kuti nkothekera kwambiri kuposa kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali woyenerera.

Kutseka Malire

Umenewu ndi mwayi womaliza kwa loya aliyense wofotokoza mwachidule umboni, kutsimikizira umboni wofunika kwambiri, ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chimene ajuli ayenera kubwezera chigamulocho moyanja. Woweruzayo akupereka chigamulo chake choyamba, kenako woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndipo woyang’anirayo angapereke chikalata chachidule.

Malangizo a Pasukulu

Oweruza asanayambe kukambirana, woweruza amaŵerenga malangizo a oweruza, ndipo amatchulanso mlandu. Malangizo ameneŵa amafotokoza miyezo yalamulo imene oweruza ayenera kuitsatira. Mabungwewo apereka malangizo a ajuli olingaliridwa, koma woweruzayo pomalizira pake asankha mawu omaliza. Malamulo oikidwa bwino ndi ofunika kuti apereke chigamulo chomveka bwino.

Mfundo 6: Kuweruza

Oweruzawo akangolandira malangizo awo, amapuma pambali n’kuyamba kuweruza mlanduwo mwadala.

Chinenezo

Pankhani zachiŵeniŵeni, muyezo sungalungamitse, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amalola zigamulo zambiri. Oweruza amabwezera chigamulo kaya kwa wopalamula kapena kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Ngati kwa m’busa, chigamulocho chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zowonongedwa zimene apatsidwa. Ngati ajuli satha kuweruza, mlandu umaperekedwa, ndipo mlanduwo uyenera kuperekedwanso kwa ajuli atsopano.

Kuloŵa m’Chiŵeruzo

Chigamulocho chikaperekedwa, khoti limapereka chigamulo chokhudza chigamulo chomaliza cha khotilo ndipo chimapereka chigamulo chopereka chithandizocho.

Sitepe 7: Kuyenda ndi Kukopa Kotsatira

Kutha kwa mlanduwo sikumatanthauza kutha kwa mlanduwo. Olepherawo ali ndi njira zingapo pambuyo pa makompyuta.

Kusintha Njira Yoweruzira Monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo

Ndiponso odziŵika monga kachitidwe ka chiweruzo mosasamala kanthu za chigamulo (JNOV), kachitidwe kameneka kamapempha khoti kutsegulira chigamulo cha oweruza. Ilo limatsutsa kuti panalibe maziko otsimikizirika oyenerera kaamba ka gulu la ajuli loyenerera kupeza. Khoti limapereka kachitidwe kameneka kokha ngati kapeza kuti chigamulocho sichichirikizidwa kotheratu ndi umboni.

Njira Yoperekera Mlandu Watsopano

Munthu angayambe kuzenga mlandu watsopano pa zifukwa monga kulakwa kwa tsankho, kusamvera malamulo, kupezeka kwa chipani kapena kwa jaji, kapena chigamulo chimene chikugwirizana ndi umboni waukulu.

Remittitur ndi Additur

Ngati chiwopsezo cha oweruza chikhala chopambanitsa kapena chosakwanira, khoti lingapereke chipani chotsutsanacho chosankha pakati pa mlandu watsopano ndi mphotho yochepetsedwa (mphindu) kapena mphotho yowonjezereka (additur). Komabe, kuwonjezera pa mapepala kaŵirikaŵiri sikuli lamulo la lamulo m'khoti la boma pansi pa Seventh Amendment, ngakhale kuti kumaloledwa m’makhoti ena a boma.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chikalatacho ndi pempho kwa khoti lapamwamba kuti lipende chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu. Mafaelo a boma alengeza za apilo ndi kutumiza chikalata chachidule chotsutsa chifukwa chake chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu chinali cholakwika. A apenelle amapanga kachipangizo kachidule kotetezera chigamulo. Kuchonderera si mlandu watsopano; khoti la aupo ndi kupenda mbiri ya khoti lapansi ndi kusankha mafunso a lamulo.

Makhoti ofufuza amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya kubwereramo mogwirizana ndi nkhani. Mafunso a lamulo amapendedwanso ndi navo ('FLT: 1]) (mpya). Kupeza zenizeni kumapendedwa pansi pa "zolakwika kwambiri" muyezo. Zosankha zanzeru zimapendedwa kaamba ka "kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru . Ndi chigawo chochepa chabe cha kuchonderera kochititsa kugamulidwa kwa khoti laling'ono.

Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Si mikangano yonse imene iyenera kuyenda paipi yokwanira ya litigation. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) imapereka njira zothetsera zimene zingakhale zofulumira, zotsika mtengo, ndi zosafunikira kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Kusintha ndiko kuyendetsa kwaumwini kumene oloŵetsedwamo akupereka mlandu wawo kwa woyang'anira wachitatu wosatenga mbali amene chosankha chake kaŵirikaŵiri chimasungidwa ndi kusungidwa m'khoti. Kuvomereza kaŵirikaŵiri kumalamulidwa ndi mapangano m'madera onga ngati ntchito, ndalama zogulira, ndi kumanga. Njirayo siiyenera kwenikweni kuposa kuzenga mlandu ndipo ili ndi maziko ochepera kaamba ka apilo.

Kusintha

Kulankhulana kumaphatikizapo nkhoswe wosaloŵerera m'nkhani imene imatheketsa kukambitsirana pakati pa ogwirizanawo kufikira malo aufulu. Mkhalapakati sagamula mlanduwo koma amathandizira mamembalawo kulankhulana bwino ndi kufufuza njira zopangira chigamulo. Kuthetsa sikumagwirizanitsa pokhapo ngati pangano lakuthetsa lifikiridwa ndi kusainidwa. Makhoti ambiri amafuna kuti mlandu uyambe.

Bungwe la Federal Judiciary limachirikiza mwamphamvu kugwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a ADR kuthandiza kuchepetsa zigamulo za khoti ndi kupatsa oweruza ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa zotulukapo za mikangano yawo.

Ntchito ya Akatswiri a za Malamulo

Gawo lililonse la ntchito ya libig imadalira pa ukatswiri wa akatswiri a zamalamulo. Attorney amatumikira monga ochirikiza, akatswiri, ndi otsogolera, kutsogolera makasitomala awo kupyola malamulo ovuta ndi kuchirikiza zikondwerero zawo. Oweruza amatumikira monga olemba milandu auchete, oweruza pa kutsata, kutulukira, ndi kutsimikizira kuzenga mlandu kuchitidwa bwino. Mapalalegal ndi ochirikiza ntchito yofufuza zofufuza zolembedwa, kufufuza moona mtima, ndi kukonza mayeso.

Kumvetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za akatswiri ameneŵa kumathandiza anthu amene akugwira ntchitoyi kuti adziwe zimene akuyembekezera ndiponso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira imeneyi.

Mapeto ake: Kupangidwa kwa Chilungamo

Malamulo ndi njira yolinganizidwira bwino yolinganizira kuyendetsa zinthu bwino, chilungamo, ndi kumaliza. Kuchokera pa kugamula komaliza kufika pa chigamulo chomaliza cha kuchonderera, njira iliyonse yalamulo imakwaniritsa cholinga chenicheni: kutsimikizira kuti mikangano yathetsedwa mogwirizana ndi umboni ndi mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo ingakhale yosavuta ndi yogwirizana ndi nthaŵi, imapereka kapangidwe kofunikira kamene kamachititsa kuti ufulu ukhale wotheka pansi pa dongosolo la chilungamo.

Kuloŵa mozama m'malamulo olamulira maprogramu a ADR a boma, fufuzani Malamulo a Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni [[FLT:] pa webusaiti. yoperekedwa ndi Cornell Legal Information Institute. Zotsala zina pa khoti-namenti la ADR zimakhalaponso kupyolera mwa makhoti a United States Boma. . Melikan Bat Association Zikalata zoperekanso njira zazikulu za kuyeserera kwa akatswiri odziŵa za ATCUP.