Kulondola kulingana ndi chilungamo kwakhala ntchito yolongosola bwino za demokrase ya Amereka, yoyanjikidwa ndi malamulo ochirikiza malamulo ndi kusanduka kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Malamulo aŵiriwa amathandiza kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ameneŵa si ongofuna chabe koma amachirikizidwa kuzungulira dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa ufulu wofanana wa anthu, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amawonjezera chitetezo chimenecho kuti athetse zosoŵa za kumaloko ndi kuyambitsa mavuto. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene malamulo ameneŵa amagwirizanirana, malamulo aakulu otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, zopinga zosatha, ndi zoyesayesa zopitirizabe zofunikira kugwirizanitsa malamulo alamulo. Mwakufufuza mwatsatanetsatane malamulo, malamulo, malamulo, ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu pakati pa mkhalidwe ndi ulamuliro, tingamvetse bwinopo bwino lomwelo la malamulo ndi ulamuliro lalamulo lokhudzana ndi kulingana kwa anthu a United States.

Maziko a Malamulo a Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a boma amapereka malo otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe amayendera limodzi m'mayiko onse. Malamulo ameneŵa anapangidwa kuti achotse tsankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti amatetezedwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo, kulenga malo a pansi pa dziko omwe sangakhale boma. Udindo wa boma kukhazikitsa malamulo otero umachokera makamaka ku Commerce Claus ndi ku Demendment ya 1450’s Secult Protection Classiale.

Malamulo Osonyeza Chizindikiro cha Dziko

Malamulo angapo a boma asintha kwambiri mkhalidwe walamulo wa kufanana:

  • Act ya Chivomezi ya 1964 -] lamulo la mwala wamwala limeneli limaletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko pantchito, malo ogona anthu onse, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Thet VII, imene imayankha tsankhu la ntchito, yakhala chida champhamvu chothetsera tsankho pantchito ndipo yayambitsa lamulo lalikulu la milandu.
  • Aamereka Okhala ndi Chilema (ADA) [1] , ADA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu opunduka m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, sukulu, zoyendera, ndi malo a anthu onse amene ali otseguka. ADA imalamulanso malo okhala oyenera ndi miyezo yopezeka.
  • Chigamulo cha Kusankha Ufulu wa 1965 ] – kachitidwe kameneka koletsedwa kusanthula, monga ngati kuyesa kulemba ndi kulemba ndi misonkho yofunsira, kamene kanagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa ovota a ku African America. Ngakhale kuti chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Shelby County v. Haker anakantha ntchito yosungitsa malamulo ofunika, kachitidweko kadakali chida chofunika kwambiri chotetezera kulowa ku bungwe la oimba.
  • Act Fair Honging Hoss - Monga mbali ya Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1968, lamulo limeneli limaletsa tsankho pogulitsa, pobwereka nyumba, ndi popereka ndalama zochokera ku fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, malo aumaliseche, ndi kulemala. Ilo lakhala lothandiza kwambiri kubwezeretsa zinthu ndi machitachita ena opatulira milandu.
  • Act Yolingana ya 1963 ] – lamulo limeneli limafuna kuti amuna ndi akazi aperekedwe malipiro ofanana a ntchito zofanana m'dziko limodzi. Mosasamala kanthu za kudutsa kwake, mpata wa mwamuna umapitirizabe, kugogomezera kufunika kwa kusungitsa ndi chitetezo cha boma chowonjezereka.

Kukakamiza ndi Kubwezeretsa Makina

Malamulo a boma amachirikizidwa ndi njira zolimbikitsira zimene zimapatsa mphamvu anthu kufunafuna chilungamo. Mabungwe aakulu aungwe amaphatikizapo Aumelt Obbection Opportunity Commission (EOC), amene amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa kukondera ntchito; Dipatimenti ya Chigamulo cha Zoyenera za Chilungamo, imene imaweruza kuswa malamulo a boma; ndi Dipatimenti ya Hospital and Urban Development (UD), imene imafufuza kudandaula kwa anthu chifukwa cha tsankho. Ufulu wa ntchito umalola anthu kulembetsa milandu mwachindunji, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuthekera kwa kupeza chithandizo, kubwezera, ndi ndalama zolipirira za loyatsira milandu.

Ziŵiya zosungitsa zimenezi nzofunika kwambiri kutembenuza ufulu wobisika kudzetsa mpumulo weniweni wa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amayang'anizana ndi tsankho kuntchito angaike mlandu wake pa EEOC, kulandira kalata ya kumanja, ndiyeno kulondola mlandu m'khoti la boma. Kupezeka kwa njira zoterozo kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma saali chabe mkhalidwe wophiphiritsira koma wokangalika wa khalidwe ndi kuthetsa kupanda chilungamo.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amakulitsira ndi Kukulitsa Chitetezo

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malire a dziko, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuika malamulo amene amapitirizabe kutetezera kulingana ndi chilungamo. Maboma ameneŵa amalola maboma kuchitapo kanthu ku mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko, ndi zosoŵa za anthu zomabuka. Malamulo a boma angapereke magulu otetezera owonjezereka, kupereka zilango zokhwima, ndi kupanga magulu a boma amene amapereka mankhwala othekera kwambiri.

Malamulo Otsutsa Boma

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amatetezera kupyola malamulo a boma.

  • [[FLT : 0] Kuwonetsera ndi Gender Chidziŵitso ] – Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma pansi pa Thet VII ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba posachedwapa (m., Bostock v. Clayton County ) tsopano limaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kusiyanitsa kwa kugonana ndi chisembwere ndi chisembwere pantchito, maboma ambiri adaphatikizapo kale magawo ameneŵa m'malamulo awo oletsa kugaŵana. Maboma onga California, New York, ndi Washington amapatsiranso chitetezo chotero ku nyumba, nyumba za anthu onse, ndi ngongole.
  • Magwero a Infit ] - madera ambiri amaletsa tsankhu kwa anthu okhala m’nyumba amene amagwiritsira ntchito zikalata zotsimikizira nyumba kapena chithandizo china cha boma, kupereka chitetezo chimene malamulo a boma sakubisa mwachindunji.
  • Kutsekera ndi Kutsimikiza Mbiri [1] – Chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maiko chatenga "Ban bokosi" malamulo amene amachedwetsa kufufuza m'mbiri ya upandu m'ntchito ndi m'zifunsiro za nyumba, kuthandiza kuchepetsa tsankhu la anthu ndi zolembedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena amalola kuti anthu a m’mayiko ena apezenso zowawa zosamalitsa ndi zowawa, pamene boma lolemba mutu wakuti Thetwe VII limachepetsa zowonongeka malinga ndi kukula kwa bwana wawo.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Ufulu Wotakata

Malamulo a boma amodzi amatsimikizira ufulu umene ungapose awo a mu Lamulo la U.S. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo angapo a boma amaphatikizapo zitsimikizo zaumodzi zimene zimagwira ntchito kwa akanema aumwini (osati boma lokha), kapena kuphatikizapo makonzedwe akuti atetezere chinsinsi, kudziimira, kapena kuyenera kwa maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la Boma la New York la boma, latengedwa kukhala lofuna ndalama zoyendetsera sukulu mosalakwika, ndipo Lamulo la California limaphatikizapo kuyenera kwachinsinsi kumene kumaposa chitetezo cha boma.

Malamulo a Malo a Kumalo a M’dziko ndi a Malamulo a M’dziko

Pamlingo waukulu wa kuchuluka kwa anthu, mizinda ndi maŵerengedwe angapereke malamulo amene amalongosola nkhaŵa za malo. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo ziyeneretso za kulipira tchuthi chodwala, malamulo a ndandanda yoyenerera, malamulo a lendi, kapena zitetezero zoletsa kugaŵana kwa magulu osasatsatiridwa ndi lamulo la boma (m'chitsanzo, gwero la ndalama, malo a ukatswiri, kapena malo achiwawa a m'nyumba. Makomiti a ufulu wa anthu a m’malowo kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka ufulu wa kutumiza ndi kusungitsa malamulo, kupangitsa chilungamo kukhala chotheka kwa nzika zimene sizingakwaniridwe ndi lamulo la boma (m., magwero a ndalama za kuŵerengera kwa anthu ovutika, kapena malo aunjidwa ndi chiwawa).

Mwachitsanzo, Seattle ndi San Francisco ali ndi malamulo amene amafuna kuti olemba ntchito apereke "chifukwa choyenerera" kaamba ka kutha ndi kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito malipoti a ngongole polemba ntchito. Kuyesayesa kwa kumaloko kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene maboma a zigawo za chigawo cha 76 zingachitire malamulo aupainiya amene pambuyo pake amasonkhezera boma ndi lamulo la boma.

Kuloŵana Pakati pa Boma ndi Mabwalo a Malamulo

Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa kapena kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu kuti atetezedwe.

Mabomba a Federal Predection. State Autonomy

Pansi pa Supremacle, lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, ndipo malamulo a boma otsutsana angawomboledwe. Komabe, kumasulidwa sikuli kodzifunira. M'nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu, makhoti ambiri amalingalira kuti lamulo la boma silimachotsa lamulo la boma pokhapo ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo yasonyeza poyera cholinga cha kulowa m’munda. Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe ali ndi "zigawo zotetezera" zimene zimasunga mlingo wotsimikizirika. Motero, maboma ali omasuka kupereka chitetezo chowonjezereka, koma sangachepetse ufulu wa boma.

Chitsanzo chotchuka ndicho kuphatikizana pakati pa Fair Hoss Act ndi boma kapena malamulo a kumaloko. Mzinda ungaletse tsankho lozikidwa pa magwero a ndalama ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma silili, ndipo lamulo la boma silidzachotsa lamulo la kumaloko. Komabe, ngati lamulo la boma linafuna tsankho (m’chingapo, Jim Crow lamulo), lingachotsedwe ntchito.

Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja

Mabungwe a boma ndi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo. Mwa kugwirizanitsa ntchito, EEOC ndi boma njira zopezera ntchito zabwino zimagwirizanitsa mabungwe a ntchito kuti ayesetse kuyesa kukopa. Mofananamo, a Hid ndi boma ndi mabungwe a zanyumba a m'dzikolo kuti apereke malamulo abwino. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumathandizira kulinganiza luso ndi chuma cha maboma ambiri, kukulitsa kuthekera kwakuti kuswa malamulo kuthetsedwa.

M’madera ena, maboma angaone kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu ngati asonyeza kuti malamulo awo ngofanana kwambiri ndi miyezo ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, ADA imalola maboma kupeza chitsimikizo chakuti malamulo awo a kukhoza kukwaniritsa kapena kupitirira zofunika za boma, kuchepetsa kugonjera kwa mabizinesi.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo ndi Miyezo Yokhudzana ndi Malamulo

Makhoti onse aŵiri pa milingo ya boma ndi ya boma amapanga tanthauzo la kulingana ndi chilungamo mwa kumasulira kwawo malemba ndi malamulo. Makhoti a boma angafotokoze malamulo awo kupereka zitetezero zowonjezereka kuposa Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lavomereza pansi pa U.S. Constitution. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuchepetsa malire a chitetezero chofanana mu [FLT: 0] Shynton v. Davis . (kutsutsa umboni wa kulakwa kwa lamulo), mabwalo ena a boma anavomereza chiyambukiro chopatsira kutsutsa malamulo otetezera magulu otetezera.

Ndiponso, makhoti a boma angalamulire pa malamulo a boma pansi pa malamulo awo, kupanga ntchito yogaŵanitsa ya ufulu umene nthaŵi zina umatsogolera ku kusintha kwa dziko. Gulu la ukwati lofananalo la kugonana limapereka chitsanzo ichi: zigamulo za khoti la boma zovomereza kulingana kwa ukwati zinayala njira ya chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Obergefell v. Hodges .

Mavuto Opitirizabe Pokwaniritsa Ufulu Weniweni

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amathandiza, anthu ambiri amavutika kuti agwirizane ndiponso azichita zinthu mwachilungamo.

Kusalingana kwa Madongosolo ndi Zopinga Zakumanga

Chisalungamo cha m'mbiri chonga ukapolo, kugaŵanitsa, ndi kuchotsa zinthu mwapadera chachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chuma, maphunziro, nyumba, ndi thanzi zimene zimapirira lerolino. Ngakhale ngati malamulo satenga mbali pankhope zawo, angapititsebe kusiyana kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lachilungamo la milandu layambukira mosayerekezereka layambukira anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo kutsenderezedwa kwa anthu kwawononga madera ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma ndi boma amaletsa kusiyanitsa mitundu ndi kusungidwa kwa lamulo, malamulo amasinthasintha, ndipo tsankho limakhalabe lovuta.

Munthu amene sangathe kulipira loya sangakwanitse kuonetsetsa kuti ufulu wake ndi wabwino, ngakhale atakhala ndi mphamvu.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo ndi Mabuku a Malamulo

Kusiyana pakati pa lonjezo la chilungamo cholingana ndi kupezeka kosalingana kuli imodzi ya nkhani zazikulu kwambiri m'bwalo la ufulu wachibadwidwe. American Bar Association ikuyerekezera kuti anthu otsika olandira ndalama zochepa amalandira chithandizo chopereŵera kapena palibe lamulo lothandiza pa 86% ya mavuto awo alamulo. Kudula malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi 76 discription kumatanthauza zochepa ngati mikhole singakhoze kubweretsa mlandu kapena kusoŵa chidziŵitso cha zoyenera zawo.

Maprogramu a boma ndi a boma, monga ngati bungwe la Legal Services Corporation, amathandiza, koma amafuna kuti pakhale maulamuliro ambiri kuposa amene angafunikire. Malamulo owonjezera a mkangano, malo olankhulira anthu, ndi zipangizo za pa Intaneti zothandizira anthu zikukula, koma sizingalowe mmalo mwa zonse zimene zikuimira.

Kusazindikira ndi Kusoŵa Maphunziro

Kufufuza kochitidwa nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America sangatchule malamulo aakulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe kapena kudziŵa mabungwe amene amawasungitsa. Kusoŵa chidziŵitso kumeneku kuli kwakukulu makamaka pakati pa anthu osamukira m’dziko lina, anthu opunduka, ndi ena amene angayang’anizane ndi zinenero kapena zikhalidwe zoletsedwa.

Kuphunzitsa anthu popanda phindu, mabungwe a boma, ndi masukulu n’kofunika kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri anthu okhawo ndi amene amapita kusukulu kukaphunzitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Njira Yamtsogolo: Kulimbikitsa Kusalingana ndi Chilungamo

Tsogolo la kulingana ndi chilungamo limadalira pa kuyesayesa kosalekeza kugwirizanitsa malamulo ndi kusintha kwa mayanjano, mipata yapafupi yosungitsa, ndi kuloŵetsamo anthu m’kutengamo mbali. Kupita patsogolo sikuli kosapeŵeka kapena kosasinthika, ndipo kuteroko kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu mwadala.

Makolo Aumbombo ndi Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito

Mabungwe a magsroot akhala akuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kuyambira pa Chigwirizano cha Kuyenera kwa Anthu mpaka pa kumenya nkhondo ya kulingana kwa ukwati ndi bungwe la Black Livecial Matter, kulinganiza kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi makhoti asonkhezera makhoti kuwonjezera chitetezo. Lerolino, magulu a andale akusumika maganizo pa nkhani zonga ngati kubwezeretsa ufulu wosankha, kusintha kwa apolisi, LGBTQ + malamulo osakondera m'malemba akuti iwo alibe, ndi kutetezera kutsalira malamulo a za kulowa m'nyumba ndi kuqetsa.

Kusintha kwa malamulo pa mlingo wa boma kukukhalabe kofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti mbali zambiri za ufulu wachibadwidwe . monga ngati kuchotsa malamulo, chitetezo cha boma, ndi uyang’aniro wa apolisi . Magulu onga ACLU, NAACP, ndi boma . Magulu ogwirizana a ntchito yopanga malamulo achitsanzo, kuphunzitsa opanga malamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Kuphatikiza makompyuta a makompyuta akupereka mwayi ndi zinthu zoopseza kuti anthu onse alingana ndiponso chilungamo. Luntha lopanga zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito polemba ntchito, pobwereketsa, ndi polishi lingawonjezere tsankho ngati silikulamulidwa bwino. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga lingathandize kuti pakhale chilungamo kudzera pa Intaneti, kusonkhanitsa mapepala ongoyendera mayeso, ndi kuweruza milandu. Malamulo a boma ndi a boma afunika kuyendera limodzi ndi zochitika zimenezi, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale wotetezedwa ku malo a foni.

Komanso, malamulo oletsa kulankhulana mwaudani pa Intaneti ndi kukambirana nkhani zachinsinsi pa Intaneti amathandiza kwambiri anthu kuti adziwe zinthu ndiponso kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino.

Kukhalabe Maso ndi Kudziloŵetsamo kwa Onse

Pomalizira pake, thanzi la demokrase limadalira pa kudziŵitsa ndi kutomerana kwa nzika. Kutumiza m'masankho a m'matauni, kupezeka m'maholo a tauni, kukumana ndi opanga malamulo, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe alamulo ndi njira zenizeni zimene anthu angathandizire kupititsa patsogolo kulingana ndi chilungamo. Kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu kuyenera kuchirikizidwa, ndipo zoyesayesa za kuchepetsa chitetezo mwa kuchepetsa ndalama, malamulo a khoti, kapena malamulo a boma ayenera kutsutsidwa.

Malamulo a kulingana ndi chilungamo ali amphamvu, koma samadziphera okha, amadalira pa kutengamo mbali kokangalika kwa ochirikiza, oweruza, opanga malamulo, ndi anthu wamba amene amakhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kulemekezedwa ndi kuchitiridwa mwachilungamo pansi pa lamulo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma ndi ofunika kwambiri pantchito yopitirizabe yochirikiza kufanana ndi chilungamo ku United States. Malamulo monga Civil Rights Act, ADA, ndi Voting Rights Act amapereka muyezo wa dziko, pamene malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko a chitetezo chowonjezereka chogwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu. Kugwirizana pakati pa magawo ameneŵa a boma nkovuta koma kukhazikitsa malamulo ofala amene akulitsa zoyenera za anthu m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Komabe, kukhala ndi malamulo sikokwanira.

Pamene tiyang’ana kutsogolo, ulendo wopita ku chitaganya chachilungamo sutha. Mwakumvetsetsa mbali za malamulo a boma ndi a boma, ndi mwa kutengamo mbali mokangalika m'zochitika za democracy zimene zimawaumba [“ife tingayandikire ku mtundu umene siuli kokha malamulo a chilungamo, koma tinakhala ndi moyo kwa onse.