Kuyamba Kutsatira Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni ndi la Chigaŵenga

Chitaganya chilichonse chimadalira pa dongosolo la malamulo kuti chisungitse dongosolo ladongosolo, kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Ku United States, malamulo amagawidwa mokulira kukhala magulu aŵiri aakulu: lamulo la upandu ndi lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo onse aŵiri amalinganizidwira kusamalira kulakwa, iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyana, njira, ndi zonulirapo. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa mmene malamulo a anthu ndi aupandu amachitira ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maupandu kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense woyendetsa malo alamulo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kolongosoka kwanthaneti iliyonse, ndi matanthauzo enieni a mayanjano awo.

Kodi Chilamulo cha Mpandu Nchiyani?

Lamulo laupandu limalongosola khalidwe limene limaletsedwa chifukwa limawopseza chisungiko cha anthu, ubwino, kapena dongosolo. Boma [1] Kuzengedwa mlandu kwa boma, boma, kapena malo akwawo . Zifuno zazikulu za lamulo laupandu ndizo kulanga olakwa, kuletsa khalidwe laupandu, kukonzanso anthu olakwa, ndi kutetezera chitaganya. Mosiyana ndi milandu yachiŵeruziro, milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imabweretsedwa ndi boma, osati ndi anthu wamba, ndi anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo kutayikiridwa ufulu ngati alakwa.

Mitundu ya Zigawenga

Milandu ya upandu kaŵirikaŵiri imaikidwa m’magulu a kuwopsa, kumene kumasankha chilango chimene chingaperekedwe ndi khoti limene mlanduwo umamvedwa.

  • Upandu wowopsa kwambiri: Maupandu, monga ngati kupha, kuukira kwa kugonana, kuphana, kuba ndi zida, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mapilo amalangidwa ndi kumangidwa kwa oposa chaka chimodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri m'ndende ya boma kapena ya boma, ndipo m'zochitika zina angatenge chilango cha moyo kapena chilango cha imfa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zikhoterero zochepera: Milandu yowopsa yonga kuba pang'ono, kuukira kosavuta, kusalongosoka, ndi kupezeka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Olakwa kwenikweni amatulukapo m’zilango zonga ngati kulipira, kugamula, kugamula, utumiki wa anthu, kapena nthaŵi ya ndende ya chaka chimodzi (makamaka m’ndende ya m'chigawo chakwawo).
  • Kuswa malamulo: Kuswa malamulo kwapang'ono, kofala kuphatikizapo malamulo a pamsewu (m' lekuatiso, kuthamanga, kuthamanga magetsi ofiira) kapena malamulo a kumaloko. Zilango zimalangidwa ndi faindi ndipo sizitsogolera ku kumangidwa kapena ku mbiri yaupandu mofanana ndi kulakwa kwa maupandu.

Zisonyezero za milandu ya upandu yofala: Kuyendetsa galimoto pansi pa chisonkhezero (DUI) kuli kwenikweni kulakwa koma kungakwezedwe ku kuvulaza kapena kubwereza milandu. Maupandu a dzuŵa monga ngati kunyenga, kugulitsa, ndi mkati mwa malonda angakhale machenjera malinga ndi unyinji wa ndalama zophatikizidwa. Ngakhale zolakwa zowoneka kukhala zazing'ono, monga kuba m'masitolo, zingaikidwe monga ngati zolakwika kapena zozikidwa pa mtengo wa katundu wakuba ndi mbiri ya wolakwayo.

Ntchito ya Chilamulo cha Chigawenga

Mbali imodzi yowopsya m'lamulo laupandu ndi amuna a rea , kapena mkhalidwe wamaganizo wa woimbidwa mlandu panthaŵi ya mlanduwo. Upandu wochuluka umafuna umboni wakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anachita mwadala, mosadziŵa, mosadziŵa, kapena monyalanyaza. Upandu waukulu, wonga ngati kuswa lamulo kapena kugwirira chigololo kwa lamulo, samafuna chitsimikiziro cha cholinga [1] bungwe la kachitidweko nkokwanira kutsimikizira. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimagogomezera kucholoŵa m’lamulo ndi kufunika kwa kuimira kwa lamulo.

Kodi Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni Nchiyani?

Malamulo a boma amathetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu wamba .Individivi, makampani, kapena mabungwe ena. Siimaphatikizapo kumanga mlandu; mmalo mwake, cholinga ndicho kupereka mankhwala, kaŵirikaŵiri malipiro a ndalama kapena ntchito inayake, kuti avulazidwe. Munthu amene ayambitsa mlandu wa boma amatchedwa mtumwi, ndipo munthu amene waimbidwa mlanduyo ndi woimbidwa mlandu. Muyezo wa milandu ya anthu ndi wotsika kuposa m’maupandu, makamaka kufuna kuti umboni ukhale wovuta.

Mitundu Yofala ya Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni limaphatikizapo mikangano yosiyanasiyana.

  • Contract Dispect Dission : Pamene mbali imodzi imalephera kukwaniritsa mathayo awo pansi pa pangano lovomerezeka mwalamulo. Mapempho angaphatikizepo zowonongeka kapena lamulo la kuchita pangano (kuchita kwake kwapadera).
  • Zinenezo za Tort: [[FT:1] zolakwa zachiŵeniŵeni zimene zimavulaza kapena kutayikitsa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kusasamala (ngozi za galimoto, kusagwiritsira ntchito bwino mankhwala), kuipitsa (mapempho ndi kusinjirira), kuchititsa kupsinjika maganizo mwadala, ndi kuchititsa zotsatirapo.
  • Kutsutsana kwa pulogalamu: [[FT:1] Kulimbana ponena za kukhala ndi mwini, malire, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zenizeni kapena zaumwini. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kusagwirizana kwa mwini nyumba, kusamvana, kapena kulakwa.
  • Lamulo la m’Banja Nkhani: Chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kuchirikiza ana, ndi kulera ana ndizo nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kuloŵererapo kwa khoti.
  • Kusagwirizana kwa zopinga: Kutha, tsankho, kuvutitsidwa, ndi kupempha malipiro ndi ola amasamaliridwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’khoti la boma.

Chizindikiro: munthu wovulala pa ngozi ya pepala ndi kugwa m’sitolo angalembe mlandu wa boma kwa mwini sitolo chifukwa cha kusasamala, kufunafuna malipiro a mankhwala, malipiro otayika, ndi zopweteka ndi kuvutika. Chochitika chimodzimodzicho sichingakhale mlandu waupandu pokhapo ngati mwini sitoloyo adayambitsa tsoka kapena atadziŵa za mkhalidwe wowopsawo ndipo akulephera kuupereka.

Miyezo ya Kugwirizana m’Magulu a Anthu

Mlandu wa boma ungabuke ndi machitidwe adala, kusasamala, kapena thayo lokhwima. Neglicece ndi maziko ofala kwambiri a kuvomereza kwa boma, kufuna kuti wokwiyira atsimikizire ntchito, kuswa, kuvulala, ndi chiwombolo. [FLT:] Ndi mlandu wochita zinthu zina monga cholakwika kapena machitachita owopsa, kumene woimbidwa mlandu angasungidwe popanda umboni wa mlandu.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni ndi la Chipanduko

Ngakhale kuti madongosolo onse aŵiriwo amapereka mankhwala kaamba ka kuchita cholakwa, amadumpha m’njira zingapo zazikulu.

Factor Criminal Law Civil Law
Purpose Punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation, public safety Compensation, restitution, resolution of disputes
Parties Government (prosecutor) vs. defendant Plaintiff vs. defendant (private parties)
Burden of Proof Beyond a reasonable doubt Preponderance of the evidence (or clear and convincing in some cases)
Right to Attorney Defendant has a constitutional right to counsel (even if unable to pay) No automatic right to free attorney; parties must hire their own representation
Outcome Guilty/not guilty; penalties include prison, fines, probation Liable/not liable; remedies include damages, injunctions, specific performance
Jury Usually unanimous jury verdict required Jury may be requested but not always; some states allow non-unanimous civil verdicts
Double Jeopardy Government cannot retry a defendant after acquittal (5th Amendment) No double jeopardy protections; a civil case can be filed even after a criminal acquittal

Kusiyana kumeneku kuli ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu womasulidwa m'milandu yakupha munthu angaikidwebe mlandu wa imfa yolakwika ndi banja la wophedwayo. Mlandu wa Simpson umasonyeza bwino lomwe zimenezi: Simpson anamasulidwa kukupha munthu m’khoti la apandu koma pambuyo pake anapezedwa kuti ali ndi mlandu wa imfa yolakwa m’khoti, zomwe zingachititse kuti aweruzidwe ndi ndalama zambiri.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu Mwalamulo

Pambuyo pochita zigawenga, anthu amakonza njira zotetezera ufulu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo komanso kuteteza anthu.

Chigawo 1: Kufufuza ndi Kugwidwa

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amasonkhanitsa umboni, kufunsa mboni, ndi kudziŵikitsa onyumwiridwa. Ngati akuluakulu a boma ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira kuti mlandu wachitidwa, iwo angagwire wonyumwiridwayo. Chikalata cha kumangidwa chingafunikire m’mikhalidwe ina, koma osati pa milandu yonse (m’ma., milandu yochitidwa pakukhala kwa mkulu wa asilikali).

Chithunzi 2: Kuŵerenga ndi Kuwonekera Koyambirira

Pambuyo pa kumangidwa, wokayikiridwayo amalembedwa (wosindikizidwa m’manja, kujambula zithunzi, ndi kukonzedwa) ndi kuperekedwa kwa woweruza mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika (kaŵirikaŵiri maola 48-72). Pa kuwonekera koyamba, woweruza amadziŵitsa woimbidwa mlanduyo, kuwapatsa uphungu wa zoyenera zawo, ndi kuika mikhalidwe ya kumasulidwa, monga ngati belo kapena kudziŵidwanso kwake.

Chiyeso 3: Kuphwanya malamulo

Woimbidwa mlandu amaŵerenga milanduyo mwalamulo ndi kupemphedwa kuloŵa m’khoti yochonderera / / kulakwa, osati liwongo, kapena kusachita mpikisano. Kuchonderera kwa liwongo kumatsogolera ku kuzengedwa kwa milandu kowonjezereka. Milandu yambiri imathetsedwa mwa kukambitsirana pa nthaŵi ino, kupeŵa kuzenga mlandu kokwanira.

Chisitepe 4: Kutulukira ndi Kuyamba kwa Malonda

Kuzenga mlandu ndi kupatsana umboni, mpambo wa umboni, ndi zinthu zina zofunika, kutsekeredwa kuti atsekereze umboni, kuchotsa zinenezo, kapena kuthetsa nkhani zina za milandu.

Chigawo 5: Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati simunapereke chivomerezo, mlanduwo ukupitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Pa mlandu wa ajuli, oweruza amasankhidwa mwangozi. Akhotiwo apereka mlandu wawo choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kupereka umboni. Ndiyeno kutetezerako kumapereka mlandu wake. Mambali onse aŵiri ali ndi mwaŵi wa kudutsa mboni za aifine. Atamaliza kuweruza, oweruza achita dala ndi kubwezera chigamulo.

Chigawo 6: Kupereka Mlandu

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wapezedwa ndi mlandu, woweruzayo akupereka chilango. Zifukwa zolingaliridwa zimaphatikizapo ukulu wa upanduwo, mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndi kubwezera kulikonse kapena mikhalidwe yowonjezereka. Zopereka zingasiyane kuchokera ku kuyesedwa ndi kulipira ndalama kufikira ku kumangidwa kapena, m’milandu yamalikulu, imfa. Wophedwayo angakhalenso ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka chiyambukiro cha mikhole.

Chigawo 7: Kukopa

Woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kulengeza chigamulocho ku khoti lapamwamba, akumanena kuti zolakwa za lamulo zinachitika mkati mwa mlandu (m’chitsanzo, malangizo osayenera a ajuli, kuvomereza umboni wosatsutsika). Kukopa sikulinso milandu; kusumika maganizo pa kutsata lamulo. M’nkhani zina, kuchonderera kungatsogolere ku kusintha kapena kuzenga mlandu watsopano.

Mchitidwe wa Malamulo m’Milanduwo Yachiŵeniŵeni

Mlandu wa boma umatsatira njira ina, kusumika maganizo pa kuthetsa mikangano yaumwini popanda kuloŵetsedwa m’chipani cha boma. pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni imathetsedwa mlandu usanaweruzidwe, kumvetsetsa njira zolozera nkhaniyo nkofunika.

Chigawo 1: Kuthetsa Kudandaulako

Mkulu wa milandu ayambitsa mlandu wa boma mwa kulembetsa chikalata chotchedwa dandaulo ku khoti loyenerera. Chidandaulocho chimandandandalika maziko alamulo a mlanduwo (mwachitsanzo, kunyalanyaza, kuswa pangano) ndi chithandizo chimene chinafunidwa. Woimbidwa mlanduyo alandira mafomu odziŵitsa za mlanduwo ndi kuwapatsa nthaŵi yoyankha (makamaka masiku 20 - 30).

Chikalata 2: Zimene Mteteziyo Anayankha

Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kulemba yankho . "Kutsutsa kapena kukana zinenezozozo", kapena angapange kachitidwe ka kukana chifukwa cha kulephera kupereka chinenezo. Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alephera kuyankha, chiweruzo chotsimikizirika chingaloŵere pa iwo.

Chipilala 3: Kutulukira

Kutulukira kaŵirikaŵiri kuli mbali yochuluka ya nthaŵi yosinthana. Ogawana aŵiriwo amasinthana mapepala (mafunso opangira), kufunsa mafunso olembedwa (kudziimira), ndi kulemba umboni woperekedwa ndi magulu ndi mboni zimene zalumbira. Kujambula kungaphatikizeponso zifunsiro za kulowa, mayeso akuthupi kapena amaganizo, ndi umboni wodziŵa bwino. Cholinga ndicho kuvumbula mfundo zonse zofunika asanazenge mlandu.

Chigawo 4: Kuyenda Patsogolo pa Makhoti ndi Msonkhano Wokhazikika

Asanazenge mlandu, aliyense wa iwo angalembe kaye mlandu mwachidule mwachidule. Mwachitsanzo, angapemphe khoti kuti ligamule mlanduwo popanda kuzengedwa mlandu chifukwa chakuti palibe mikangano yeniyeni ya zinthu. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbikitsa kapena kufuna kuti misonkhano ithetsedwe kapena kukambirana kuti athetse nkhaniyo popanda kuyankhanso mlanduwo.

Chigawo 5: Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati kugamula kwa kugamula mlanduko kulephera, mlandu umapita ku mlandu. M'kuzenga mlandu (opanda oweruza), woweruzayo amagamula zonse ziŵiri zenizeni ndi lamulo. M'kuweruza, oweruza amagamula mfundo zozikidwa pa umboniwo. Mlandu wawo choyamba, woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka. Atamaliza, ajuli achita dala ndipo abwezera chigamulo. M’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, chiweruzocho sichiyenera kuyenderana m’zigawo zonse.

Chigawo 6: Chiweruzo ndi Njira Zothetsera Mavuto

Ngati ajuli (kapena woweruza) apeza woimbidwa mlanduyo ali wolakwa, khotilo lipereka chiŵeruzo cholamula woimbidwa mlanduyo kulipira chowonongedwa cha ndalama (kubwezera, chilango, kapena kupeputsa) kapena kukana kuchita kapena kukana kachitidwe kena (kumenyana). Gulu lotchukalo lingayeneranso kubwezera ndalama za khoti ndipo, m’nkhani zina, malipiro a loya.

Chigawo 7: Kukopa

Makhoti a milandu ya boma amaimba apilo ndipo amaimba apilonso mlandu wina ku khoti lalikulu la ku United States kapena ku Khoti Lalikulu.

Kuloŵerera Kwambiri m’Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi cha Chigaŵenga

M’mikhalidwe yambiri, mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo ungapangitse zinenezo za upandu ndi mlandu wa boma. Kuvomereza kumeneku nkofala m’milandu yokhudza kuvulala kwa munthu mwini, kuba, chinyengo, kuukira, ndipo ngakhale kupha. Madongosolo aŵiriwo amagwira ntchito modziimira, kutanthauza kuti munthu wosalakwa m’khoti samasunga ufulu wa anthu wozikidwa pa zochitika zofanana. Mosiyanako, chigamulo chaupandu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga umboni m’nkhani ya boma; maulamuliro ena amaperekadi kuti chigamulo chaupandu chimapanga mlandu walamulo wa mlandu m’kachitidwe kachiŵembu kotsatira.

Mbali za zochita zofanana:

  • Munthu amene amaukira munthu wina m’bawa angayang’anizane ndi mlandu wa apandu wa kubatiri (wozunzidwa ndi loya wachigawo) ndi woukira boma kaamba ka kuukira ndi kugulitsa batri (woipitsidwa ndi mnkholeyo wofunafuna malipiro a ndalama za mankhwala ndi zopweteka).
  • Wantchito amene amakhoma ndalama za kampani angaimbidwe mlandu mwaupandu ndi kuimbidwa mlandu wa kuba ndi kuswa ntchito yaumbeta ndi kutembenuka.
  • Bungwe limene limatulutsa zinyalala zapoizoni m’mtsinje lingalakwiridwe ndi malamulo a malo okhala (mwachitsanzo, Comela Water Act) ndiponso kuimbidwa mlandu ndi eni malo ndi nzika chifukwa cha kuvutitsa ndi kunyalanyaza.

Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa makampani, anthu, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndiponso kumasonyeza chifukwa chake munthu amene wachita upandu angawononge ndalama zake kuposa zimene munthu wapatsidwa, ndipo zimenezi zimamuchititsa kuti asakhale ndi mlandu wa ndalama ndiponso mbiri yabwino.

Chifukwa Chake Kusiyana Kulipo

Kusiyana kwa lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi laupandu kuli ndi zotsatirapo zothandiza kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m'malamulo. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumapatsa maziko a maphunziro apamwamba a zamalamulo. Kwa anthu opatulidwa ndi tchimo, kudziŵa ngati khalidwelo likhoza kulowa pansi pa upandu kapena lamulo la boma kungatsogolere zosankha za kusimba, kulembedwa loyama, kapena kubwezeredwa. Kwa oimbidwa mlanduwo, malirowo ngosiyana kwambiri: mlandu waupandu ukuwopseza ufulu, pamene mlandu wa boma ukuwo ukuwopseza chuma. Mlandu waumboni ungayambitsenso mwaŵi woyenerera ku khoti laupandu kumene muyezo uli wopalamula mlanduwo koma mudakalibe kutayikiridwa m’khoti ya anthu kumene muyezo uli pansi.

Ndiponso, malamulo amasiyana m'nkhani za ufulu ndi chitetezo. Oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wa malamulo osiyanasiyana, monga ngati lingaliro la kupanda liwongo, kuyenera kwa uphungu, ndi chitetezo ku kudzipatula. Oimbidwa mlandu a boma alibe kuyenera kwa loya waufulu ndipo angayang'ane kutulukira njira zimene zimafuna kuti iwo apereke umboni umene pambuyo pake ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita zigawenga. Chisudzochi chingayambitse zosankha zomveka bwino, makamaka m'nkhani zimene zigamulo zonse ziŵiri za upandu ndi zochita za anthu zikhoza kuchitika panthaŵi imodzi.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndi aupandu amathandizirana koma amathandizirana m'maudindo alamulo a United States. Malamulo aupandu amasumika maganizo pa kupereka chilango chimene chimavulaza chitaganya ndi kuyesa kusunga dongosolo la boma kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya boma ya kuweruza ndi kutsekera. Malamulo a boma amapereka njira ya zigaŵenga zothetsera mikangano, kufunafuna chiwombolo, ndi kusungitsa ufulu. Kusiyana kwakukulu m'cholinga, magulu, kulemera kwa umboni, ndi zotsatira zake zonse za milandu yalamulo yochitidwa pofufuza. Kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amafufuza malamulo, kugwira ntchito m'dongosolo lachilungamo, kapena kupeza kuti apeze kuti ali ndi ufulu wochitapo kanthu pa mkangano walamulo.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani zinthu zodalirika monga U.S. kupenda kwa mapangano a mlandu ndi Cornell Information Institute ya lamulo la Wex encyclopedia [1]. Kaamba ka nkhani zina zowonjezera pa mtolo wa umboni, onani [FLT:] zophunzitsa zabwino kwambiri [[FLT:] za kulongosola kwa Woweruza njira zaupandu [. Kwa aphunzitsi, .] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .