Mmene Malamulo Alamulo, Olamulira, ndi Oweruza Amaloŵera M’maulamuliro Atsiku ndi Tsiku

Kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro alamulo, oyendetsa, ndi achiweruzo ndiko injini ya ulamuliro wa demokrase. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabuku akufotokoza nthambi zimenezi kukhala zosiyana, zochitidwa nthaŵi zonse, zolankhulana, ndipo nthaŵi zina zotsutsana. Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi, ndi kutsutsana ndi zina, kumatchula njira zenizeni zimene zimaumba malamulo athu, kutetezera ufulu wathu, ndi kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Nkhaniyi imaposa mafotokozedwe aakulu ofufuzira kulinganiza kotsa pakati pa nthambi zitatu, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamakono ndi mbiri yakale kusonyeza mmene dongosololi limagwirira ntchito m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Si Malamulo Ongolemba

Nthambi ya malamulo, makamaka Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku United States, imafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala bungwe lopanga malamulo. Koma ntchito zake zimaposa kukonza ndalama. Nyumba ya malamulo imayang'aniranso bajeti ya boma, kukhazikitsa mapangano a pulezidenti, kukhazikitsa mapangano, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi yaikuluyo mwa kumvetsera ndi kufufuza. Nyumba ya Baumaral . . Nyumba ya Adreaders (mamessages (435, ogawidwa ndi anthu) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (100, mamembala aŵiri pa dziko limodzi) adalinganizidwa kulinganiza kulinganiza zikondwerero za maiko a anthu aang'onoang'ono.

Komiti: Pamene Ntchito Yeniweni Imachitika

Makomiti a ntchito ya malamulo ndi uyang'aniro amachitika m'makomiti. Makomiti aimirira monga Nyumba Yamzinda ya Judiary kapena Serten Makomiti a za Ndalama alinganiza malamulo, kusunga mayeso ndi mboni zaluso, ndi kusindikiza ndalama asanafike pansi. Ofesi za komiti zapansi amaseŵero lakumbuyo ku malamulo, kuyambira pa ulimi mpaka pa kusagwirizana kwa pa Intaneti. Dongosolo limeneli limalola luso lapadera komanso limapanga mipata ya mipeni ya mabotolo. Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Panyumba ya Oversing ndi Reformation kaŵirikaŵiri imafufuza zochita za nthambi, kuvumbula zinyalala, kusakaza, kuipitsa, kapena kuzunza.

Mphamvu ya Chogulacho

Kulamulira kwa Congress pa zowonongedwa za boma ndi chimodzi cha zipimelo zake zamphamvu pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Malamulo amapatsa Congress mphamvu ya ndalama zoyenerera, kutanthauza pulezidenti sangagwiritsire ntchito ndalama popanda chilolezo cha lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa ntchito za maulamuliro, monga ngati kutsekereza ndalama zankhondo zina kapena kutsekereza bajeti ya makampani. Boma Accounting Office (GAO) imathandiza Congress kuŵerengera ndalama za akuluakulu a boma, kupanga malipo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ku kusintha.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kufufuza

Congress ndi njira yosalekeza. Makomiti amaitana akuluakulu a mabungwe ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti apereke umboni wokhudzana ndi malamulo, kulamula kuti apereke malamulo. Zitsanzo zapamwamba zimaphatikizapo mayeso a khoti la KHAMBI pa kufunsa ndi kufufuza kwa Nyumba pa January 6, 2021, kuukira Capitol. Kuzengedwa kwa milanduku sikumangodziŵitsa kokha malamulo komanso kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu. Mabungwe angaperekenso mapepala a popoena ndi kukakamiza mboni, ngakhale kuti kutsutsana ndi nthambi yapamwamba ya ntchito yapamwamba nthaŵi zambiri kumathera m'khoti.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kuchokera kwa Prezidenti Kukaloŵa mu Ugamulo wa U.S.

Nthambi yaikulu ya pulezidenti wa United States ikutsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti wa United States, koma imaphatikizapo makina aakulu a boma: madipatimenti 15 a kabungwe, mazana a mabungwe (monga EPA, FDA, ndi FBI), ndi antchito a boma oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri. Ntchito ya pulezidentiyo ya “kusamala kuti malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika . Imapereka nzeru yaikulu m'malamulo otsatiridwa. Kusankha kumeneku kumachitidwa mwa malamulo a akuluakulu, zilengezo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe.

Malamulo Olamulira ndi Malangizo a Pulezidenti

Malamulo audindo ali ndi mphamvu ya mabungwe a boma, koma ayenera kuletsedwa pa ulamuliro wa malamulo kapena Malamulo. Mapresidenti amawagwiritsira ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo popanda kuyembekezera Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Prezidenti Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoop Fromyals (DACA), pulezidenti Trump a kuletsa maulendo angapo a Asilamu-mageji, ndi Pulezidenti Biden malamulo a kusintha mkhalidwe wa dziko. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amapenda malamulo apamwamba kutsimikizira kuti iwo sapitirira ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Mwachitsanzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza chiletso cha ulendo mu [FLT:] . Hawaii . [1] . [1] . [1] (2011) koma anatseka magawo a DCA m'ka

Ntchito Yolamulira

Mabungwe a Federal amapereka malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Izi zimaphatikizapo njira yaitali yolemba, zonena za anthu, ndi kufalitsa komaliza mu Federal Register . Pansi pa Administrative Procedire Act, mabungwe ayenera kulungamitsa malamulo awo ndi kuyankha ndemanga zofunika. Malamulo ameneŵa angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa chipambano, kukhazikitsa ziyeneretso za kutetezeredwa kwa chakudya, kapena kulongosola chitetezo cha madzi oyera. Nthambi yachiweruzo ingagwetse malamulo amene ali “osadalirika ndi osinthasintha, monga momwe akusonyezera [[FL:0] Virginia v. EPAFLD:222]

Lamulo ndi Machiritso a Kunja

Pulezidenti ndi mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo. Pamene kuli kwakuti pulezidenti angakambirane mapangano, iwo amafuna nyumba yaikulu ya malamulo yaŵiri mwa zitatu kuti abwezeretsedwe. Kuti apeŵe chitseko chimenechi, pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mapangano a akuluakulu, amene safuna chilolezo cha Khoti. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma pa nkhani za mayiko ena ndi mutu wobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, Iran Nuclear Deal (2015) inali pangano lapamwamba, osati pangano, ndipo pambuyo pake linachotsedwa ndi pulezidenti wotsatira, kusonyeza kukwaniritsidwa kwa makonzedwe oterowo.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Oweruza, Obwezera M’mbuyo, ndi Oyang’anira

Nthambi yachiweruzo imamasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti amayenderana ndi Malamulo. Khoti la boma limaphatikizapo makhoti a chigawo (makhoti amilandu), makhoti a m'madera (13 madera), ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba. Makhoti ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo . Makhoti ali ndi ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe a maulamuliro osakhala alamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison . [FLT: 1] [1803], imapangitsa jaji ya jaji kukhala nthambi yoyendera limodzi ndi mlingo wokwanira kuyang'anira onse aŵiri a Congress ndi preziden.

Mmene Milandu Imafikira Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lapamwamba limapereka milandu pafupifupi 70-80 pachaka kuchokera ku mapempho oposa 7,000. Milandu imachokera ku zifuno za khoti laling'ono kapena ku makhoti aakulu pamene funso la boma likuphatikizidwa. Khotilo limapatsa colterari milandu imene imaphatikizapo mafunso apadera kapena mikangano pakati pa makhoti adera. Zoweruza za kapangidwe ka zonse za kuchotsa mimba (]] Dobbs v. Jackson Wamaster’s Health Organization [FLT:], 20222]) kuti avomereze mchitidwe (. [magalamuliro a Fair Actdgictives .[FFFF]

Kusankha Moyo ndi Kulinganiza

Oweruza a boma amasankhidwa ndi pulezidenti ndipo amatsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Iwo amatumikira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse, kochitidwa kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Zimenezi zimachititsa kugamula mlandu kutsutsidwa mwamphamvu, monga momwe kuikidwa kwa munthu mmodzi kungasinthire kulinganizika kwa malingaliro a khoti kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Kuchedwa kwa pulezidenti Obama Mermack Garland wotsimikizira wa Merrick Garland mu 2016, kutsatiridwa ndi chitsimikizo cha Jasitier Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, kusonyeza mmene kuikidwa kwa kuikidwako kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe kawo kwa detapedia la ndale.

Njira Yoyendera Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika

Opanga mafream analinganiza nthambi zitatuzo kukhala “zogaŵanika koma zogwirizana, . Zimapanga mphamvu imene nthambi iliyonse ingathe kuletsa kuloŵetsedwa ndi inayo. Nazi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zoyendera ndi mmene zimachitira ndi ulamuliro weniweni:

  • Ilo lokhala ndi lamulo pa Uyang'aniro: Congress ikhoza kugonjetsa chivoti cha pulezidenti ndi mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Ikhozanso kutsutsa ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti, monga momwe anayesera katatu m'mbiri ya U.S. (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump ). Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi mapangano a ravince.
  • Kupereka pa Malamulo: Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo, kuitanira Nyumba ya Malamulo ku programu yapadera, ndi kutulutsa malamulo a akuluakulu amene amamasulira mmene malamulo amasungidwira. Woyang'anira wachiŵiri, monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, angapereke mavoti oswa uto.
  • .JUDYUS pa Makhoti Onse: Makhoti angalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo (kupenda kwa za boma) ndi kulamula nthambi yaikulu kuletsa machitidwe osaloledwa ndi lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Achichepere Commentauth Commentaup & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayyer [1] (1952), Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka kulanda Pulezidenti Truman zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea.
  • [[MLT: 0] Wopereka chilolezo pa Chigamulo: Congress angapereke ziwonjezeko za lamulo kupyola zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, kusintha ukulu wa Khoti Lalikulu (mphamvu yosagwiritsiridwa ntchito koma yowopsezedwa), ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma.
  • Kuweruza pa Chigamulo: Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma ndipo angakhululukire ndi kubwezera milandu ya boma, kusiyapo ngati walephera.

Kufufuza kumeneku kukupanga njira imene palibe nthambi imene ingachitire zinthu popanda kudalirana. Affordble Care Act (ACA) imapereka chitsanzo chomveka: Nyumba ya malamulo inaipereka, Pulezidenti Obama anaisayina, ndipo zitokoso zambiri zalamulo zinafika ku Bwalo Lapamwamba. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:2), Khoti inachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho koma Medicaid . Pambuyo pake, Nyumba inasintha mbali zina za ACA, ndi Pulezidenti Trump anapereka malangizo ofooketsa makonzedwe ena. Nthambi iliyonse inachita mbali m'ka kukonza njira yomaliza.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Nkhondo ndi Chigwirizano cha Dziko

Lamulo Lokhudza Kusamuka: Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Anthu Ochuluka Katatu

Kusintha kwa bungwe la oyendetsa nyumba kukusonyeza kuchuluka kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa nkhondo. Nyumba ya akulu ikhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kusamuka (m’chingamize, Immignation and Nationality Act), koma pamene ilephera kukonza, mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kudzaza malo. Pulezidenti Obama adalengedwa DATAAM atalephera kupitirira pa yunivesite ya DOM Act. Pamene Pulezidenti Trump anayesa kuthetsa DCA, Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka lamulo lake mu Undunawale wa Home Security v. Regens wa yunivesite ya California [FLT:] 2020), kulamulira ulamulirowo sunatsatire njira yoyenera. Pamenepo DCA CCC inakula kupyola m'makhoti yapamwamba, imene inatsutsidwa pambuyo pake, kumbuyo kwa mabwalo a milandu, kubwereranso, kumbuyo kwa bungwe la milandu, ndi kuyang'asudzu.

Kusintha Kwabwino M’malo Okhala: Chiphunzitso cha Chevron ndi Kutha Kwake

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, lamulo la [[FLT: 0] Chavenson (kuchokera ku [FLT:]Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council , 1984]) analangiza makhoti kugonjera ku matanthauzo a matanthauzo omveka bwino a malamulo. Zimenezi zinapatsa nthambi yaikulu ya boma malo oyendetsera kuipitsa, chitetezo cha ntchito, ndi misika ya za zachuma. Komabe, Bright Enprises v. Raondo . [FLFL:] 202], Khoti Yapamwamba pa malamulo a Chevron, Transformed kumbuyo kwa judiary. Malamulo ameneŵa adzafunikira kukonzanso malamulo ena oyendetsera milandu, ndi kukonzanso magawo, magawo oweruza, oweruza, ndi kukonza magawo, magawo oweruza, oweruza, oweruza, mapulozera, malingana ndi mayeza.

Maulamuliro a Nkhondo ndi Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito kwa Gulu Lankhondo

Constitution imapatsa Congress mphamvu zolengeza nkhondo, koma pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa asilikali, nthaŵi zambiri watumiza asilikali popanda chilengezo chalamulo. Chigamulo cha War Powers cha 1973 chimafuna kuti pulezidenti alengeze Congress pa maola 48 kuti apereke mphamvu ndi kutumiza malamulo masiku 60 popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa nkhondo. Mabishopu a anthu aŵiri onsewo atsutsa chigamulocho pa ulamuliro wawo wa malamulo, kutsogolera ku malo auve. Mwachitsanzo, kuloŵerera kwa Libya kunaloledwa ndi Nyumba za malamulo zimene zinaletsedwa. Malamulo a boma pano salephera, nthambi iliyonse ikutsimikizira kuti lamulo lake.

Ntchito ya Anthu: Kudziŵerengera Mlandu ndi Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Kupyola nthambi zitatu zalamulo, nzika zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kulamulira. Zosankha zimasankha amene adzadzaza nthambi za malamulo ndi mabwana a akuluakulu. Voter suroup, zopereka, ndi kulinganiza zinthu zofunika za akuluakulu osankhidwa. Nthambi yachiweruzo, ngakhale kuti imatetezedwa pa masankho achindunji, imasonkhezeredwa ndi njira yosankha yoikidwayo (ndipo) ndi wosankha amene amasankha pulezidenti ndi oimira boma.

Chipangano cha bungwe la American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU) lakhala likutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Magulu a kakhalidwe ka anthu angakakamize kuchitapo kanthu. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe linatsogolera ku lamulo losintha zinthu (Chilamulo cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964) ndi zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba ([FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Education). Posachedwapa, gulu la Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe linasonkhezera Nyumba za Malamulo kuvutitsa anthu pantchito mopambanitsa ndi malamulo a boma kuti ayankhire kusamvera malamulo olakwika kwa oweruza. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kugwirizana kwa boma sikuli kokha ku nthambi zitatu zokha; ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri imene imaphatikizapo anthu a ku America.

Mapeto ake: Anthu Amakhala ndi Maganizo Oipa

Kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro alamulo, oyendetsa, ndi achiweruzo sikuli njira ya moyo yongoyerekezera . Ndiyo njira yopuma imene imaumba zaumoyo, kusamuka, miyezo ya malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti mphamvu ikhoza kusumika maganizo mwachibadwa ngati singaletsedwe, chotero anapanga boma la mabungwe ogaŵana mphamvu. Mphamvu zimenezi zimalola kukangana, ndipo zimatetezera ufulu mwa kuipangitsa kukhala yovuta kuilamulira nthambi iliyonse.

Kuzindikira kugwirizana kumeneku kumapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuchita mogwira ntchito ndi boma lawo. Pamene muwona pulezidenti asaina lamulo la mkulu, kuyang'anira chitsutso cha m'khoti Lapamwamba, kapena kuŵerenga za kugamula mlandu kwa makhoti, mukuwona kulekana kwa maulamuliro m’ntchito. Kuphunzira zambiri, kupenda zinthu zonga . Gawo lokhala ndi malo a boma, [FLT:] kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha malamulo, Nyumba ya .gov ya nthambi, ndi [FLT:] Bwalo la akulu la Bwalo la milandu [[FLT:]] [FLT:] [5] kaamba ka malingaliro ndi mikangano. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatumikira anthu. Koma ngati anthu adakalipo.