Table of Contents

Maziko a Kuphwanya Malamulo m’Malamulo Amakono

Malamulo amagwira ntchito pa mfundo yaikulu imene imasiyanitsa inzake ndi kupanga zosankha zopanda pake: chiphunzitso cha chiyambi. Pamutu pa chiphunzitsochi pali milandu yosintha zinthu . "pazigamulo zachiweruzo zimene zimapyola mikhalidwe yawo yapanthaŵipo kukhazikitsa malamulo okhalitsa. Milandu imeneyi imakhala ngati maziko a makhoti amene amamangapo kumvetsetsa kwawo chilungamo, ufulu, ndi lamulo. Pamene oweruza ayang'anizana ndi mafunso ovuta a zamalamulo, iwo sayamba kuyang'ana; mmalo mwake, amayang'ana ku zigamulo zosintha zimene zasintha zimene zasintha malo alamulo kwa zaka makumi ambiri ngakhale zaka zambiri.

Milandu yosonyeza malo amodzi imaimira zambiri osati kungopambana kapena kulephera kwa maphwando. Imagwirizanitsa kumvetsetsa kwa chitaganya kwa ufulu wofunika, mphamvu za boma, ndi kulinganiza kochenjera pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi ubwino wa onse. Mwa zochitika zimenezi, dongosolo la malamulo limapanga lamulo lamoyo limene limasintha mikhalidwe ya kakhalidwe ndi kulinganiza. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene zochitika zapadera zimagwira ntchito m’dongosolo la malamulo, chiyambukiro chawo chachikulu pa jirisprudence, ndi njira zimene zimatsogolera ku kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo kwa masiku ano.

Kumvetsetsa Milandu ya Mlandu ndi Tanthauzo Lake

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi ndi chigamulo chachiweruzo chimene chimakhazikitsa mfundo kapena mfundo yalamulo yatsopano, kapena kusintha kwambiri mmene malamulo akugwirira ntchito. Milandu imeneyi imadziwika osati mwa kulengeza koma mwa mphamvu yawo yokhalitsa pa mfundo zalamulo zotsatizana ndi kutha kukonzanso mbali zonse za lamulo. Nkhani za masiku onse zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za makhalidwe abwino pa mfundo zinazake, nkhani zapadera zimaswa maziko atsopano, kaŵirikaŵiri zimayankha mafunso amene sanayankhidwe kapena kuvuta kuyankha mfundo za malamulo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kufunika kwa mlandu wa chochitika kumadalira pa zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, ungathetse funso lofunika kwambiri limene likukhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Chachiwiri, lingasinthe kapena kusintha kwambiri chiphunzitso chalamulo chakale, kusonyeza kusintha kwa nzeru zachiweruzo kapena makhalidwe a anthu. Chachitatu, lingayambitse mayeso atsopano kapena dongosolo limene makhoti adzagwiritsa ntchito kupenda nkhani zofananazo m’tsogolo. Chachinayi, lingafotokoze malo amene akukhala malamulo kumene malangizo akufunika kwambiri, monga luso la zopangapanga, kapena ufulu wa anthu.

Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mlandu wapadera ndi zosankha zina zofunika ndi chiyambukiro chake. Milandu imeneyi siimangothetsa mikangano. Imakhala mfundo zoimira malamulo. Imeneyi imakhala mfundo za maphunziro alamulo, yotchulidwa m'malamulo ambiri, ndi malingaliro achiweruzo, ndi yofotokozedwa m'masukulu a malamulo kwa mibadwo. Kulingalira kwawo kumakhala mbali ya mawu alamulo, ndi mawu ndi mayeso kuchokera ku zigamulo zimenezi zoloŵa m'lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Chosankha Chapadera

Milandu yosonyeza zinthu zapansi nthaŵi zambiri imagawana mikhalidwe ina imene imachititsa chisonkhezero chawo chosatha. Imaphatikizapo mfundo zomveka zimene zimagogomezera malamulo a anthu. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaimira magulu a anthu kapena zinthu zimene amakonda, kupangitsa zotsatira zake kukhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa zilembo zapanthaŵiyo. Mafunso alamulo amene aperekedwawo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala a chiyambi cha kuganiziridwa kapena amaphatikizapo kutsutsana pakati pa mfundo zofunika za malamulo zimene zimafuna kulinganiza bwino.

Malingaliro achiweruzo m'nkhani za zochitika zapadera amamveka bwino ndi kulingaliridwa mosamalitsa, kuyembekezera kutsutsa ndi kusamalira mbali zazikulu za chosankha. Malingaliro ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kupenda mbiri, kupenda cholinga cha olemba, kupenda chitsanzo kuchokera ku mbali zina, ndi kukambirana za zotulukapo za malamulo. Kuzama ndi kupenda kochuluka kwa zigamulo zapadera kumapereka chitsogozo kwa makhoti amtsogolo oyang'anizana ndi mafunso ogwirizana.

Chiphunzitso cha Nyenyezi Chimawononga: Mmene Makhoti Auchikulire Amachitira Makhoti Apamwamba

Lamulo limene limapereka mphamvu zawo kumbali zapadera ndilo kuyang'ana, mawu a Chilatini otanthauza "kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zimene zagamulidwa. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira malamulo a m'mbuyo, makamaka aja ochokera ku makhoti aakulu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana. Stare decisis imachirikiza kukhazikika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kusasintha kwa lamulo, kutsimikizira kuti milandu yofananayo igamulidwa mofanana ndi kuti anthu angadalire pa malamulo okhazikitsidwa popanga zosankha.

Pansi pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, makhoti aang'ono amamangidwa ndi zigamulo za makhoti apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma ayenera kutsatira zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi bwalo lawo lamilandu la dera ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba. Makhoti a boma ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za makhoti awo a boma ndi bwalo lalikulu. Mabungwe a mabungwe a heristrarch amatsimikizira kufanana pakati pa ulamuliro wina pamene akulola kusiyana kwa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana.

Komabe, kuyang'ana sikuli kopanda malire. Makhoti angasiyanitse milandu yozikidwa pa mfundo zawo, kupeza kuti chitsanzo sichimagwira ntchito chifukwa mikhalidwe ili yosiyana mwakuthupi. Makhoti apamwamba angalamulirenso zosankha zawo zakale pamene apeza kuti chigamulo choyambiriracho chinagamulidwa molakwa kapena kuti mikhalidwe yosintha imapangitsa kuti lamulo likhale latsopano. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kuti lamulo likhale losinthika pamene likusunga bata.

Kukula ndi Kulama

Akatswiri a zamalamulo amasiyanitsa pakati pa kuyang'ana molunjika ndi molunjika. Kuyang'ana kwa kutsogolo kolimba kumatanthauza thayo la makhoti aang'ono kutsatira zigamulo za makhoti aakulu amodzimodziwo. Mpangidwe wa chitsanzowu uli woyenerera . Khoti lozenga mlandu silingangotsutsane ndi chigamulo cha khoti ndi ulamuliro wosiyana. Chizindikiro chakumanja chimatsimikizira kuti lamulolo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana m’mbali zonse.

Kuyang'ana mondindikirira, kumatanthauza kachitidwe ka khoti ka kutsatira zigamulo zake zapapitapo. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti ambiri amamamatira ku zigamulo zawo zoyambirira, chitsanzo chowongoka sichimakhala cholimba ngati chitsanzo choima chakumbuyo. Makhoti aakulu ali ndi ulamuliro wakulamulira zosankha zawo zakale, ngakhale kuti amachita zimenezo kokha pamene pali zifukwa zomveka, monga ngati zotsatizana zokhala zosagwira ntchito, zozikidwa pa mfundo zachikale kapena luntha, kapena zotsutsana ndi zosankha zapambuyo pake.

Mmene Makhoti Amagwiritsirira Ntchito Milandu ya Mlandu Watsopano

Zotsatira zake ndizo kudziŵa nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza malamulo, kufufuza zitsanzo zogwirizana ndi nkhani zimene zachitika kale, kupenda mmene zitsanzozo zikugwirira ntchito pa nkhani zimene zangochitika kumene, ndi kuona ngati chitsanzocho chikufuna kuti pakhale zotsatirapo zinazake kapena chilolezo cha chiweruzo.

Makhoti sangofufuza milandu ndi mfundo zofanana. M’malo mwake, amachotsa malamulo kapena malamulo m'milandu yotchuka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amenewo ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Zimenezi zimafuna kusanthula mosamalitsa zimene chitsanzocho chinagamulapo. Kusunga /zozo (zonena) ndizo mfundo zachigamulo zimene sizinali zofunika pa chigamulocho, zodziŵika monga discrative. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusunga malamulowo kuli kogwirizana, mawu otsutsa angakhale okopa koma si okakamiza.

Oweruza amalingaliranso za mfundo zimene zili kumbuyo kwa zigamulo zapadera. Kumvetsa chifukwa chimene khoti linafikira chigamulo china kumathandiza oweruza kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chitsanzocho ku nkhani zatsopano. Ngati mfundo ya mlandu wapadera ikugwiranso ntchito pamkhalidwe watsopano, makhoti adzafutukula chitsanzo kuphimba mlandu watsopano. Ngati malingalirowo satembenuzidwa bwino, makhoti angasiyanitse mlanduwo kapena kuchepetsa ukulu wa chitsanzo.

Kulingalira Kwanzeru m’Kupanga Zosankha za Malamulo

Malamulo ambiri akugwirizana ndi nkhani zaposachedwapa ndi nkhani zapapitapo ndi kuona ngati kufanana kwake kuli kokwanira kuti kutsimikizire kuti zimene zinachitikazo n’zofanana. Potsatira milandu yokhudza zinthu zakale, oweruza amatchula mfundo zofunika zimene zinapangitsa kuti chigamulocho chikhale choyambirira ndi kuziyerekezera ndi mfundo za mlanduwo. Ngati milanduyo ndi yovomerezeka pankhani zina, chitsanzo chiyenera kugwira ntchito. Ngati iwowo akusiyana m’njira zakuthupi, chitsanzocho sichingalamulire.

Njira ya kalembedwe imeneyi imalola lamulo kuyambika. Nkhani iliyonse yatsopano imene imagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zapadera ku nsonga zosiyana imathandiza kulongosola malire ndi ukulu wa lamulo la lamulo lokhazikitsidwa ndi mlandu wapadera. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, lamulo la mlandu limakula mogwirizana ndi zochitika zazikulu, kumveketsa bwino mmene limagwirira ntchito m’mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi kupanga dongosolo lalamulo latsatanetsatane kwambiri.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kuloŵa M’chilamulo cha Malamulo

Lamulo la malamulo lasinthidwa kwambiri ndi zigamulo za Supreme Court zimene zalongosola ukulu wa mphamvu ya boma ndi zoyenera za munthu aliyense payekha. Milandu imeneyi imamasulira chinenero chamitundu yambiri cha Malamulo, kupereka tanthauzo lenileni la malamulo osadziŵika monga njira yoyenerera, chitetezo cholingana, ndi ufulu wa kulankhula. Chifukwa chakuti makonzedwe a malamulo ngovuta kuwongolera, mafotokozedwe a Khoti Lapamwamba ku milandu yosintha zinthu amasankha mokhutiritsa tanthauzo la lamulo la nyengo zotalikirapo.

Marbury vesi: Madison: Kukhazikitsa Gawo Loweruza

Mwinamwake palibe mlandu umene unakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa lamulo la America kuposa Marbury v. Madison [1] (103 ). M'chigamulo chimenechi, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda kwachiweruzo [1] mphamvu ya makhoti a boma kulengeza malamulo popanda malamulo. Mlanduwu unayambika ndi mkangano wa ndale pa mapangano achiweruzo, koma kufunikira kwake kunaposa mkangano wa mwamsangawo.

Kunena kwa Khoti kuti likhale ndi ulamuliro kupenda malamulo a machitidwe a kugwirizanitsa malamulo kunakhazikitsa chigawo cha boma cholingana ndi mphamvu yoyang'anira ntchito zalamulo ndi za maulamuliro. Lamulo limeneli lakhala lofunika kwambiri ku lamulo lalamulo la America kwakuti kuli kovuta kuyerekezera dongosolo la malamulo popanda ilo. Nkhani iliyonse yotsatira imene khoti limaswa lamulo monga lopanda lamulo laupo lolondola ulamuliro wake ku Marbury v. Madison .

Brown v. Board of Education: Kuphonya Chigwirizano

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) imaimira chimodzi cha zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu koposa m'mbiri ya America. Mlanduwu unatsutsa chiphunzitso cha "kusinthana koma kulingana" chokhazikitsidwa mu Phoverson . Ferguson (1896), chimene chinalola fuko m'zipinda za anthu kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Ofufuzawo anatsutsa kuti sukulu zopasuka zinali zosayenera ndi zoswa chitetezo cha Claus wa ku Geneat Development.

Pachigamulo chimodzi, Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza, likulengeza kuti "maphunziro ogaŵanika ndi osalingana mwachibadwa. Khotilo linazindikira kuti kugaŵana kwa mafuko kunapangitsa ana a ku Africa kuno kudziona ngati otsika amene anapeputsa mwaŵi wawo wa maphunziro ndi kupita patsogolo kwa munthu. Chigamulo chochititsa chidwi chimenechi sichinangosintha lamulo la maphunziro / ilo linakhazikitsa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo linakhazikitsa kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko kwa boma kukayang'anizana ndi kuyang’aniridwa kwachiweruzo kokhwima.

Chiyambukiro cha Brown chinapitirira kwambiri sukulu. Chigamulocho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa anthu pa mapaki, mabasi, magombe, ndi malo ena osungira anthu. Icho chinakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti malamulo a malamulo amafunikira machitidwe ofanana mosasamala kanthu za fuko, lamulo limene likupitirizabe kutsogolera ufulu wa anthu lerolino. Nkhaniyo inasonyezanso kufunitsitsa kwa Khoti kukhazikitsa malamulo pamene kuli kofunika kuwongolera kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu.

Miranda ndi Arizona: Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu Pamene Agwidwa

Miranda v. Arizona (66) inayamba kusintha njira ya upandu mwa kupempha apolisi kudziŵikitsa ufulu wawo walamulo asanaimbidwe mlandu. Mlanduwo unakhudza Ernesto Miranda, amene anaulula maupandu pambuyo pa mafunso a apolisi popanda kuuzidwa za kuyenera kwake kukhala chete kapena kukhala ndi loya. Khoti Lapamwamba linaona kuti ufulu wa Kusintha Koyamba Kuletsa kugaŵidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa Chilango cha Sikisi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu ufunikira machenjezo ameneŵa.

Machenjezo a "Muranda" akhazikika kwambiri m'malamulo a ku America, ozoloŵereka kwa aliyense amene waonerera sewero la apolisi. Koma machenjezo ameneŵa amatumikira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: kuteteza anthu ku polisi yogwirizana ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuulula kulidi kodzifunira. Mlanduwu unakhala lamulo lomveka bwino lomwe limene apolisi ayenera kutsatira, ndipo umachititsa kuti khoti likhale losavuta kuona ngati kuvomereza machimo kwa munthu kukhoza kupezeka.

Milandu yotsatira yawongolera chiphunzitso Mainda , kuyankha mafunso onena za pamene kusunga mwana kukuyamba, chimene chimachititsa kufunsa, ndi mmene kukayikira kungawonongere ufulu wawo. Kuwongolera kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene milandu yochititsa kuonekera imapangira kupita patsogolo kwalamulo kopitirizabe pamene makhoti akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ku mikhalidwe yatsopano.

Wode ndi Dobbs anatsutsana ndi Jackson: The Evolution of Abortion Rights

Roe v. Wade [773] adazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba kozikidwa pa kuyenera kwa kubisika. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa dongosolo lochepa la kupenda malamulo ochotsera mimba, ndi milingo yosiyana ya boma ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya mimba. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, Roe [ inatumikira monga chitsanzo cha maziko cha ufulu wochotsa mimba, ngakhale kuti inasinthidwa ndi [[FLT:] Plantivelve v. Case . ], imene inaloŵa m’malo mwa masiteshoni apamwamba ndi "kusenzedwa kwa mzera wa "FLT".

Nkhani ya [[FLT: 0] Roe imasonyeza zonse ziŵiri mphamvu ya zotsatizana ndi kutha kwa zinthu. Dobs v. Jackson Akazi 'Hwero la Health Organization [202], Khoti Lalikulu la pa lamulo [[FLT:] [FLT] [4] [] Roe ndi Case], posunga kuti malamulo sapanga kuchotsa mimba molondola. Chigamulochi chibwezerenso nkhani ku malamulo ndi kusonyeza kuti ngakhale zitsanzo zazitali zikhoza kugwetsedwa pamene ambiri aweruza molakwa.

Zigamulo za Malamulo [[FLT :1] zakhala mlandu wosintha, kusintha kwakukulu lamulo la kutaya mimba ndi kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za mbali ya kutsata, kumasulira kolondola kwa Malamulo, ndi unansi pakati pa makhoti ndi machitidwe a demokrase. Zimasonyeza mmene milandu yochititsa kaso singakhazikitse malamulo alamulo komanso kuwagwetsere, kukonzanso malo alamulo m’njira zazikulu.

Milandu Yosonyeza Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Chitetezo Chofanana

Kupyola Brown v. Board of Education, milandu yambiri yosonyeza zinthu yawonjezera chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kulongosola tanthauzo la chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Zosankha zimenezi zalongosola tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, chiwerewere, maganizo, ndi mikhalidwe ina, pang’onopang’ono kukulitsa mzere wa awo oyenerera kupatsidwa chithandizo chofanana pansi pa malamulo.

Kukondana ndi Virginia: Kuchotsa Malamulo Oletsa Mikwingwirima

Loval v. Virginia[FLT :1] (67) amatsutsa malamulo oletsa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana, amene analipo m’maboma khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi panthaŵiyo. Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti malamulo otero amaswa zonse ziŵiri Kutetezera kwa Claus ndi Act Claus Claus ya Kusintha kwa Mpambo wa 149. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa kuti ukwati uli ufulu wofunika kwambiri ndi kuti malamulo a mafuko amayang'aniridwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa kokhwima kokhwima kokhwima.

Kulola [[FLT :1] kwaganiziridwa m'nkhani zotsatirapo zophatikizapo zoyenera za ukwati, kuphatikizapo bergefell v. Hodges (2015], limene limavomereza ufulu wa ukwati wofanana. Izi zikusonyeza mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhazikitsidwa m'nkhani imodzi yapadera angaperekere maziko a kufutukula zoyenera m'malongo a zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake.

Obergefell v. Hodges: Kulingana kwa Ukwati

Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) adakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira kumafikira kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana. Khoti linapeza kuti kukana kuyenera kwa ukwati kwa okwatirana a kugonana ofanana kunaswa zonse ziŵiri Claus ndi Exption Clause . Chigamulocho chinafunikira maulamuliro onse ku loyam'ka ndi kuvomereza maukwati a anthu a mtundu umodzi, kumaliza lamulo la boma pa nkhaniyo.

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi yomangidwa pa zosankha zoyambirira monga ngati Lawrence v. Texas [FLT :1] (2003), imene inaswa malamulo ophwanya kugwirizana kwa kugonana, ndi United States v. Windsor , imene inachepetsa Ulwengo wa Malamulo a Ukwati. Kutsatira kwa zochitika zimenezi kumasonyeza mmene zosankha zachizindikiro zimakhalira, ndi mapulinsipulo okhazikitsidwa poyamba pa zosankha zatsopano.

Kusankhana Makhalidwe

Reed v. Reed[FLT :1] inali mlandu woyamba wa Khoti Lalikulu kugamula lamulo pa maziko a tsankho la amuna pansi pa Kutetezera Claus. Mlanduwo unaloŵetsapo lamulo la Idaho limene linakonda amuna pa amuna poyang'anira malo. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti lamulo lodzisankhira la kugonana linaswa chitetezo chofanana.

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT : 0] adagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera a kubwereramo mmalo mwa kusanthula kosamalitsa, ilo linatsegula khomo kaamba ka zochitika zotsatira zimene zinakhazikitsa kusanthula kowonjezereka kaamba ka masankho a thanje. Makhalidwe onga Craig v. Boren[FLT] [[3]] ndi [[FLT:] United States] v. Virginia (1966]) omangidwa pa [[FLT:] ] kukulitsa muyezopi wopendedwa woyambirira umene tsopano umagwira ntchito za kugonana, kufunitsa kuti magawo oterowo atumikire ntchito zofunika za boma ndi zokwaniritsa.

Milandu Yosadziŵika ya Lamulo la Upandu ndi Zochita Zake

Lamulo laupandu lasinthidwa kwambiri ndi milandu yotchuka imene imalongosola zoyenera za woimbidwa mlandu ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma pofufuza ndi kuweruza milandu. Milandu imeneyi imapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidwi chokwanira pokhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka pa ufulu wa munthu payekha, ufulu, ndi kusamala ena.

Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) anatsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwa Chisanu ndi chimodzi kwa kuperekedwa kwa uphungu kumagwira ntchito ku milandu ya boma ndipo amafuna maboma kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kugula. Clarence Gideon, ataimbidwa mlandu wa kuthyola m'chipinda cha m'madzi, anapempha loya woikidwa ndi khoti koma anakanidwa chifukwa Florida yokhayo imapereka uphungu m’nkhani za imfa. Iye anadziimira yekha, anaimbidwa mlandu, ndipo kenaka anachonderera khoti Lapamwamba kuchokera kundende.

Chigamulo cha khotilo chogwirizana chimodzi chimene chinagamulidwa kuti kuimira kwa lamulo kuli kofunika ku mlandu wolungama ndi kuti boma liyenera kupereka uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu woimbidwa mlandu m'milandu. Mlandu wapadera umenewu unatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa madongosolo a otetezera anthu onse m'dziko lonselo ndipo unasintha kwambiri chiweruzo cha upandu mwa kutsimikizira kuti umphaŵi sungalande oimbidwa mlanduwo kuimira kokwanira kwa lamulo.

Mapu v. Ohio: Ulamuliro wa Excloion

Mapp v. Ohio . (1961) anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la Kupatula lachinayi la Kusintha zinthu ku boma za upandu, kusunga umboni wopezedwa mwa kufufuza kosaloleka ndi kugwidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Chigamulochi chinawonjezera lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT:] Weeks v. United States (1914), limene linagwiritsira ntchito lamulo loletsa milandu ya boma.

Lamulo lopatula limagwira ntchito monga choletsa khalidwe loipa la apolisi mwa kuchotsa chisonkhezero cha kuchita kufufuza kosaloledwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali mkangano, lamulolo lakhala maziko a lamulo lachinayi la Lamulo Lolamulira. Milandu yotsatira yapanga kusiyana ku lamulo, monga ngati kusiya chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi chiphunzitso chosapeŵeka, kusonyeza mmene milandu yochititsa kuwonjezereka kwa lamulo kumayambitsira pamene makhoti akuwongolera kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo.

Terry ndi Ohio: Stop ndi Frisk

[[FLT : 0] Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968) inakhazikitsa kuti apolisi angapereke malo achidule ofufuza ndi kufunafuna zida pamene ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kuti ntchito ya upandu ndi kuti munthuyo angakhale ndi zida ndi ngozi. Ulamuliro umenewu "kuleka ndi frask" umaimira kusiyanitsa kosasamala ndi chofunika chachisawawa kwa chochititsa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru.

Chigamulo cha kulinganiza kusungitsa lamulo kufunikira kutetezera kwa Four Amendment , kuzindikira kuti apolisi afunikira kukhoza kupenda mikhalidwe yokayikitsa popanda kukwaniritsa muyezo wapamwamba wochititsa. Komabe, mlanduwo watsutsana, ndi otsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa kuletsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito frisk wagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa, makamaka m'midzi yaing'ono. Makhoti akupitirizabe kupikisana ndi kulongosola malire a kukayikira koyenera ndi kutsimikizira kuti TYry [1] imaleka kukhala mabodza a kuvutitsa.

Milandu Yosadziŵika m’Chilamulo Choyamba cha Kukonzanso

Chitetezero cha First Amendment kaamba ka kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, ndi msonkhano chalongosoledwa ndi milandu yambiri yotchuka imene imalinganiza ufulu wofunika umenewu ndi zikondwerero za boma zopikisana. Milandu imeneyi yakhazikitsa maziko a kupenda mawu aufulu ndipo yaumba democracy ya Amereka mwa kutetezera makambitsirano amphamvu a anthu.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan: Protection Press Freedom

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964]) lamulo loipitsa lija mwa kukhazikitsa kuti akuluakulu a boma sangabweze ziwopsezo za mawu awo oipitsa khalidwe lawo lalamulo pokhapo ngati atsimikizira kuti ndemangayo inapangidwa ndi "njiru yeniyeni" . Chidziŵitso cha kunyenga kapena kunyalanyaza chowonadi. Chochitikachi chinapereka malo opumirapo kaamba ka kusuliza akuluakulu a boma, kuzindikira kuti ndemanga zina zonyenga nzosapeŵeka m'kutsutsana kwapoyera.

Muyezo weniweni wa njiru waperekedwa kwa anthu a boma kuposa akuluakulu a boma, kupangitsa chitetezo chachikulu kwa oimbidwa mlandu m’nkhani zoipitsa nkhani. Chigamulocho chikusonyeza lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lakuti kukambitsirana kwaulere ponena za nkhani za anthu nkofunika kwambiri kuposa kutetezera mbiri yolakwika ya nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Mlandu umenewu watchulidwa m’zosankha zosaŵerengeka zotsatira zophatikizapo ufulu wofalitsa nkhani ndipo ukupitirizabe kuipitsa lamulo lerolino.

Brandenburg v. Ohio: Kuyesedwa kwa Aincitement

Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] [12.1969] adakhazikitsa chiyeso chamakono cha pamene kulankhula kungalangidwe monga kusonkhezera kuchita zosaloleka. Mlandu unaphatikizapo mtsogoleri wa Ku Klux Klan wopezedwa ndi mlandu waupandu wa kuchirikiza chiwawa pa msonkhano. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti boma silingalange kuyankhula kowopsa pokhapo ngati "likuperekedwa kapena kupanga kachitidwe kowopsa kotsutsana ndi lamulo ndipo likhoza kusonkhezera kapena kupanga kachitidwe kankhondo koteroko.

Kuyesa kosamvana kumeneku kumapereka chitetezo champhamvu ngakhale pa kulankhula kwandale kopambanitsa, kusonyeza mfundo yakuti mankhwala a kulankhula koipa ali kulankhula kowonjezereka, osati kusanthula. Brandenburg kuyesa kwakhala muyezo wopendera zonena za kusonkhezera ndi kusonyeza chitetezo chachikulu cha First Amendment kaamba ka mawu andale, ngakhale pamene mawuwo ali onyansa kwambiri kapena ochirikiza khalidwe losakhala la lamulo.

Des Moines: Wophunzira Woyenerera Kulankhula

. .Des Moines Independent School School Community (1969) adatsimikiza kuti ophunzira sa "achotsa ufulu wawo walamulo ku ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa chipata cha sukulu. Mlanduwo unakhudza ophunzira olenjedwa chifukwa chovala mikono yakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam. Khotilo linagamula kuti masukulu sangalange mawu a ophunzira pokhapo ngati angasokoneze kwambiri ntchito zasukulu kapena kulanda ufulu wa ena.

Chosankha chinazindikira kuti ophunzira amasunga ufulu Woyamba wa kukonzanso pamene ali kusukulu, ngakhale kuti ufuluwo ungakhale wochepa m’njira zimene sizingagwire ntchito kwa achikulire m’zochitika zina. Nkhani zotsatizana zawongolera [ Muyezo wa sukulu, kulankhula ndi mawu otukwana, ndi kulimbikitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Nkhaniyi idakali poyambira kupenda zoyenera za ophunzira ndi kulinganiza ulamuliro wa maphunziro ndi chitetezo cha malamulo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera Akayamba Kusintha

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyang’ana kumalimbikitsa bata, dongosolo la zamalamulo limavomereza kuti ziŵerengero sizili zosasinthika. Makhoti akhoza ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa zigamulo zapapitapo pamene mikhalidwe iyenera kuchitika. Komabe, kugwetsa chitsanzo sikumachitidwa mopepuka, popeza kuti kumapeputsa kutsimikizirika ndi kusasintha kumene kumachititsa kuyang’ana kukhale. Makhoti amafuna kulungamitsidwa mwamphamvu kuti asiye kutsatira chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa.

Khoti Lalikulu lafotokoza mfundo zosiyanasiyana posankha ngati ndiyenera kutengerapo malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ngati chitsanzocho chatsimikizira kukhala chosagwira ntchito, kaya chawonongeka ndi zochitika zalamulo zotsatira, kaya ngati kudalirana kungavulazidwe ndi kupotoza, ndiponso ngati chitsanzo sichinali choyenera kapena chosemphana ndi malamulo ena. Kulemera koperekedwa ku mfundo zimenezi kungasiyane malinga ndi mbali ya lamulo ndi mafilosofi achiweruzo.

Zitsanzo Zodziŵika za Zoyamba Kulamulira

Zina za zopangidwa zazikulu kwambiri m'malamulo a America zakhala ndi chiphunzitso chosiyana kwambiri. BrowN v. Board of Education [[FLT :1]] n’kulamulira [[[FLT:] Planety v. Ferguson n’chiphunzitso chosiyana koma chofanana. [FLT:] Lawrence v. Texas kulamulira [[FLT:] mabowrif.[FFF:], chimene chinachirikiza malamulo aupandu wokhudza udzu. Ubwenzi wofanana. Chaposachedwapa, [FLT:] [v:]

Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale zochitika zazikulu kwambiri zingagwetsedwe pamene unyinji wa oweruza anena kuti chosankha choyambirira chinali cholakwa. Komabe, zimasonyezanso kuti kunyalanyaza nkosoŵa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kusuliza ndi kusintha kwa malamulo kapena mikhalidwe ya anthu. Mkangano wokhudza zosankha zimenezi umasonyeza kusemphana kwa kukhazikika ndi kuwongolera zophophonya zolingaliridwa m’kumasulira kovomerezedwa ndi lamulo.

Kuthandiza kwa Malingaliro Osemphana Maganizo

Kutsutsa malingaliro m'nkhani zapadera kaŵirikaŵiri kumachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kuchulukitsa kwa zotsatizana. Kusavomereza mfundo zina zalamulo ndi kusuliza malingaliro a ambiri, kupereka mapu a zitokoso za mtsogolo. Maganizo ena otchuka akhala lingaliro la anthu ambiri, ndi malingaliro otsutsa a chilungamo zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake.

Jasitisi John Marshall Harlan akutsutsana ndi Plessy v. Ferguson, akutsutsa kuti "Bungwe lathu ndi lakhungu la mtundu," adayambitsa malingaliro amene angakhoze ku Brown v. Board of Education zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi pambuyo pake. Woweruza Louis Brandeis kutsutsa kwa chinsinsi ndi nkhani zaufulu zokhudza malingaliro ambiri pambuyo pake. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene kutsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo, ngakhale pamene sachita tsikulo.

Milandu Yochititsa Chidwi m’Chilamulo cha Ulamuliro ndi cha Utsogoleri

Lamulo loyang’anira limalamulira mmene anthu amachitira zinthu ndi mabungwe a boma, limayankha mafunso okhudza ulamuliro wa mabungwe, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuweruza milandu ya mabungwe.

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council

Chiphunzitso cha U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council (19984) anakhazikitsa dongosolo la kupendanso matanthauzo a matanthauzo a malemba amene amapereka. Pansi pa CHEVron , makhoti choyamba amafunsa ngati Councilmenti yanena mwachindunji ku funso lolondola. Ngati si, makhoti akupereka matanthauzo a bungwelo malinga ngati kuli koyenera, ngakhale ngati khoti likanamasulira lamulolo.

Muyezo wolemekezeka umenewu wakhala wosonkhezera kwambiri, ukukhudza nkhani zosaŵerengeka zophatikizapo malamulo a mabungwe. Chiphunzitsochi chikusonyeza lamulo lakuti mabungwe ali ndi luso m'mbali zawo ndi kuti Nyumba za Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasiya mipata kuti mabungwe akwaniritsidwe mwa kupanga malamulo. Komabe, Chaveron [1] Kunyalanyaza kwakhalanso kotsutsana, ndipo otsutsa amanena kuti kumalola magulu kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndi kuti makhoti sayenera kunyalanyaza thayo lawo la kumasulira malamulo.

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zachepetsa Chavonint [1] Kuchedwetsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo pakhala kutsutsana kopitirizabe ponena za ngati chiphunzitsocho chiyenera kulamuliridwa kotheratu. Chisinthiko chimenechi chimasonyeza mmene ngakhale milandu yochititsa kaso m'lamulo la boma imapitirizira kuyengedwa ndi kufunsidwa pamene kulingalira kwalamulo kukukula.

Chiyambukiro cha Milandu ya Pansi pa Dziko pa Anthu

Milandu yosonyeza malo amodzi simangosintha chiphunzitso chalamulo . Nthaŵi zambiri zimakhudza kwambiri anthu, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe. Zosankha zimenezi zingasokoneze mayanjano a anthu, kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kwa ndale, kapena kuonetsa ndi kufulumiza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kumvetsa zotsatirapo za nkhani zapadera kumapereka mfundo zofunika pambali ya malamulo.

Brown v. Board of Education[FLT :1] sinathetse mwamsanga kusankhidwa kwa sukulu . Kutsutsa kokhazikika m'maiko ambiri kochedwetsa kwa zaka. Komabe, chigamulocho chinapereka ulamuliro walamulo ndi wa makhalidwe abwino kwa gulu la ufulu wa anthu ndi kuthandiza kusintha malingaliro a anthu pa kulingana kwa mafuko. Mofananamo, Roe v. Wade [ ] sanathetse kuchotsa mimba koma mmalo mwake anakhala maziko a kutsutsana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kwa anthu kumene kukupitirizabe lerolino.

Mikhalidwe ina yapadera ili ndi ziyambukiro zimene zimafutukukira kupyola pa kuima kwawo. New York Times Co v. Sullivan yopangidwa ndi magazini a ku America mwa kupereka chitetezo kwa kufufuza koopsa. Manda v. Arizona anasintha machitidwe a a apolisi m'dziko lonselo ndipo anakhala otchuka. [[FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges anasonyeza ndi kusintha kwa maganizo a anthu aunansi amodzimodziwo.

Malire a Mphamvu ya Chiŵeruzo

Ngakhale kuti milandu yosintha zinthu ingasinthe, imavumbulanso malire a mphamvu zachiweruzo. Makhoti amadalira nthambi zina za boma ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu kuti akwaniritse zosankha zawo. Mawu otchuka olembedwa ndi pulezidenti Andrew Jackson ponena za chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba("" John Marshall anapanga chigamulo chake; tsopano apereke kuti chitsimikizocho chikhale choona kuti makhoti alibe njira zosungitsa ndipo ayenera kudalira pa kumvera modzifunira.

Kugwira ntchito kwa zosankha zapadera kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa zinthu zimene sizingalingaliridwe ndi lamulo. Chichirikizo chandale, kukonzekera kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kupezeka kwa njira zosungitsira lamulo zonsezo zimayambukira kaya nkhani yochititsa kaso imakhala ndi chisonkhezero chake.

Mmene Olamulira Amagwiritsira Ntchito Milandu ya Pansi Pochita Zinthu

Kwa maloya ochitirapo mayeso, milandu yapadera iri ziŵiya zofunika kaamba ka kulembedwa kwa lamulo. Malamulo amatchula milandu imeneyi m’mifuno, tertranda, ndi zigomeko za pakamwa kuchirikiza malo awo ndi makhoti osonkhezera. Kumvetsetsa mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino zitsanzo zapadera kuli luso lalikulu m’zochita za lamulo.

Attorney ayenera kusanthula mosamalitsa milandu yosintha zinthu kuti apeze malamulo oyenerera ndi kuona mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito ku mikhalidwe ya makasitomala awo. Zimenezi zimafuna kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugwira ndi "lamulo lofunikira kugamulidwa" ndi dista . Zikalata zofotokoza zimene sizinali zofunika kuti mlanduwo uthetsedwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusunga mapulinsipulo n’kogwirizana, mawu oimira angakhale okopa koma osachita kulemera koyenera.

Kulankhula mochenjera kumafunanso kuzindikira malingaliro a kumbuyo kwa zigamulo zapadera. Oweruza amene angafotokoze chifukwa chake khoti linafikira pa chigamulo chinachake ndi kusonyeza mmene lingalirolo limagwirira ntchito ku mlandu watsopano aliri kothekera kwambiri kukopa oweruza. Zimenezi sizimaphatikizapo kungotchula milandu koma kuloŵetsamo nzeru zawo ndi kusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera chitsanzo ku mlandu wamakonoko nkogwirizana ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ozikidwa pa chosankha chotchukacho.

Kusiyanitsa Zoipa

Pamene milandu yotchuka iwoneka kukhala ikuchirikiza malo a chipani chotsutsa, maloya aluso ayenera kusiyanitsa zitsanzo zimenezo mwa kusonyeza kuti iwo samagwira ntchito ku mlandu wamakono. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kugogomezera kusiyana kwa zenizeni, kutsutsa kuti chitsanzo chapambuyo pake chilankhula za nkhani yalamulo yosiyana, kapena kutsutsa kuti chitsanzocho chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana ndi nkhani yake yeniyeni.

Kusiyanitsa ndi chitsanzo ndicho luso limene limafuna luso ndi kukhwimitsa zinthu. Oweruza ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa milandu pamene akuvomereza kufanana kwake. Makhoti ali othekera kwambiri kuvomereza kusiyana kumene kuli kogwirizana ndi maziko a chitsanzocho mmalo mwa kusiyana kumene kumawoneka kukhala kokha kwa luso lolinganizidwa kupeŵa zotulukapo zoipa.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuphunzira Kudzera m’Zochitika Zochititsa Chidwi

Maphunziro alamulo amadalira kwambiri pa milandu yotchuka kuphunzitsa ophunzira mmene angalingalirire mofanana ndi maloya. Njira ya mlandu, yochitira upainiya ku Harvard Law School chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, imagwiritsira ntchito malingaliro achiweruzo monga nkhani yaikulu yophunzitsa. Ophunzira amaŵerenga milandu yosinthasintha zinthu, amapenda malingaliro a makhoti, ndi kukambirana mmene mfundo zake zimagwira ntchito pa kusinthasintha kongoyerekezera.

Njira imeneyi yophunzitsa imathandiza pazifukwa zambiri. Imaphunzitsa ophunzira kuchotsa malamulo alamulo m’malingaliro achiweruzo, kumvetsetsa mmene makhoti amalingalirira nkhani zovuta, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo pamikhalidwe yatsopano. Milandu yoika chizindikiro ya m’dziko iri zida zamtengo wapatali kwenikweni zophunzitsira chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo malamulo amakhalidwe abwino, kupereka zitsanzo zomvekera bwino za kuweruza, ndipo yachititsa kukambitsirana ndi kuwongolera kotsatirapo.

Kupyola pa sukulu za malamulo, nkhani zapadera zimatumikira zifuno za maphunziro m'chitaganya chachikulu. Milandu imeneyi imaphunzitsidwa m'makalasi a boma a ku sekondale, ikufotokozedwa m'masukulu a sayansi, ndi kutsutsana kwapoyera. Imapereka zitsanzo zotsimikizirika za mmene dongosolo la malamulo limagwira ntchito ndi mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amagwirira ntchito ku mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya dziko. Kumvetsetsa milandu yolembedwa mwapadera kuli mbali ya kudziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, kuthandiza nzika kuzindikira zoyenera zawo ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma.

Tsogolo la Zinthu Zoipa M’malo Ovomerezeka Mwalamulo Osinthasintha

Makhoti akulimbana ndi mavuto amene akhalapo potengera njira zosiyanasiyana za luso la zopangapanga ndi za chikhalidwe cha anthu pankhani zamakono.

Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo akayikira ngati chiphunzitso chamwambo cha kuyang’ana chidakali choyenerera m’mbali zosintha mofulumira za lamulo. iwo amatsutsa kuti kumamatira zolimba ku chitsanzo kungaletse lamulo kusinthira ku zenizeni zatsopano ndi kuti makhoti ayenera kukhala ofunitsitsa kupendanso zosankha zoyambirira pamene mikhalidwe yasintha mowonekera. ena amachirikiza kuti kukhazikika ndi kuneneratu kumakhala kopambana ndi kusintha kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo mmalo mwa kutsendereza kwachiweruzo.

Nkhani yokhudzana ndi zimene zinachitika kale yakhala ndi masinthidwe atsopano ndi masinthidwe a Khoti Lalikulu ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kumasulira kwa malamulo. Zigamulo zaposachedwapa zoluluza kapena kuchepetsa zochitika zapanthaŵiyo zayambitsa makambitsirano onena za mbali yoyenera ya kuyang’ana ndi kaya Khotilo lakhala lofunitsitsa kutaya lamulo lokhazikitsidwa. Mwachionekere mikangano imeneyi idzapitirizabe kuwongolera mmene makhoti adzafikira chitsanzo m’zaka zikubwerazi.

Luso la Umisiri ndi Malamulo Atsopano

Kusintha kwa zipangizo zamakono n’kovuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira zinthu. Nkhani zachinayi za Opaleshoni zimene zagamulidwa pa nkhani ya kufufuza zinthu ziyenera kuyenderana ndi kuyang'anira zinthu. Njira yoyamba yowonjezera yopangira makompyuta iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo a pulogalamu a anthu komanso zinthu zokhala ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba.

Makhoti ofotokoza nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ku malamulo a milandu yapadera mmalo mwa ziŵiya zawo zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kamber v. United States (2017), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kupeza mafaelo a foni kumafuna chilo, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a Wechinayi Constemplifict ku luso lamakono. Chigamulocho chinatenga milandu yapadera yonga Katz v. United States (1967), imene inatsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwa Malamulo kumatetezera ziyembekezo zachinsinsi, osati malo wamba a kumanja chabe.

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likupitirizabe kusintha, makhoti ayenera kudziwa zinthu zimene zikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu zakale ndiponso zimene zingafunikire kuwonjezera pa ziphunzitso zatsopano.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Zoyamba

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani ino ikunena makamaka za malamulo a ku America, kuli bwino kuwona kuti madongosolo osiyanasiyana a zamalamulo kuzungulira dziko lapansi amasiyana. Madongosolo a malamulo wamba, otengedwa ku lamulo lachingelezi, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira chiphunzitso cha kuyang’ana ndi kudalira kwambiri pa chitsanzo chachiweruzo. Madongosolo a malamulo a nzika, ofala m'maiko a Yuropu ndi mbali zina zambiri za dziko, amaika chigogomezero chochepa pa zochitika za m'mbuyo ndi malamulo omveka bwino.

Komabe, kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma ndi a boma kwakhala kochepa kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Makhoti a boma akutchula kwambiri zigamulo zakale, ndipo malamulo wamba ali ndi malamulo ambiri a boma. Makhoti apadziko lonse ndi a m’zigawo, monga European Court of Human Rights, ayambitsa njira zawozawo zochitira zinthu zimene zaphatikiza miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya zamalamulo.

Nthaŵi zina milandu yosintha zinthu ya ku America imayambukira zitukuko zalamulo m’maiko ena, makamaka m’mbali zonga ufulu walamulo ndi kupenda chiweruzo. Makhoti a maiko akunja angatchule zigamulo za Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba la United States kukhala zosonkhezera pokambirana nkhani zofananazo.

Kusuliza ndi Malo Ochititsa Chidwi Ozungulira Milandu ya M’dziko

Si aliyense amene akuvomereza kuti milandu yotchuka yakhala yothandiza kapena kuti makhoti amasulira molondola lamulo. zosankha zambiri zapadera zakhala zotsutsana pamene ziperekedwa ndi kutsutsidwa zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Kumvetsetsa kusuliza kumeneku kumapereka chithunzi chokwanira cha mmene milandu imagwira ntchito m’dongosolo la zamalamulo.

Osuliza ena amanena kuti milandu yosintha zinthu imaimira ozengedwa mlandu, oweruza osasankhidwa akumapereka malamulo awo mmalo momasulira mokhulupirika lamulo.

Ena amasuliza milandu yapadera yosintha zinthu monga mmene inagamulidwa molakwa pazifukwa za lamulo, akumatsutsa kuti makhoti anamasulira molakwa makonzedwe alamulo, kunyalanyaza zitsanzo zoyenerera, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro olakwika. kaŵirikaŵiri mawu ameneŵa amachokera kwa akatswiri ndi oweruza okhala ndi nthanthi zosiyanasiyana zomasulira, zonga ngati akatswiri oyambirira amene amakhulupirira kuti Lamulolo liyenera kutembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu ndi aja amene amayanja njira ya malamulo ya moyo imene imalola tanthauzo la kusintha.

Chipwirikiti Cholimbana ndi Majoriti

Chipwirikiti chachikulu m'lamulo ndi "mavuto a boma". Nkhaŵa ya mmene angalungamitsire oweruza osasankhidwa kugwetsa zigamulo zochitidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi boma. Milandu yachiweruzo imene imatsutsa malamulo otchuka imasonyeza kupsinjikaku. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupenda kwa chiweruzo kumatetezera ufulu wa lamulo kwa ozembera apamwamba, kumatanthauzanso kuti makhoti angalepheretse chifuniro cha anthu monga momwe chasonyezedwera ndi oimira awo osankhidwa.

Otetezera kupenda kolimba kwa chiweruzo amanena kuti kutetezera ufulu wa lamulo kuli kwenikweni kumene makhoti ayenera kuchita, ngakhale ngati $_ziyeneretsozo sizikudziŵika. Amatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa malamulo ena amene sangaswedwe ngakhale ndi maulamuliro a demokalase ndi kuti makhoti amatumikira monga otetezera mapulinsipulo ofunika. Kutsutsana kumeneku ponena za mbali yoyenera ya makhoti m’demokrase kukupitirizabe kuumba makambitsirano a zochitika zapadera ndi zochitika.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Maselo a Malo

Milandu yosonyeza malamulo imaimira kuyesayesa kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhazikika ku mikhalidwe yosintha. Zigamulo zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga zitsogozo za makhoti, maloya, ndi nzika, kupereka malamulo oyenerera kumvetsetsa ufulu, maulamuliro a boma, ndi malamulo. Kupyolera m'chiphunzitso cha kuyang'ana, milandu yosintha zinthu imapanga kukhazikika ndi kutsimikizirika kwa kulola chisinthiko chapang'onopang'ono pamene makhoti akukonza ndi kusintha zochitika ndi kusintha ndi kusintha zochitika ku mikhalidwe yatsopano.

Nkhani zofotokozedwa m'nkhani ino . "kuchokera ku Madison ku [FLT] "ku] ku bergefell v. Hodges [1] . . . Zingasiyani mmene zosankha zapadera zimasinthira mbali iliyonse ya lamulo, kuyambira ku ufulu wa lamulo mpaka ku malamulo a aupandu. Nkhani zimenezi sizimathetsa kokha mikangano ya munthu aliyense; zimakhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsogolera zosankha zosaŵerengeka za m’tsogolo ndi kukhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene sanali oloŵa m’gulu loyamba la malamulo.

Kuzindikira milandu yosintha zinthu n’kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsa mmene malamulo amagwirira ntchito. Zigamulo zimenezi zimasonyeza makhalidwe amene ali m’lamulo lathu, njira zimene khoti limagwiritsa ntchito kumasulira malamulo, ndi kukambirana kopitirizabe pakati pa mbadwo wakale ndi wamakono pamene mbadwo uliwonse wa oweruza umagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa pa mavuto a masiku ano. Ngakhale kuti milandu yapadera ingayambitse mikangano ndipo ina ingaletsedwe, njira yotsatirirapo malamulo imakhala yofunikabe ku malamulo.

Pamene chitaganya chikupitiriza kusinthika ndi kubuka kwa mafunso atsopano a lamulo, makhoti adzapitirizabe kugamula milandu imene ingakhale mbadwo wa zinthu zoikika wotsatira. Zosankha za mtsogolo zimenezi zidzamanga pa maziko okhazikitsidwa ndi milandu yapapitapo yosonyeza kupitirizabe ndi kusinthika kumene kumasonyeza mwambo wa malamulo wamba. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za dongosolo la malamulo a America ndi milandu ya khoti lapamwamba, chezerani Website ya Khoti yalamulo [ kapena kufufuza zinthu pa [[FLT] Institute yodziŵira chidziŵitso pa Cornell Law School [[FLT]]

Kugwirizana kwa nkhani zapadera ndi chiphunzitso cha chitsanzo kumatsimikizira kuti lamulolo limakhala lokhazikika ndi logwira mtima . N’kutheka kuti kulinganiza kumeneku ndi kupitirizabe ndi chisinthiko ndi kupambana kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la malamulo wamba ndi choloŵa chosatha cha zochitika zosintha zimene zapanga. Kaya munthu avomereza kapena kutsutsa ndi zosankha zakutizakuti, dongosolo la chitsanzo limapereka maziko a mfundo zolingaliridwa zalamulo ndi kupanga zosankha zalamulo zimene zimasiyanitsa lamulo ndi mphamvu zopanda maziko.