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Kuchokera ku Bill Kunka Kumka Kumbuyo: Ulendo wa Lamulo Wokakamiza
Malamulo alionse amayamba monga lingaliro , kulinganiza, chilungamo, kapena chitetezo cha anthu. Koma njira yochokera ku lingaliro limenelo kufika ku kusungitsa kwenikweni m’khwalala njainde, yoikidwa, ndi yowonongeka kaŵirikaŵiri. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amatsatidwira kumafuna kuyang'ana pa kachitidwe konseko: mmene amalengedwera, amene amagwiritsira ntchito, mmene amamasulira, ndi zimene zimachitika pamene aphwanyidwa. Nkhaniyi imaswa chigawo chilichonse, kuchokera ku chipinda cha malamulo kupita ku galimoto, ndi kupenda ntchito za mabungwe, mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo, ndi malo osungira malamulo ozungulira.
Malamulo: Kuchoka pa Kulinganiza Kukhala Mgwirizano
Malamulo a boma ndi amene amachititsa kuti lamulo liziyendera bwino.
Kuuzidwa ndi Kuponderezedwa
Lamulo limayamba monga bbill , yoyambitsidwa ndi chiŵalo cha nyumba yoyaluza (mtsogoleri, woimira, kapena chiŵalo cha nyumba ya malamulo). Lamulolo lingatuluke kuchokera ku zochokera zosiyanasiyana: bungwe la boma lodziŵira malo a kubwerera, gulu lachidwi la anthu lokakamizika kusintha, kapena wopanga malamulo woyankha ku nkhaŵa ya bungwelo. Kusintha lamulolo kuli kugwiritsa ntchito kwa luso [1] malamulo ndi akatswiri a chinenero chaluso kulongosola za malo, ziletso, ndi ziperekero. Zikalata zolembedwa molakwika zingayambitse maloto pambuyo pake.
Kupenda ndi Kutsutsana kwa Komiti
Pamene angoperekedwa, ndalamazo zimagaŵiridwa ku komiti imene imayang'anira malo oyenerera (m., jaji, thanzi, zoyendera). Komitiyo imamvetsera kumene akatswiri, ochirikiza, ndi adani amachitira umboni. Kumeneku ndiko kumene malamulo amasinthidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, nthaŵi zina mokulira. Pambuyo pa komiti, lamulolo limapita pansi kuti akambirane. M'malamulo ambiri, makambitsirano amalinganizidwa kulola onse aŵiri ochirikiza ndi otsutsa kulankhula, ndipo zitsutso zingaperekedwe kuchokera pansi.
Kugulitsa ndi Kuvomereza Kupanga Zipembedzo
Pambuyo pa mkangano, lamulolo limasankhidwa. M'dongosolo launcameral, ambiri angakwane; m'madongosolo a bimameral (monga Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States kapena UK), zipinda zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kudutsa matembenuzidwe ofanana. Ngati zisiyana, komiti ya msonkhano imagwirizanitsa kutsutsana. Chigawo chimenechi chingaletse chikalata, makamaka m'malo osungunuka kwambiri.
Chivomerezo cha Olamulira ndi Kuvomereza
Pambuyo pake, lamulolo limatumizidwa kwa mkulu (Presidenti, kazembe, nduna yaikulu, kapena mfumu). Mkulu angasaine lamulo, kapena , m'madongosolo ena . "alole kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa nyengo yoyembekezera. Nthaŵi zina chivoti chingakhale chopanda mphamvu ndi bungwe lapamwamba lolamulira. Pamene asainidwa, lamulolo limakhala lamulo lovomerezeka [[[FLT: 0] ndipo lapatsidwa nambala ya lamulo lapoyera. Komabe, kuikidwa kwa lamulo sikumatanthauza kusungitsa lamulo lapanthaŵi yomweyo. Malamulo ambiri amaphatikizapo tsiku lochedwa lothandiza kukonza makampani.
Ngati dziko lenileni liyang'ana pa njira yalamulo ya U.S., njira ya malamulo ya U.S.
Nthambi Yoyang’anira Ntchito ndi Kukwaniritsa
Malamulo samadziphera okha. Nthambi yapamwamba . Imene imaikidwa ndi pulezidenti, kazembe, kapena nduna yaikulu ya boma . Imapereka udindo waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ntchito zazikulu zingapo.
Kulamulira kwa Agency
Malamulo ambiri analembedwa m'mawu aakulu. Lamulo lingaletse "kuletsa kapena machitidwe kapena machitachita onyenga," koma limafunikira bungwe lolamulira . (monga ngati [[FLT: 0]] Federal Trade Commission [1] ] kulongosola chimene chimatanthauza m'mawu otchulira. Nkhani ya boma [[FLT:]] maregigi [[FLT] (malamulo oikidwa) amene amakwaniritsa tsatanetsatane. Kachitidwe kameneka kakupanga kamodzi kameneka kamatsatira kachitidwe: kuzindikira kukonza malamulo, ndemanga yapo, kapepala komaliza m'kalembetsedwe ka boma (m., kulembedwa kwa bungwe la U.S. Malamulowa ali ndi lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.
Kupereka Ndalama ndi Antchito
Makampani a boma amafunika ndalama, anthu ndiponso zipangizo.
Malangizo Ogwira Ntchito ndi Kuyang’anira
Woyang’anira wa boma amalangizanso mabungwe za ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, bwanamkubwa angauze apolisi za malonda a anthu kapena zangozi zapamsewu. Mabungwe a boma amathandiza popereka lipoti, pofufuza, ndi popanga makompyuta ena.
Phunzirani zambiri ponena za kayendetsedwe ka U.S. kuchokera ku ['FLT:0] Regubles.goval
Kumasulira ndi Kubwereramo
Kodi mawu akuti “Kodi lamulo limatsutsana ndi malamulo ”? Kodi bungwe lina linaposa mphamvu yake?
Kumasulira Mwambo
Pamene mlandu ufika ku bwalo lamilandu, oweruza amapenda mawu a lamulo, mbiri yake ya malamulo, ndi cholinga cha okonza. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito zolembedwa zosiyanasiyana za kumanga . Monga lamulo lomveka, lamulo la kulakwa (m’lamulo laupandu), ndi lingaliro lotsutsa kuperekedwa kwa ufulu , kuti aone mmene lamulolo limagwirira ntchito. Kumasulira kwawo kumakhala kogwirizana ndi milandu yamtsogolo.
Kuthetsa Mikangano
Kawirikawiri malamulo amachititsa kuti anthu azikangana: munthu amene amanena kuti wamangidwa anali wosaloleka; wochita mipikisano yokhudzana ndi anthu a m’dzikolo anali ndi malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo; woyang’anira milandu amatsutsa zoti achotsedwe.
Kupenda Malamulo a Chiweruzo
Makhoti ambiri, angaike malamulo amene amaphwanya malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] kupendanso kwa lamulo, ndi kupenda kofufuza mphamvu yalamulo ndi ya maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lawononga malamulo pa maziko a ufulu wa kulankhula, chitetezo cholingana, ndi njira zoyenerera. Pamene khoti lipeza lamulo lopanda lamulo, lamulo loletsa mphamvu ya ulamulirowo.
Kukakamiza Malamulo: Mzera Woonekeratu
Pamene kuli kwakuti mabungwe a malamulo amapanga malamulo ndi kumasulira makhoti, ndi mabungwe osungitsa malamulo , ndi oweruza milandu, oyang’anira boma, ndi ofufuza a boma — amene amawasungitsa mwachindunji m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kufufuza ndi Umboni Zikusonkhana
Kukakamiza anthu kumayamba ndi chidziŵitso. Bungwe losungitsa lamulo lingalandire chidandaulo, kuwona khalidwe lokayikira, kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa thangata. Oyang'anira amachititsa kufufuza: mboni, kusonkhanitsa umboni wakuthupi, kupereka zikalata zofunsira, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopimira. Pankhani zovuta, upandu wa dzuŵa, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, uchigaŵenga . Mayeso angachititse miyezi kapena zaka zambiri ndipo amaphatikizapo mabungwe osiyanasiyana.
Kumangidwa ndi Kuiwala
Ngati pali chochititsa chothekera kuti chachitidwa, maofesala angagwire. Njira za kugwidwa zimalamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima. Mu United States, Kusintha kwachinayi kumafuna zilolezo za kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri m’nyumba, kusiyapo ngati mikhalidwe itakhalapo. Pambuyo pa kumangidwa, wokayikiridwayo amaŵerengeredwa mlandu, ndipo kaya amamasulidwa pa belo kapena kuzengedwa mlandu. Kuzengedwa mlandu kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi ngozi kapena ngozi kwa chitaganya.
Patrol ndi Deterrence
Kuyendera boma ndi ntchito yaikulu ya apolisi. Kukhalapo kwa anthu n’cholinga choletsa upandu ndi kuthandizira mwamsanga zochitika. Njira zamakono zoyendera zimaphatikizapo apolisi apolisi ogwiritsa ntchito zigawenga (kuyang'anira zinthu pa madera aupandu) ndi njira zoyendera anthu.
Kukakamiza Kwapadera
Pambuyo pa ntchito yapolisi yachisawawa, malamulo ambiri amafuna mabungwe apadera osungitsa chakudya. Mabungwe otetezera anthu oteteza zinthu [[FLT :1] amayang'anira kuipitsa, aumboni zaumoyo wa anthu onse [ amayang'ana kutetezeka kwa chakudya, [[FLT:] magule a zamalonda [[FLT]] oyendetsa misika ya kutsende, ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo a malire. Mabungwe onsewa amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ake a boma ndi malamulo a boma.
Kaamba ka kusanthula kwamphamvu za apolisi ndi zophophonya, onani Ofesi ya Chilungamo Programu [1].
Kuloŵetsedwamo ndi Udindo wa M’chitaganya
Si boma lokha limene limaonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa, koma nzika zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zikuyenda bwino.
Kusimba ndi Kuchitira Umboni
Upandu wochuluka umabwera ku apolisi chifukwa chakuti wina akuwasimba. Popanda kugwirizana ndi nzika, maupandu ambiri [1] makamaka a m’banja, kuba, kapena kuwononga zinthu . Umboni wa Mboni kaŵirikaŵiri umakhala umboni wa mlandu. Kulimbikitsa kupereka lipoti la ndalama zopanda dzina, makampani a pa Intaneti, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kukhulupirirana ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa apolisi amakono.
Maprogramu Otetezera Upandu
Madera ambiri amalinganiza [[FLT: 0] Programu za kuchuluka kwa maprogramu. Kulimbikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa nzika ndi maofesala. Iwo amaphunzitsa anthu ponena za kuvomereza ntchito zokayikitsa, kusungitsa katundu, ndi kugwirizana ndi kufufuza. Maprogramu oterowo amathandizanso kuchepetsa mantha aupandu ndi kulemekezana.
Kusintha kwa Kachitidwe ka Ulimi
Nzika zingaumirize kusintha malamulo. Mwa kupempha, kukopa, umboni wapoyera, ndi kuvota, anthu ndi magulu angasonkhezere malamulo amene amaperekedwa ndi mmene malamulo amaikira patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa ufulu wa anthu kwachititsa kusintha kwa malamulo apolisi, mafashoni, ndi zitsogozo za lamulo. Kutomera nzika ndiko kupenda kofunika pa ponse paŵiri ochenjera ndi osungitsa.
Mavuto Obwerapo Pochita Zinthu
Ngakhale kuti pali dongosolo locholoŵana, kusungitsa malamulo kumayang’anizana ndi zopinga zopitirizabe zimene zimafooketsa kugwira ntchito ndi chilungamo.
Kupinga Zinthu ndi Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa Zinthu
Mabungwe ambiri osungitsa anthu amauzidwa kuti azitsatira malamulo awo. Dipatimenti ya apolisi yaing’ono ya m’tauni ingakhale yopanda zipangizo, maphunziro, kapena antchito osamalira zauchigawenga zachinsinsi. Bungwe loyang’anira malo onse otetezedwa lingakhale ndi ochepera kwambiri oyang’anira malo alionse. Kuperewera kwa zinthu kungapangitse kuti malamulo ena akhazikitsidwe mwamphamvu pamene ena akunyalanyazidwa, kuchititsa kusatsatira malamulo.
Kukhulupirirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo
Pamene anthu ataya chidaliro m'kusungidwa kwa lamulo, kugwirizana kumachepa. Zochitika zazikulu za mphamvu yopambanitsa, kusakaza kwa mafuko, kapena ziphuphu zikutha. Popanda kudalirana, nzika sizinganenere milandu, kutumikira monga mboni, kapena kulandira ulamuliro wa apolisi. Kumanganso chikhulupiriro kumafuna kuwonekera, kuŵerengera mlandu, kuvomerezana kwa chitaganya, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri, kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.
Kucholoŵana kwa Malamulo ndi Kupambanitsa
Kuchuluka ndi kucholoŵana kwa malamulo kungaletse onse aŵiri okakamiza ndi nzika. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, kuli maupandu zikwi zambiri a boma, kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma ndi a kumaloko. Ambiri ali opanga, osadziŵika, kapena achikale. Kusintha kwa upandu kumeneku [[FLT: 0] kumapereka nzeru za apolisi ndipo kungatsogolere ku kutsata kosayenera. Kumapangitsanso kukhala kovuta kwa anthu wamba kudziŵa lamulolo, osagwirizana nalo.
Kusokonezeka kwa Zipangizo za Umisiri ndi Kusoŵa Zochita
Makompyuta atsopano , kuyang'ana nkhope, ma algorith , kuyang'anira za mayanjano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kamera ndi nyumba zokhazikitsa zidakali kutsutsana ndi mmene angalinganizire chitetezo cha anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.
Malamulo a M’tsogolo
Pamene anthu akusintha, njira zosungitsa zinthu ziyenera kusintha.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chitsogozo ndi Kuona Bwinobwino
Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mfundo zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga kugula zinthu, kuzindikira njira za upandu, ndi kupenda bwino. Madipatimenti ena amafalitsa ziŵerengero za upandu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zolembedwa pa Intaneti kuwonjezera kuonekera. Komabe, kusagwirizana kwa malamulo ndi nkhani za masamu ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zipeŵetse tsankho.
Chitsanzo Chabwino cha Kakhalidwe ka Anthu
Apolisi ambiri akuchoka pa njira zochitira zinthu mochitapo kanthu, zankhondo kulinga ku ntchito yapolisi [1]. Nthanthi imeneyi imalimbikitsa mavuto, kumanga maunansi, ndi kuloŵetsamo anthu okhala m’malo oyamba. Oyang’anira amagaŵiridwa kumadera ena, kupezeka pamisonkhano ya chitaganya, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi mautumiki a anthu kuti athetse zochititsa upandu, monga ngati umphaŵi kapena kumwerekera ndi zinthu.
Kusintha Malamulo ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo
Broad imafuna kusintha / / kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe a zachikhalidwe, kufufuza zamaphunziro, ndi mabungwe a boma. Kusintha malamulo a boma, kuchotsa milandu ina (m.g., kugula chamba), njira zina zomangira kumangidwa (m., kutsegulira ndi kumasula), ndi makomiti oyang'anira akuyendetsedwa m’madera ambiri. Cholinga ndicho kupanga lamulo loyenera, logwira mtima, ndi logwirizana ndi makhalidwe a anthu onse.
Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko Onse
Upandu ukuwonjezereka kudutsa malire. Kugulitsa anthu, kugulitsa ndalama, ndi uchigaŵenga zimafuna kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Mapangano, mapangano alamulo, ndi magulu a ntchito amodzi amalola mabungwe ochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana kugaŵana nzeru, kukayikirana, ndi ntchito zina zogwirizana. Mabungwe onga [[FLT:] TIMTERPOL . [FLT:] ndi [FLT:]
Kumaliza: Kuŵerengeredwa Kwamphamvu kwa Dongosolo
Ulendo wochoka ku lamulo kupita ku kukwaniritsa si ntchito ya boma. Ndi njira yaikulu yophatikizapo nthambi zambiri za boma, mabungwe osungitsa lamulo, ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito. Pa siteji iliyonse ya kutumiza anthu kukafufuza kuti akaonenso zinthu. Kumvetsa ulendowu kumathandiza nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi madokotala kuzindikira mphamvu ndi malire a malamulo. Mwa kukhala odziwa ndi ogwirizana, tingathandize kutsimikizira kuti malamulo akwaniritsa cholinga chawo chachikulu kwambiri: kukonza bwino, chilungamo, ndi chitaganya cha onse.