Chiyambi: Kusiyana Kofutukuka ndi Ntchito ya Mphamvu ya Malamulo

Kuchuluka kwa anthu opeza ndalama za ndalama kwakhala chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu a zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. M’zaka makumi anayi zapitazi, chuma chapamwamba chasintha kwambiri pa kugaŵidwa kwa ndalama za dzikolo, ndipo anthu ambiri opeza ndalama ayamba kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa malipiro a anthu olemera kwambiri komanso osauka. M’mayiko otukuka, kuwonjezeka kwa chuma kwachititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri asinthe umphaŵi, koma ulendo pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka kwambiri wakulanso.

Mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo — nyumba za malamulo, misonkhano ya malamulo, ndi misonkhano yaikulu — amasunga ulamuliro wa lamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalinganiza mwachindunji kugaŵidwa kwa chuma. Mwa kupanga malamulo a msonkho, kugawidwa kwa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi anthu, ndi kupangidwa kwa masikiti otetezera anthu, mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa amene amapindula ndi kukula kwa chuma. Kulimbana ndi kusalingana kwa ndalama sikuli kokha kukambitsirana kwa maphunziro; ndiko njira ya malamulo yophatikizapo kukambitsirana, kukambitsirana, ndi kulinganiza kwa zikondwerero zopikisana.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza bwino mmene mabungwe a malamulo padziko lonse amasamalirira ndalama zimene anthu amapeza popereka msonkho ndiponso pothandiza anthu opanga malamulo, umboni wa ntchito zimene anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amachita, mavuto andale ndi azachuma, ndiponso njira zatsopano zimene zingayambitse kuwonjezeka kwa tsogolo la anthu oyenera kupatsidwa.

Kuyeza ndi Kufika Patali kwa Kusalingana kwa Makhalidwe

Asanapende mayankhidwe a lamulo, nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene kuchuluka kwa ndalama kumapimidwa ndi chifukwa chake kuli kofunika. Chiŵerengero chofala cha GINI conation, chimene chimachokera pa 0 (kulingana kwangwiro, kumene aliyense ali ndi ndalama zofanana) kufika pa 1 (kupanda kusiyana kwangwiro, kumene munthu mmodzi ali ndi ndalama zonse). Mayiko monga South Africa ndi Brazil ali ndi Gini conations pamwamba pa 0.5, pamene mayiko a ku Norway kaŵirikaŵiri amalemba pakati pa 0.25 ndi 030.

Komabe, Gini conation imauza mbali imodzi ya nkhaniyo. Economists amapendanso ziŵerengero za Palma — gawo la ndalama zopezedwa ndi 10 peresenti yogaŵidwa ndi imene ili ndi 40 peresenti — limodzinso ndi chiŵerengero cha pakati pa CEO Relipice ndi wantchito youlutsira nkhani. Zolemba za magulu onga [[FL:0] World Mitualganity Report ndi CD Yobweretsa Disiki yosagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zikuvumbula chikhoterero chosalekeza: popanda njira yoloŵerera, mphamvu ya malonda imakonda kusumika maganizo pa chuma ndi ndalama zapamwamba.

Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene anthu amapeza kumachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto ambiri, monga kuchepa kwa kakhalidwe, maphunziro otsika pakati pa magulu osauka, kuchuluka kwa anthu ophwanya malamulo ndi omangidwa, ndiponso kusafuna ndalama zambiri.

Apolisi a Msonkho Monga Zida Zoperekera Chiwombolo

Lamulo la msonkho ndi chiŵiya chachindunji choikidwiratu chogwiritsira ntchito pa nyumba ya malamulo kusonkhezera kugawira ndalama. Mwa kugamula amene amapereka gawo la ndalama zawo ku boma, malamulo a msonkho angawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa anthu.

Kupereka Msonkho Mwapang’onopang’ono

Lamulo la msonkho wopita patsogolo wa malipiro nlomveka: awo amene ali ndi ndalama zambiri amalipira chigawo chachikulu cha malipiro awo pa misonkho. Madongosolo ambiri a msonkho amapita patsogolo, koma mlingo wa kupita patsogolo umasiyana kwambiri. M'nyengo ya pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, maiko ambiri anaika milingo yapamwamba ya 70 peresenti kapena kukwera. Mitengo imeneyi inatsika kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1980, chikhoterero chosonkhezeredwa ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, kupita kumalikulu, ndi chisonkhezero cha ndale cha opeza ndalama zambiri.

Malamulo amene akulingalira ngati kukweza milingo yapamwamba ya ndalama ayenera kupima mbadwo wa ndalama ndi ziyambukiro zoipa pa kukwera kwa ndalama. Umboni wa Nationalal Bureau of Economic Research [1] Umboni wa National Bureau of [[FLT: 1] umapereka lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezeka kwapamwamba sikumachepetsa kwenikweni phindu la zachuma, makamaka pamene ndalamazo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito powonjezera phindu la anthu.

Misonkho ya Mabanja Otsika ndi Apakati

Malo oyenera kupereka msonkho akhala maziko a lamulo lotsutsa umphaŵi m'maiko ambiri. Makina a Inhomed Inhome Tax Credit ku United States, mwachitsanzo, amapereka ndalama kwa antchito olandira ndalama zochepa zimene zimatuluka monga malipiro. Kufufuza kwa malamulo nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti EITC imawonjezera kugwira ntchito kwa antchito pakati pa makolo osakwatira ndi kuchepetsa umphaŵi wa ana. Maprogramu ofananawo alipo mu United Kingdom (Chilolezo cha Universal Price), Canada (Malo Opindulitsa a Mabanja a ku Canada), ndi New Zealand (Kugwira Ntchito kwa Mabanja).

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amafutukula kapena kuvomereza ngongole zimenezi m’nyengo za bajeti, kuzipanga kukhala chiŵiya chokhoza kusintha chothetsera umphaŵi popanda kupanga maprogramu oyenera opangidwa ndi anthu ambiri amene ali ovuta kukonzanso.

Misonkho ya Chuma ndi Cholowa

Anthu amene ali ndi chuma chambiri, amaona kuti ndalama zimene amalipira pachaka, monga misonkho ya ndalama zimene amakhoma pa ukonde, yayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko monga Switzerland, Norway, ndi Spain.

Misonkho ya chuma, imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chuma choperekedwa pa imfa, imafuna kutsutsana pa zandale koma imayendetsa bwino chuma. Imachititsa kuti anthu amene salandira chuma chenicheni azingokonda kwambiri kusewera. Malamulo a boma azikhala ndi malamulo oletsa anthu kulipira msonkho wokwanira pa mafamu a m’banja ndi mabizinesi aang’ono kuti asungitse ufulu wandale.

Lamulo la Msonkho ndi Kugwirizanitsa Padziko Lonse

Mitengo ya msonkho yatsika modabwitsa pa zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kuyambira pa avareji ya 40 peresenti kufikira 25 peresenti m'maiko a OECD . Mpikisano umenewu wachepetsa msonkho kwa eni maboma ndi kuthandizira kugaŵana kwa ndalama za antchito. Mabungwe a lamulo akuzindikira mowonjezereka kuti kachitidwe ka munthu mmodzi kali ndi malire pamene likulu liyenda patali.

Pangano laposachedwapa la misonkho la padziko lonse loletsedwa ndi bungwe la OECD ndi la G20, limene limakhazikitsa ndalama zochepa kwambiri za msonkho wa makampani, ndilo sitepe lakale kwambiri lothandiza kuti mayiko agwirizane.

Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Malo Otetezera Anthu

Malamulo amapanga maprogramu ameneŵa kuti apereke malo amene nzika siziyenera kugwera, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri, amachepetsa kusalingana kwa anthu mwa kutumiza ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mautumiki.

Programu Zotumiza ndi Ndalama

Kutumiza ndalama kwachindunji kuli chimodzi cha ziŵiya zalamulo zogwira ntchito kwambiri pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amapeza. Maprogramu otumiza ndalama za ndalama, monga Bolsa Família ndi Provecta ya ku Brazil akupereka ndalama kwa mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa pamkhalidwe wakuti ana amapita kusukulu ndi kulandira katemera. Maprogramu ameneŵa asonyezedwa kuchepetsa umphaŵi, kuwongolera zipambano za thanzi, ndi kuwonjezera maphunziro popanda kupanga kudalirana kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kutumiza ndalama ndi ndalama zopitira zonse (UBI) zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Maprogramu a Pilot ku Finland, Kenya, ndi United States asonyeza kuti kutumiza ndalama kumakhala bwino popanda kuchepetsa kuperekedwa kwa antchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti mzera wathunthu wa UBI udakali kutali ndi ndale zadziko, makhoti a malamulo akufufuza mowonjezereka masinthidwe a mbali imodzi kapena oikizidwiratu monga zothandizira ku madongosolo a kakhalidwe kabwino amene alipo.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu ndi Kutsekeredwa

Makampani a penshoni amathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa anthu okalamba. Mayiko amene ali ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ntchito za penshoni monga Netherlands, Denmark, ndi Chile, ali ndi umphaŵi wochepa kwambiri pakati pa okalamba. Malamulo osankha, monga ngati phindu la ndalama zimene amapeza, kaya ndi lakukwera mtengo kwa zinthu, ndiponso mmene amaperekera ndalama, ali ndi zotsatira zazikulu.

Chimodzi cha zosankha zofunika kwambiri zimene amayang'anira nyumba zoyamwitsa ndicho kaya kusungitsa madongosolo ofotokozera opezera ndalama (zimene zimatsimikizira malipiro ake) kapena kusintha ku madongosolo ofotokozera (kwamene mapindu amadalira pa kubwezeredwa ndalama). Zoyambazo zimapereka chitsimikizo kwa antchito opeza ndalama zochepa, pamene kuli kwakuti kusinthasintha kwa madongosolowo kuli kuthekera kwa anthu amene alibe chidziŵitso cha ndalama.

Inshuwalansi ya Ulova ndi Lamulo la Antchito Okangalika

Inshuwalansi ya ulova imaloŵa m’malo antchito amene amachotsedwa ntchito kwakanthaŵi, kusungitsa mabanja awo pamene chuma chachuma chikugwa.

Malamulo a ntchito yolembedwa bwino — kuphatikizapo maphunziro a ntchito, maprogramu a maphunziro, ndi ndalama zothandizira — amawonjezera inshuwalansi ya ulova mwa kuthandiza antchito kusintha ntchito yatsopano. Masinthidwe a ku Germany "Hartz" kumayambiriro kwa ma 2000 ali chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha zoyesayesa za boma za kugwirizanitsa kupindula ndi kusintha ndi ntchito, ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro chawo pa kusalingana kwa antchito chikukambidwabe.

Mautumiki: Maphunziro, Mathanzi, ndi Nyumba

Malamulo a Welfare amawonjezera pa kusamutsidwa ndalama kuti aphatikizepo makonzedwe a mautumiki a boma amene amachepetsa kusalingana. Madongosolo a zaumoyo padziko lonse, monga ngati aja a ku Canada ndi United Kingdom, amatsimikizira kuti ndalama zowonongedwa za mankhwala sizimasonkhezera mabanja kuloŵa muumphaŵi. Madongosolo a maphunziro a anthu amapereka mwaŵi wa kuyenda mowonjezereka, ngakhale kuti kupambana kwawo kumadalira pa ndalama za kulinganiza ndi ubwino.

Malamulo angathetse kusalingana kwa nyumba mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni, kumanga nyumba za anthu, ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala kumene kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka ndi kukwera bwino.

Kufufuza Koyerekezera kwa Makhoti: Malamulo Osiyanasiyana

Chitsanzo cha ku Nordic: Chikhristu cha Universal ndi Chithandizo Chapamwamba

Norway, Sweden, Denmark, ndi Finland apeza mlingo wina wa ndalama zotsika kwambiri za kusalingana pakati pa maiko otukuka mwa kuphatikizana misonkho yomakulakulakula, maboma aumoyo, ndi kugwirizanitsa kwapamwamba. Chitsanzo cha malamulo m'maiko ameneŵa chimagogomezera mapindu onse — monga kupatsa ana, kusamala za thanzi la onse, ndi maphunziro aulere aulere, mmalo mwa maprogramu oyesa. Kupanga kumeneku kumapanga chichirikizo chachikulu cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka boma la kakhalidwe kabwino ndipo kumapeŵa kunyozeka kokhudzana ndi chithandizo.

United States: Kusankha Anthu Kudzera m’Malamulo a Msonkho

United States imadalira kwambiri pa malamulo a msonkho kaamba ka kubwezera m’malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachindunji. Dongosolo la Inhoome Inhood Tax Iks ndi Child Taxix Irvery ndizo ziŵiya zazikulu zochepetsera umphaŵi pakati pa mabanja ogwira ntchito, pamene maprogramu onga ngati Medicaid ndi Servation Inflution Program imapereka chichirikizo chofunidwa. Komabe, dongosolo la United States silikusintha kwambiri kuposa la maiko ena otukuka, ndipo ndalama zopezedwa zawonjezeka zawonjezeka kwambiri pa zaka 50 zapitazo. Malamulo a Gregistatived grid , Pelation , ndi chisonkhezero cha ndalementation projective cha chiwonjeko chachititsa kusintha kwakukulu kukwaniritsa.

Brazil: Kutumiza Ndalama ndi Kuchepetsa Kusalingana Malingana

Brazil inatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ndalama pakati pa 2000 ndi 2015, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa pulogalamu ya Bolsa Família ndiponso kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro enieni. Malamulo a malamulo ameneŵa ankaphatikizapo kuchirikiza mabipartisan kuti atetezere anthu, ngakhale pamene ndale zasintha. Nkhani ya ku Brazil ikusonyeza kuti ngakhale mayiko amene ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu angapite patsogolo kwambiri potsatira malamulo.

Mavuto ndi Malonda m’Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Malamulo amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu popanga malamulo othetsera kusalingana kwa ndalama.

Kupeza Chuma Chabwino Ndiponso Zosokoneza

Otsutsa kuperekedwa kwa misonkho yapamwamba ndi mapindu aubwino amayambitsa kuchepetsa ntchito, kusunga ndi kusungitsa ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlingo wina wa kulabadira khalidwe uli wosapeŵeka, mabuku opereka malingaliro akuti ziyambukiro zimenezi nzosafunika kwa antchito ambiri ndipo nzofunika kokha kwa anthu olandira ndalama zambiri. Malamulo angachepetse kutayikiridwa kwa zinthu mwa kupanga maprogramu amene amapindula pang’onopang’ono ndi kuwonjezera msonkho pa zochita za anthu opepukira.

Malamulo Othandiza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama ndi Kusamalira Mabanja

Malamulo onse a zaumoyo ndi a msonkho ayenera kuyendetsedwa, ndipo makhoma a malamulo alamulo akugwira ntchito m'malamulo oletsa bajeti. Kufutukuka kwa maprogramu a kakhalidwe kumafuna kaya misonkho yokwera, kuchepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa, kapena kukwera kwa ngongole. Chilichonse cha zimenezi chili ndi zotsatirapo za ndale ndi zachuma. Malo owonjezera owonjezera a ndalama amadalira pa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukula kwa chuma, ndi kulemera kwa ngongole komwe kulipo.

Kudziimira Pansi pa Ndale ndi Chisonkhezero cha Gulu la Chikondwerero

Kusintha kwa malamulo kumafuna kuti anthu audindo azikhala ndi ndalama zambiri zothandizira anthu ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma komanso mabungwe ena. Anthu olemera ndi mabungwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zothandizira kulimbikitsa kapena kuchepetsa malamulo othandizira anthu.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Mpikisano wa Msonkho

M'nyengo ya malikulu oyenda, makhoma a malamulo a malamulo a msonkho ayenera kulingalira mmene malamulo awo a msonkho amayambukirira kupikisana kwa mitundu yonse. Mitengo yapamwamba ya makampani ingasonkhezere makampani kusamukira kwina, pamene misonkho ya ndalama ya munthu mwini ingalimbikitse kusamuka kwa anthu ophedwa. Kugwirizana kwa misonkho yamitundu yonse, monga kwasonyezedwa ndi pangano la msonkho wocheperapo la OECD, kungachepetse zitsenderezo zimenezi koma kumafunikira pangano la ndale za ndale.

Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Ndiponso Ntchito Yoyang’anira

Ngakhale malamulo okonzedwa bwino angalephere ngati mabungwe a boma alibe mphamvu yowagwiritsa ntchito bwino. Maprogramu otsatsa malonda amafunika kutsimikizira kodalirika kwa ndalama zimene amapeza, ngongole za msonkho zimafuna mafaelo odalirika, ndipo kutumiza ndalama kumafuna njira zoperekera zimene anthu akufuna. Malamulo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito m'zopangapanga ngati malamulo awo akufuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo.

Malamulo Osintha Zinthu Ayamba Kupezeka

Malamulo ambiri amene ayamba kupangidwa akopa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti ambiri a iwo adakali m’mabanja oyambirira a kulera ana.

Kapindu Kofunika Konseko ndi Msonkho Wachinyengo

Kudzifunira ndi chuma chambiri zadzutsanso chikondwerero cha ndalama zazikulu zapadziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe dziko limene lagwiritsira ntchito UBI yokwanira, maprogramu a woyendetsa ndege akuchitika m'maiko ambiri, ndipo makhoma a malamulo m'maiko onga ngati Spain ayambitsa njira zapadera zonga Ingreso Mínimo Vital. Msonkho wa malipiro osapindulitsa — makamaka chithunzi cha EITC — umagwira ntchito pa lamulo limodzi ndipo ngwosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Misonkho Yokhoma Misonkho ya Magalimoto ndi Misonkho Yoyendetsedwa ndi Makompyuta

Monga antchito ochotsa magalimoto m'zigawo zina, opanga malamulo ena apereka lamulo la kulipira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maloboti kapena kukakamiza makampani kupereka ndalama za antchito othaŵa kwawo. Misonkho ya zamagetsi, imene imafuna ndalama zoyendetsera makampani aakulu a tekinoloji, yatengedwa ndi makhonsati ku Ulaya ndi mayiko angapo. Makampani ameneŵa amafunitsitsa kulanda mtengo woyambitsidwa ndi chidziŵitso ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, mmalo mwa likulu la zaumisiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera ndi Umphawi Wosiyanasiyana

New Zealand ndi Scotland apanga "ma bajeti abwino" amene amaika patsogolo zotulukapo za kakhalidwe ndi malo okhala mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa chuma. Malamulo m'maiko ameneŵa amalingalira zizindikiro zonga ngati ziŵerengero za umphaŵi wa ana, thanzi la maganizo, ndi kusungika kwa malo pamene zinthu zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuteroko kumasintha kusumika maganizo kuchokera ku kukula kwa GDP kukhala milingo yaikulu ya kupita patsogolo kwa anthu, imene kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo kuchepetsa kusalingana kukhala cholinga chachikulu.

Kumaliza: Malamulo Otsogolera ku Kupeza Chuma

Kusalingana ndalama si mbali yosapeŵeka ya chuma chotukuka. Ndiyo ntchito ya zosankha za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zopangidwa ndi mabungwe a boma kapena ayi. Umboni wopendedwa m’nkhani ino ukusonyeza kuti nyumba zoyamwitsa zili ndi zida zambiri zogwira ntchito zimene zimawonongedwa, kuchokera ku misonkho yopita patsogolo ndi ndalama zobwezeredwa ku kutsatsa malonda, mautumiki apadziko lonse, ndi kuloŵerera m'zamalonda. Palibe lamulo lokwanira pa ilokha, koma kukhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe kabwino kungachepetse moyenerera kusalingana ndi kukwera kwa chuma.

Nkhani zachipambano kwambiri — maiko a ku Nordic, Brazil mu 2000, ndi United States pambuyo pa nkhondo — zonsezo zinaphatikizidwa kukhala zochirikizidwa, kudzipereka kwa lamulo la bipartis kuthandizira kusinthitsa. Kupanga kudzipereka koteroko kumafuna utsogoleri wandale, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kusintha kwa mabungwe kumene kumachepetsa chisonkhezero cha chuma chochuluka pa malamulo. Kumafunikiranso kudzichepetsa: malamulo ayenera kuyang'aniridwa, kupendedwa, ndi kusinthidwa pamene mikhalidwe ikusintha.

Pamene mabungwe a malamulo padziko lonse akuyang’anizana ndi kusalingana kwa anthu, zosankha zawo zidzasankha osati chabe ubwino wa chuma wa nzika zawo komanso kugwirizana kwa mayanjano ndi ufumu wa demokrase wa maiko awo. Ziŵiyazo nzodziŵika; chitokoso ndicho chifuno cha kuzigwiritsira ntchito.