Malamulo a Maboma: Malamulo a Dziko

Malamulo a Federal amaikidwa ndi United States Congress ndipo amasainidwa ndi Pulezidenti, kapena kuperekedwa pa pulogalamu. Iwo amagwira ntchito mogwirizana kudutsa maboma onse asanu, U.S. madera, ndi District of Columbia. Malamulo ameneŵa amapatsidwa ulamuliro ku bungwe la Malamulo, limene limapatsa boma mphamvu zotchulidwa, monga mphamvu zolamulira malonda a mayiko, ndalama za ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa maopesi. Suprememacy Clausse [[ ya malamulo a boma (Actle, Claus, 2) lamulo la boma ndilo lakuti ndilo "lamulo la dziko, lotanthauza kuti likhale lamulo la dziko lotsutsana.

Malamulo a boma amakhudza nkhani zambirimbiri zimene zimakhudza munthu aliyense wa ku America.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ufulu wa Chikole: Act ya 1964, Chikalata cha Zoyenera za Anthu, ndi Aamereka Opunduka Chiletso Chiletso choletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, chiyambi cha dziko, kupunduka, ndi mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amaumba ntchito, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi malo ogona a anthu onse.
  • [[FULT:0] Kusintha:[[FT:1] Malamulo a University Revenue imayang'anira msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma limalandira, msonkho wa makampani, misonkho, ndi misonkho ya malo. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) imasungitsa malamulo ameneŵa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Kusintha: [[FT:1] lamulo la Federal lokha limene lingaloŵe m'dziko, kupeza ziphaso, kukhala nzika yokhazikika, kapena kuthamangitsidwa. Immigration and Nationality Act ndilo lamulo lalikulu.
  • [[MLT: 0] Chitetezero cha Mkhalidwe wa Anthu: Malamulo onga Chrosa Air Act, Chreat of Ater Act, ndi National Environmental Policy Act amakhazikitsa m'dziko lonselo miyezo ya kulamulira kuipitsa, kutetezera chuma, ndi kupenda chilengedwe.
  • Uloza: [[FLT :1] The Affordble Care Act (ACA) inakhazikitsa malamulo a boma kaamba ka inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, ndi malamulo a munthu aliyense. Medicare ndi Medicaid ndi maprogramu okhazikitsidwa ndi boma.
  • Entestate Commerce :[FLT :1] The Commerce Claus imalola Congress kuyang'anira malonda amene amadutsa m'mizere ya boma. Izi zikuphatikizapo chilichonse kuyambira pa malamulo oletsa kudalirana ndi kusungika kwa chakudya ndi mankhwala (FDA) ndi kusungika kwa ogula (CPSC).

Malamulo a boma amatsatiridwa ndi mabungwe a boma (mwachitsanzo, Department of Justice, Environmental Protection Agency, Aumement Opportunity Commission) ndipo amaikidwa m’makhoti a boma, kuphatikizapo makhoti a m’chigawo, makhoti a m’mabwalo a milandu a milandu, ndi khoti Lapamwamba la United States.

Malamulo a Boma: Kuganiziridwa kwa Malamulo a M’dzikolo

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma (ndipo nthaŵi zina ndi ovota mwachindunji mwa kufunsira mavoti) ndi kusainidwa ndi bwanamkubwa. Amagwiritsira ntchito kokha m'malire a bomalo. Mtengo wa Tenth Amendment ku malamulo ku maulamuliro onse amene sanapatsidwe ku boma, kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma. Kuperekedwa kwa ulamuliro kochuluka kumeneku kumalola maboma kulamulira nkhani zambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimakhudza anthu a m’dzikolo.

Malamulo a boma amasiyanasiyana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma m’boma lina angakhale osaloledwa m’mbali zina.

  • Kuphunzitsa: United States amakhazikitsa masukulu, magawo a sukulu, amalamulira zikalata zauphunzitsi, ndi kupatsa ndalama sukulu za boma (kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi maboma akumaloko).
  • . . United States laisensi ya magalimoto, kulemberana magalimoto, kukhazikitsa malamulo a galimoto, ndi kusungitsa misewu ya m'makwalala awo. Malire a liŵiro, mageti a DUI, ndi malamulo a mpando amasiyana ndi boma.
  • Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni: [[FLT:] Upandu wambiri "maupandu, kuukira, kupha, milandu ya anamgoneka" imafotokozedwa ndi kulangidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Upandu wa boma wokha (m’jere, kugulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, kuba kwa banki, kupeka) ukuloŵa pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Lamulo la banja: [[FLT:] Ukwati, chisudzulo, kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi maunansi apanyumba ndizo nkhani za boma. Maboma amalongosola zofunika za ukwati ndi maziko a chisudzulo.
  • [[MLT:0] Kusintha ndi Mapangano: malonda a malo, maunansi a mwini malo, zikalata ndi malo, ndi mapangano a malonda amalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi lamulo lofala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Makampani ndi maprofessor Registration: laisensi ya dziko ya madokotala, maloya, oimira malo, omanga nyumba, ndi ntchito zina zambiri. Iwo amalamuliranso machitidwe a kuphatikiza ndi malonda mkati mwa boma.
  • Insurence ndi Health: Madziko amayang'anira makampani a inshuwalansi ndi malamulo (nyumba, thanzi,) kupyolera m'madipatimenti a inshuwalansi. Maboma ena afutukula Medicaid kuposa zifuno za boma.

Malamulo a boma amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe a boma, apolisi a boma, ndi malamulo a boma.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Angatetezere Kwambiri

Mfundo yaikulu njakuti kaŵirikaŵiri [malamulo] angawonjeze chitetezo choposa chimene lamulo la boma likufuna, malinga ngati satsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Ngakhale kuti malipiro ochepa a boma ndi $7.25 pa ola limodzi (pafupifupi 2025), maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malipiro otsika kwambiri.
  • Malamulo oletsa kudana ndi amuna ndi akazi amathandiza, koma maboma angawonjezere magulu otetezedwa monga mmene munthu amaonera kugonana, kudziŵika kwake monga mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukwati.
  • Malamulo a malo okhala: California ali ndi miyezo yokhwima ya kutulutsa magalimoto kuposa malamulo a boma, amene EPA yalola kupyolera mwa opinga.
  • Banja la Paid likupita: Palibe programu ya kupuma ya banja yolipiridwa ya boma, koma maiko angapo (mwachitsanzo, California, New York, Massachusetts) akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo a patchuthi.

Komabe, ngati lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma (m’chitsanzo, boma liyesa kulembetsa mwalamulo chinthu choletsedwa ndi boma monga chamba), boma lingasungitsebe lamulo la boma, ngakhale kuti kusungitsa zinthu kukhoza kusiyana.

Mmene Malamulo Oyenderana ndi Boma Amagwirizanirana: Unansi Wovuta Kuulingalira

Koma sikuti nthawi zonse malamulo a boma ndi a boma amayendera limodzi chifukwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za malamulo a boma ndi ziphunzitso zake zimayendera limodzi.

Kutha Kusintha kwa Dziko

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, Supremacy Claus imapatsa lamulo lapamwamba la boma. Izi zimatsogolera ku chiphunzitso cha kupulumutso. Pamene Congress ifuna kukhala ndi munda wonse, lamulo la boma limachotsedwa kotheratu. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma limalamulira kokha mafakitale a mphamvu za nyukiliya; maboma sangakhazikitse miyezo yawoyawo ya chitetezo kwa opereka chiwiya. M’zochitika zina, Nyumba za Malamulo zingakhazikitse pansi, kulola maboma kuwonjezera zofunika zazikulu (monga malipiro ochepa). Khoti limagamulapo mafunso a kuchotsapo pamene malamulo akutsutsana.

Chipulumutso chingafotokozedwe (lamulo la boma momvekera bwino limati maboma sangachitepo kanthu m’deralo) kapena kusonyezedwa (chiwembu cha boma nchokwanira kwakuti sichimasiya mpata wa kuchitapo kanthu kwa boma). kaŵirikaŵiri zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States zimathetsa mikangano imeneyi.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo: Pamene Magulu Onse Aŵiri Achitapo Kanthu

M'madera ambiri, ponse paŵiri boma la boma ndi maboma ali ndi ulamuliro. Izi zimadziŵika monga mphamvu yapanthaŵiyo [1]. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha: zonse ziŵirizo zimaika misonkho ya ndalama, ngakhale kuti liŵiro la boma kaŵirikaŵiri nlokwera. Maboma amakhoma msonkho wa malonda, misonkho ya katundu, ndi misonkho yotsatsira.
  • Kusintha kwa chibadwa: EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu, koma maboma angagwiritsitse ndi kutsatizira miyezo imeneyo (m' lekuatiso la kulinganiza kwa boma pansi pa Deseat Air Act).
  • Lamulo la Boma: [[FL:1] limalamulira nkhani za kulephera kwa zinthu, koma limasankha amene ali ndi ngongole ya katundu.
  • Kugwirizana: [[FT:1] malamulo a Federal ndi ola amagwira ntchito, koma maboma angawonjezere chitetezo chowonjezereka (m’chitsanzo, madesiki, malamulo a maoda owonjezereka).

Ngati onse awiri apanga zinthu zofanana, aliyense payekha ndi mabizinesi ayenera kutsatira malamulo onse awiri, pokhapokha atasemphana maganizo.

Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Kupatsidwa Mlandu

Mfundo IV ya Konsichushoni imafuna kuti malamulo alemekeze "machitidwe a anthu onse, zolembedwa, ndi milandu" ya maboma ena. Izi zikutanthauza ukwati wochitidwa mwalamulo m'boma lina uyenera kuvomerezedwa mwachisawawa, ndipo chiweruzo cha khoti kuchokera ku boma lina chikhoza kuperekedwa m'dziko lina. Komabe, mawuwa samaletsa maboma kukhala ndi malamulo osiyana (m’jere, boma lina siliri ndi msonkho wa kugulitsa; lina litero).

Ufumu wa Mafuko ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Federalism ndilo kugaŵikana kwa lamulo kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Maboma amasunga ulamuliro wokulirapo, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulinganiza maboma awo, kukhazikitsa malamulo awoawo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za apolisi (ulamuliro wa onse kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe). Nthaŵi zina Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lamilandu lapansi pa malamulo a boma amene amapondereza kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Tenth Amendment (m., New York v. United States, printz v.

Mfundo Zothandiza: Mmene Malamulo Amenewa Amakukhudzirani Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa lamulo la boma ndi la boma sikuli njira yamaphunziro, kuli ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za ufulu wanu, mathayo anu, ndi zosankha zanu za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kugwira Ntchito Ndiponso Kuyenera kwa Ntchito

Ufulu wanu wantchito umapangidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi a boma. Malamulo a boma amaika malire a malipiro ochepa, owonjezera owonjezera (Malamulo a Ntchito), kutetezeka pantchito (OSHA), kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa ntchito (Titu VII), ndi tchuthi cha zamankhwala m’banja (FMLA). Koma lamulo la boma lingakupatseni ufulu wowonjezereka: malipiro owonjezereka, kudwala, kuwonjezera tchuthi, kuletsa kopambanitsa kuphwanya malamulo, ndi mapindu a ulo. Pamene lamulo lanu la boma lipereka malamulo oposa a boma, bwananu liyenera kutsatira lamulo. Ngati lamulo la boma lili ndi lamulo la denga (ra), lamulo loonjezedwa mooloŵa manja ambiri limagwira ntchito.

Antchito ndi Ochititsa Malonda

Ngati muyamba bizinesi, muyenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse aŵiri a boma (m., G., Wolemba Identification Nambala, msonkho wa boma, kuchotsa, malo okhala ngati kuli kotheka) ndi malamulo a boma (m’chitsanzo, kulembetsa malonda, misonkho, kulipira ntchito, inshuwalansi ya antchito). Makampani ena . Makampani . Kugula zinthu, zoyendera, kuulutsa ndi malamulo a boma. Ena (_mastauparective, masitolo, ma shopu, ma j.) Kunyalanyaza mapepala a boma kungatsogolere ku chilango, milandu, kapena laisensi.

Nyumba ndi Malo Enieni

Malamulo a Federal amaletsa kukhazikitsa tsankhu (Chilamulo cha Malo Okhala Abwino). Lamulo la boma lingawonjezerenso madongosolo otetezereka ndi kupereka njira zosungitsa zowonjezereka. Unansi wa malo aakulu umalamulidwa pafupifupi ndi boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko, kuphatikizapo malamulo osungidwa, njira zochotsera, miyezo ya kukhala ndi malo okhala, ndi lendi (kumene boma limalola). Lamulo la Federal limayambukiranso nyumba kupyolera mwa malamulo a nyumba za nyumba (Truth in Lending Act), ziyenerensi za inshuwalansi, ndi ngongole za ndalama za lenishuwalansi ya nyumba zopezedwa zotsika.

Ufulu Walamulo wa Munthu Aliyense Ndiponso Chitetezo cha Ogula

Ufulu wanu monga wogula umatetezeredwa ndi milingo yonse iŵiri. Lamulo la Federal limatetezera zinthu zosungidwa (Consumer Product Safety Commission), chakudya ndi kutetezereka kwa mankhwala (FDA), choonadi pobwereka, ndi kukhala nokha (m’chitsanzo, HIPAA kuti mukhale ndi chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo, Gramm-Liley-liley ya za ndalama). Lamulo la boma limapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka cha ogula: malamulo a magini a magalimoto olakwika, machitidwe osayenera a malonda, malamulo ovomerezeka, ndi mitengo yopimira. Kaŵirikaŵiri malo a boma amasungitsa malamulo a malonda mwamphamvu.

Chilungamo Chaupandu: Kodi Mungaikidwe Mlandu Kaŵiri?

Pansi pa chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa aŵiri, maboma a boma ndi a boma onse aŵiri angakuikireni mlandu wa khalidwe limodzi ngati aswa lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Lamulo lachisanu loletsa kuikidwa m’mavuto aŵiri limangoletsa kumangidwa ndi mfumu imodzimodziyo. Motero, munthu amene amalanda banki yosungidwa mwalamulo angaikidwe mlandu mwalamulo ndipo boma lingaikire mlandu wa kuba ndipo likhoza kuyang'anizana ndi ziyeso ndi zilango ziŵiri zosiyana. Zimenezi sizofala koma zimachitika.

Banja ndi Nkhani Zaumwini

Ukwati, chisudzulo, kulera ana, ndi choloŵa ndi nkhani za boma. Komabe, lamulo la boma lingayambukire mapindu a boma ogwirizana ndi malo a ukwati (m’chitsanzo, mapindu a Social Security opulumuka, kuthandizira anthu oloŵa m'dziko). The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) inakantha pang'ono, ndipo tsopano maukwati a mtundu umodzi amavomerezedwa mwalamulo chifukwa cha Obergefell v. Hodges (20. 5), zimene zimakhulupirira kuti malamulo ayenera kuvomereza ndi kuzindikira maukwati oterowo.

Kudziŵa Zinthu: Kumene Mungapeze Nkhani Zodalirika

Popeza kuti zinthu zimenezi n’zovuta kuzimvetsa, ndi nzeru kudziwa zinthu zimene zilipo:

Kumaliza: Kuyendetsa Galimoto

Dongosolo lalamulo la ku America ndilo malamulo otsatizana ndi ogwirizana ndi a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ndi kukhala patsogolo, lamulo la boma limapereka kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limapatsa chitetezo chachikulu. Kumvetsetsa kakonzedwe kaŵiri kameneka kumakupatsani mphamvu ya kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zanu, kukwaniritsa mathayo anu, ndi kupeŵa mbuna za lamulo. Kaya mukuyambitsa bizinesi, kugula nyumba, kuchita ndi nkhani ya ntchito, kapena kuyang'anizana ndi mkangano walamulo, kuzindikira mipando yonse yalamulo nkofunika. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo amasintha kaŵirikaŵiri ($alamulo, malamulo, ndi zigamu za khoti) kufunsira kwa akuluakulu a boma kapena loyankhuli koyenerera ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yokhalirabe. Chilankhulo choonekera bwino ndicho mfundo yakuti mukhalebe. Chilansi chachi, osati kulowa m’malo mwa uphungu walamulo wokhudzana ndi nkhani yanu.