Chiyambi

Unansi pakati pa miyezo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ya dziko lonse ndi ufulu wa anthu wa United States suli wolunjika. Pamene kuli kwakuti United States yakhala ndi malo a m'mbiri monga wochirikiza ufulu wadziko lonse, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa banja malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa dziko lonse kukukhalabe nkhani yotsutsana ndi yothetsa. Mosiyana ndi malamulo ena ambiri adziko, ma democracy ambiri, malamulo a U.S. amasintha mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe a anthu, ndipo amene amaloŵa nawo m’mbuyo mwake amaloŵa m’mapangano a ufulu wa anthu, ndipo amaloŵa m’gulu lalamulo lalamulo la U. A.

Mbiri ya Miyezo ya Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu amakono anatulukira mwachindunji kuchokera ku nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Nkhanza za kupulula kwa Anazi, nkhanza za nkhondo, ndi kukana mwadongosolo ufulu waukulu zinakakamiza anthu a mitundu yonse kukhazikitsa muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ulemu wa anthu. Mu 1945, Tchata cha United Nations chinavomereza kuti "Kukhulupirira ufulu wa anthu wofunika kwambiri," ndipo zaka zitatu pambuyo pake Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) chinavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la United Nations General Assembly. Pamene kuli kwakuti UDHR si pangano logwirizana logwirizana ndi lamulo la ufulu wa anthu onse. Modabwitsa, kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu ku UDHR kunatsogozedwa ndi U. Mtsogoleri wa dziko la United States Rooselt, poyambirira kutsogolera dziko la America.

UDHR inatsatiridwa ndi International Country Rights ndi Political Rights (ICCPR) ndi International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), zonse ziŵiri zolandiridwa mu 1966 ndi kuloŵa ndi mphamvu mu 1976. Zikalata zitatu zimenezi zimadziŵika monga International Bill of Human Rights Rights. ICPR, makamaka, ikulankhula ndi ufulu wofananawo wopezeka mu U.S. Bill of Rights, communchor, cource, ndi colinga la UDHR , ndi njira yachibadwa yochitira umboni. United States inasaina pangano la International Bill of Human Rights. Koma sinalimbirane kufikira mu 1992, ndipo ngakhale ndi mpambo wa ziganizo zomwe zinalengeza za ufulu wake wosadziimira, sizingathe kukwaniritsa lamulo la lamulo la U.

Ngakhale kuti panali njira yochenjera imeneyi, nyengo yapambuyo pa nkhondo inawona kukwera kwa mapangano ena ambiri a ufulu wa anthu amene potsirizira pake anakhudza ufulu wa anthu a United States. Ameneŵa amaphatikizapo pangano la Kuchotsedwa kwa Mafomu Onse a Utundu (CERD, yovomerezedwa ndi U.S., ndi Convention Against Torture (CAT, yovomerezedwa mu 1994). Komabe, mapangano ena aakulu, monga pangano la Kuchotsa Mafomu Onse a Utundu Olimbana ndi Akazi (CEDAW) ndi Convention on the Rights of the Councicline of the Active Adom (CRAW) ndi Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), yosavomerezedwa ndi U.S., makamaka chifukwa cha kutsutsa kwa ndalensigalamu ndi kuderala kwaukulu. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumapangitsa kulingana kwa ku America kwa ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi:

Zida Zomenyera Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Kuti mumvetse mmene miyezo yapadziko lonse imakhudzira ufulu wa anthu a ku United States, m’pofunika kudziŵa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri ndiponso malo ake m’malamulo a ku United States.

  • Declaration of Human Rights (1948) -Osati pangano, koma kulingaliridwa kukhala lamulo lamwambo la maiko. Nthaŵi zambiri otchulidwa ndi makhoti a U.S. ndi ochirikiza monga okopa.
  • International Pangano la International pa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Zandale (1966) – Kukanidwa ndi U.S. ndi kukayikira. Makonzedwe onga Gawo 6 (kuyenera ku moyo) ndi Mfundo 7 (kuletsedwa kwa kuzunzidwa) ali ndi mikangano yodziŵira za chilango cha imfa ndi kutsekeredwa.
  • Convention Against Torture (1984) – Ratified mu 1994. Zisonkhezero za U.S. zonena za kufunsa ndi kuchiritsa ogwidwa, makamaka pambuyo pa 9/11.
  • International Convention on the Expision of All Aspect of Racial Discrimination [1965)] – Ratived mu 1994. Igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa fuko ndi kuvota.
  • American Declaration of the Rights and Cults of Man (1948) [1] – Chida chachigawo chimene chisanakhale UDHR . Chimaphatikizidwa ndi Inter-American Court of Human Rights ndipo nthaŵi zina chimalozedwa mu ufulu wa anthu mu U.S.
  • Kuthetsa Ufulu wa Anthu Opunduka (2006 [1] [1] – Zosaimbidwa ndi U.S. 2009 koma sizinavomereze. Komabe, mfundo zake zasonyezedwa mwapang'ono ndi Aamereka okhala ndi lamulo la kupunduka (ADA).

Ziŵiya zimenezi sizimangonyalanyaza lamulo la U.S. pansi pa chiphunzitso cha lamulo la U.S., mapangano amaonedwa ngati "Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko" (Article VI, Claus 2), koma Khoti Lalikulu lakhala ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti mapangano odziphera okha amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo opangira ufulu wa munthu. Monga chotulukapo chake, malamulo a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse amagwira ntchito monga chitsogozo chalamulo chalamulo [[FLT: 0] chovomerezeka mmalo mwa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zolimbikitsa

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake mfundo za m’dziko lonse zili zofunika ngakhale m’dziko limene limakana ulamuliro wa mayiko onse.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo

U.S. nthaŵi zina amalozera ku ziŵiya za ufulu wa anthu pomasulira Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga njira yosiyana, milandu ina yosonyeza mphamvu yokopa ya lamulo la dziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Rhoper v. Simmons . Simmons [1] (2005] (2005), Khoti linatchula ICPR ndi Msonkhano pa Malo Oyenera a Mwana kuchirikiza chigamulo chake chimene kuswa lamulo la Eightearty Confectionment ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Malingaliro ambiri a Anthony Kennedy anadziŵitsa kuti "United States tsopano ali yekha m'dziko limene laletsa chilango cha imfa," kudalira pa kuvomereza kwa mitundu yonse monga umboni wa miyezo ya ulemu. Momwemonenso, [vF] mu: [Fogn: [2]

Kuphunzitsa Malamulo

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amabwereka chilankhulo ku ziwiya zapadziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Chiwawa cha Malamulo Oletsa Akazi (1994) chinauzidwa ndi CEDAW, ngakhale kuti United States sanavomereze pangano limenelo. Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe nthaŵi zonse amatumiza malipoti a mthunzi kwa mabungwe a pangano la UN, amene kenaka amavomereza kuti magulu a akhate a anthu amagwiritsira ntchito opanga malamulo. Pamene Komiti ya za zoyenera za anthu imatsutsa U.S. machita zinthu ngati kutsekera kapena kuchotsa mafuko m'manja mwachisawawa, mabungwe ameneŵa angapereke malipo mapepala ndi kusonkhezera mafunso aumboni a bungwe la United Nations kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo atsopano.

Lamulo la Otsogolera la Nthambi

Nthambi yapamwambayo ingapereke miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu kupyolera mwa maokheti a akuluakulu a boma, malangizo a bungwe, ndi malangizo a maiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Barack Obama Ordertion’s Guide 13631 anakhazikitsa gulu la ntchito yopenda ntchito za apolisi pambuyo pa Ferguson, Missouri, ndipo inatchula tsatanetsatane za udindo wa U.S. pansi pa CERD ndi CAT. Mofananamo, Dipatimenti ya Boma la Boma la pachaka pa ufulu wa anthu yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuyesa mitundu ina, koma njira yochititsanso kuchenjera kwa U. S. ya zolakwa zake. Pambuyo pa kuyendetsa kwake, nthambi ya BRUmp, kaŵirikaŵiri inakana zoyenera za padziko lonse, koma Bbandi yaperekanso lamulo latsopano mwa kugwirizanitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa mafuko ndi kutsogolera mitundu yonse.

Chiyambukiro pa Kumasulidwa Kwachiŵeniŵeni Kwachindunji

Zigawo zotsatirazi zikufotokoza mbali zitatu zimene anthu ambiri akuona kuti n’zothandiza pa nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Mawu

First Amendment ndi yotchuka kutetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, koma lamulo la padziko lonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe limalola ziletso zambiri pa kulankhulana kwa udani, kusonkhezera, ndi kuipitsa kuposa lamulo la United States. Pansi pa Mfundo 19 ya ICCPR, ufulu wa kulankhula ungakhale wochepa pamene kuli kofunika kutetezera "ufulu kapena mbiri za ena" kapena " chisungiko cha dziko lonse. Komiti ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ya UN Yoona za ufulu wa anthu yapeza kuti U. S. imadana ndi malamulo a kulankhulana pamene akuyerekezera ndi miyezo ya dziko lonse. Kulimbana kumeneku kumayambitsa mphamvu kumene malamulo apadziko lonse nthaŵi zina amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsana [[FL: 0] chifukwa cha kutetezera kwa ufulu wa anthu [[FLFF:1]. [ka] [kapeto yothandiza kuchirikiza ufulu wapo kapena kuchirikiza ndawala ya zachuma.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Kuyenera kwa kukhala wobisika kumatetezeredwa bwino m'ziŵiya za ufulu wa anthu zapadziko lonse. Mfundo 17 ya ICCPR imati: "Palibe munthu amene adzasokonezedwa mwalamulo kapena mwalamulo ndi zachinsinsi zake. Malamulo a U.S. samakhala ndi ufulu wachinsinsi, koma Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka munthu kuchokera ku mayeso a ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo onse akhudza ndi kutchulidwa m'dera lino. [[FL:0] Ree v. Wade v. Wade [[FLT:] [17] [773], kalingaliridwe ka khoti la mlandu wa zachinsinsi kawo kanachokera pa malamulo a dziko lonse a ufulu wa thupi, ngakhale kuti chisonkhezero cha mitundu ina chinali chobisika kuposa. Posachedwapa, kuteteza kwa anthu ofufuza milandu yamitundu yonse yapadziko lonse la anthu kapesewera ndi kumasulira nkhani za ufulu wa anthu.

Kuteteza Anthu Kuti Asakhale Osalidwa

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu akhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi lamulo la U.S. lopanda tsankho. Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964, Chikalata cha Chigawo cha Malo Oyenera kugona Awo, ndi Aamereka Okhala ndi Kupunduka Chilamulo zonse zimasonyeza malamulo amene adaikidwa m'mapangano amene U.S. pambuyo pake adavomereza kapena kuvomerezedwa. Msonkhano wa Kuchotsa Malamulo a Malamulo a Mafuko a Chibadwidwe (Cherthsssss (CERD) waikidwa ndi ovomerezedwa ndi kugaŵidwa kwa Maukwati a mitundu yonse (Cherthssss) (Chemplervect). Chipangano cha Sonitomeodentior odziŵika m'malamulo a mitundu yonse, kutsutsa mapangano a CERD, ndi kuchotsa tsankho la fuko la fuko. Mofananamo, Conventionstion of Perduction Revolution (F.A.-uptions) inasauption, ngakhale kuti isanafike pa ufulu wapadziko lonse la AD. Chilungamose. Chilungamose. Chilungamo chapo chaku

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu kwa Apolisi

Miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu ya U.S. yasintha mowonjezereka masinthidwe a chilungamo chaupandu, makamaka ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito kwa apolisi kukakamiza, tsankho la fuko, ndi mikhalidwe ya kuikidwa m’ndende. Msonkhano wa Authority Against Torture (CAT) umaletsa nkhanza, kusoŵa chifundo, kapena kuchitiridwa moluluza, ndipo UN Special Rapporteur on Stutter yatulutsa malipoti osuliza kwambiri a machitachita otero otero monga kutsenderezedwa kwapa yekha, kutsenderezedwa kwaudindo kwa U. Pamene kuli kwakuti machitidwe ameneŵa apadziko lonse samasintha mwachindunji U. ndi chilango cha imfa. Auganda amachititsa kuti George Flode kukonzanso ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale kuti apereke chiletso cha lamulo lapadziko lonse, ndipo boma la U. Limatsutsanso chilango cha anthu ambiri.

Mavuto ndi Zovuta

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zosonkhezera zimene tafotokoza pamwambapa, kugwirizanitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu padziko lonse ndi ufulu wa anthu wa dziko la United States kumakumana ndi mavuto aakulu. Otsutsa amanena kuti malamulo apadziko lonse akuopseza ulamuliro wa dziko la United States, akuti malamulo a m’dziko lonse amakakamiza anthu kuti azitsatira mfundo za chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe chosemphana ndi mfundo za ku America, ndi kuti amakulitsa mphamvu ya mabungwe osaŵerengeka a padziko lonse. Ameneŵa si zifukwa zongotsutsira chabe; ali ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni pa mmene ufulu wa anthu umagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kulandiridwa.

Ulamuliro ndi Malamulo

Aamereka ambiri, kuphatikizapo oweruza ndi opanga malamulo, amaona lamulo la ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse mokayikira chifukwa chakuti likuoneka ngati likusokoneza dongosolo la demokrase. Pansi pa dongosolo la boma la United States, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa lamulo la upandu, maphunziro, lamulo la banja, ndi malo ena kumene mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Pamene bungwe la UN Human Rights Rights Committee livomereza kuti lamulo la imfa kapena kukonzanso malamulo awo a kusankhidwa, zikalatazo zikhale zotsutsana kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wa dziko. Zikalata zodziphera zokha zinalengedwa kuti zitetezere ulamuliro: mwa kufuna kuti malamulo agwiritsiridwe, mapangano sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuletsa malamulo kapena malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa a boma akutanthauza kuti ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse suyenera kulamulidwa mwachindunji; choyamba ayenera kuloŵa m’chigwirizano chachikulu cha ndale zadziko za dziko.

Kutsutsa Ndale ndi Kugaŵanika

Kuyambira m'ma 1990, kuikidwa kwa mapangano a ufulu wa anthu kwakhala kogwirizana kwambiri. Osuliza pa kuyenera atsutsa kuti mapangano onga CEDAW ndi CRC ndi magalimoto a uinjiniya wopita patsogolo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuchirikiza zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba, malingaliro a mwamuna, kapena ziletso za makolo. Monga chotulukapo, U.S. sanavomereze CEDAW, CRC, CRD, kapena ICESCCR, ngakhale kuti aisayinira. Chitsutso chandale chimawonekeranso mu "resvracts, kumvetsetsa, ndi zilengezo" zimene zimatsimikizira kuti mapangano adziko amene avomerezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, U.S. Mwalamulo la U.

Zopinga

Ngakhale pamene miyezo yapadziko lonse ivomerezedwa mwalamulo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo sikusintha. Boma la United States limafunikira kutumiza malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ku mabungwe a pangano a UN, koma malipoti ameneŵa nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuswa malamulo, ndipo zikalata zimene zimatsatira sizimagwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Zaufulu wa Anthu ya UN yakhala ikupempha mobwerezabwereza kuti United States aletse chilango m’masukulu, kukhazikitsanso dongosolo la chiweruzo loletsa kugaŵana mafuko, ndi kutseka likulu la ndende ku Guantanamo Bay. Palibe chikalata cha kuvomerezako. Mpata pakati pa kutchula ndi choonadi cha U.S. ndi kuchepetsa kudalirika kwa ufulu wa anthu onse aŵiriwo. Komabe, magulu andale amagwiritsira ntchito mamendi, kusinthira mabwalo a khoti ndi mabwalo a milandu.

Maphunziro ndi Kudziŵikitsa Anthu

Kuletsa kusiyana pakati pa miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu wapadziko lonse kumafunikira kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kwa maphunziro. Pakali pano, masukulu ambiri a U.S. amasumika maganizo pa malamulo a boma ndi a m'dziko, kuchitira ufulu wa anthu monga lingaliro lopanda maziko kapena lachilendo. Kutulutsa nzika zokhoza kuchita ndi miyezo ya padziko lonse, aphunzitsi ayenera kuloŵetsa maphunziro a ufulu wa anthu m’maphunziro awo. Magulu onga [[FLT: 0] University Watch , [FLT:], [FLT:] kugwirizanitsa ndi nkhani zachikhalidwe cha dziko lonse, [AFLT] American Libertion Union Union (ALL) [[FL] [F] [3] [ULT], ndi kuchirikiza kutetezera kwa anthu ena kwachimonga. Iwo sakhoza kuchirikiza kutetezera kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Chida china chothandiza kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malipoti a ufulu wa anthu ndi malipoti a mthunzi. Ophunzira angaphunzire mmene mabungwe osakhala a boma amachitira zinthu zoswa malamulo ndi kupereka malipoti ena ku mabungwe a UN. Zimenezi siziphunzitsa chabe maluso a zofufuza komanso zimapatsa mphamvu ophunzira kuti aziona kuti ndi okhoza kuchirikiza. Sukulu zingaitanirenso olankhula aufulu a anthu kapena zikhoza kusekerera magawo a UN kumene ophunzira amakambirana zinenero za pangano. Cholinga chake n’chakuti demys Yendeminde lizirect ikhale lamulo la mayiko onse ndipo zimasonyeza kuti si chinenero chakutali komanso chinenero chogwirizana chokhudza chilungamo chimene anthu onse.

Kumaliza

Miyezo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe yapadziko lonse imapanga chisonkhezero chachinsinsi koma chopindulitsa pa ufulu wa anthu ku United States. Nyengo yapambuyo pa nkhondo inachititsa kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse pa zoyenerera zazikulu zimene United States ponse paŵiri anazipanga ndipo, nthaŵi zina, anatsutsa. Mwa kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, malamulo alamulo, kuletsa ulamuliro, ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo, malamulo ochokera ku UDHR, ICRAPR, CORD, CORD, COT, ndi ziŵiya zina zina zadziŵitsidwa pa zachinsinsi, mawu, ndi chilungamo. Komabe njira ya kugwirizana imatsutsana ndi ulamuliro, kukana, ndi kuswa malamulo kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lapadziko lonse likhalabe [[FLT:] [FLD:] m’malo mwa lamulo lachindulo. Lamulolo n’kusintha lachidziŵitso chachimodzi la dziko lonse lapansi: Unikweni ndi ufulu wa dziko lonse lapansi.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira ubale umenewu sikuli kokha maphunziro. Kukonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira ndi zida zopimira malamulo apanyumba ndi zilembo za mitundu yonse, kutsutsa chisalungamo kugwiritsira ntchito mawu alamulo, ndi kutengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana kwa padziko lonse ponena za tanthauzo la ufulu. Pamene dziko likukhala logwirizana kwambiri, malire pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu wapadziko lonse adzawonjezereka mothekera kupangitsa chidziŵitso chimenechi kukhala chofunika kaamba ka kukhala nzika.