Chiyambi: Ntchito Yozenga Milandu ya Pachiweniweni

Kuzenga mlandu kwa boma kumathandiza kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu a zipani, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe a boma . Ngati kukambirana kwalephera. Mosiyana ndi milandu ya upandu, imene imakhudza kuswa lamulo, mayeso a boma anena za kubwezera, kuchita zinthu, kapena malamulo. Njirayi imatsatira dongosolo lolinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo, kuonekera bwino, ndi kumamatira ku malamulo. Aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'kuganizitsa kapena kuganizitsa, kumvetsa mbali zazikulu za kuzenga mlandu wa anthu, zimamveketsa bwino zimene ayenera kuyembekezera ndi mmene angakonzekere.

Zigamulo zotsatirazi zimatha kugawidwa pa nthawi imene apolisi ayamba kugamula mlandu, kuvuta kwa milandu yawo, ndiponso ngati ajuli akukhudzidwa. Komabe, mbali zikuluzikuluzo sizisintha pa malamulo ambiri.

Njira Zoyambirira: Kuyala Maziko

Umboni wa m'khoti usanayambe, ntchito zambiri zimachitika patali. Malamulo a milandu akhazikitsa mfundo zalamulo ndi zoona zimene zidzatsogolere mlandu. Masitepe ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amapanga umboni, mikangano, ndi njira zimene mbali iliyonse imapereka.

Kuthetsa Kudandaula ndi Yankho

Mlandu umayamba pamene woweruzayo apanga wotsutsa ndi khoti, chikalata chalamulo chimene chimalongosola zinenezo zalamulo, maumboni ozichirikiza, ndi chithandizo chinafuna. Chidandaulocho chiyenera kutchula maziko a ulamuliro wa khoti ndi kukhazikitsa chochititsa chovomerezedwa mwalamulo cha kachitidwe . Chonga kuswa pangano, kunyalanyaza, kapena kuipitsa.

Pambuyo pa ntchito, woimbidwa mlanduyo amafafaniza anayankha . Yankho lingavomereze kapena kukana zimene akunenazo, kuvomereza zitetezero (m., lamulo la kulephera, kunyalanyaza ), ndipo angaphatikizepo zotsutsa za m'malamulo. M’nkhani zina, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke njira yokanira, akumati ngakhale ngati zonenazo zonse nzoona, wotsutsayo walephera kunena kuti zovomerezekazo zalamulo pansi pa malamulo [FLT:] ovomerezeka.

Zimene Apeza: Nkhani Yofufuzira

Kufufuza kaŵirikaŵiri kuli mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi yopezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunikira pa mlandu wa anthu. Kumathandiza mbali zonse ziŵiri kupeza umboni kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi kwa mbali zitatu asanazenge mlandu. Ziwiya zoyambirira zikuphatikizapo:

  • ['Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro.
  • Malamulo: Umboni wa Mawu woperekedwa pansi pa lumbiro, wolembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, ma email, mapangano, kapena umboni wina wowoneka.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka Kuvomereza: Mawu amene wotsutsayo ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana, kuchepetsa mikangano yeniyeni.

Kutulukira kumatetezera zodabwitsa pozenga mlandu, kuvumbula chowonadi, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kulimbikitsa kugamulidwa pamene nyonga ndi zofooka za mbali iriyonse ziwonekera. Makhoti amatsatiritsa malamulo opezedwa mosakaikira, ndipo kulephera kuvomereza kungatulukepo zidzutso kapena zigamulo zowonekera bwino. Kaamba ka kufupikitsidwa kwatsatanetsatane kwa machitachita opezedwa, American Bar Association imapereka chitsogozo chomvekera bwino.

Kuyenda ndi Misonkhano Zisanachitike

Asanaweruzidwe, maloya angalembe njira zosiyanasiyana kuti athetse nkhani za lamulo popanda kufunikira chigamulo cha ajuli.

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuti anene kuti palibe mfundo zotsutsana, chotero woweruza ayenera kulamulira m'chiyanjo cha chigamulo chosamukacho monga nkhani ya lamulo.
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Misonkhano yapasadakhale, kaŵirikaŵiri yoyang'aniridwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza, imathandiza kugamula mlandu. Khoti lingakhazikitse malire, kukambitsirana zothekera za kugamulidwa, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yoyambirira. M'zigawo zambiri, msonkhano womalizira unakhala ndi lamulo la milandu lolamulira ukulu wa mlanduwo.

Kusankha Zochita: Kutaya thukuta

Ngati mlanduwo udzazengedwa pamaso pa oweruza, sitepe lotsatira ndi kusankha anthu amene adzagamulapo mfundo. Njirayo imadziŵika monga snoir (Chifrenchi kaamba ka “kulankhula chowonadi”). Mkati mwa kuopsa, maloya ndi woweruza amafunsa chigawo cha oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kuti aonetse malingaliro awo, ziyeneretso zawo, ndi luso la kukhala opanda tsankho.

Kufunsa Odzapereka M’tsogolo

Mwachitsanzo, munthu akakumana ndi mavuto, jaji amene waimbapo mlandu wina chifukwa chonyalanyaza zinthu, angakhale ndi maganizo amphamvu amene angakhudze chilungamo.

Mavuto kwa Oimba

Mbali iliyonse ingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya mavuto:

  • Changu kaamba ka Changu: [[FT:1] Mawu akuti juli weniweni sangakhale wopanda tsankho, ozikidwa pa kukondera kwenikweni kapena zinthu zina zosayenerera (m’chitsanzo, kukhala wachibale wa parti). Palibe malire ku chiŵerengero cha mavuto otero.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chitokoso: Pempho la kuchotsa juro popanda kutchula chifukwa. Komabe, mavuto opitikitsa sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa fuko kapena thyoka, monga momwe anayambira ndi [[FLT:] Batson . Kentucky [[FLT: 3] ndi malamulo otsatira.

Anthu amene amayesa kuchotsa oweruza m’njira yosavuta, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana powachotsera milandu imene amaona kuti si yabwino, chifukwa cha mmene munthu amachitira zinthu kapena kuyankha mafunso pa nthawi yoopsa.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mlandu wa ajuli ukalumbira ndi kukhala pansi, mlanduwo umayamba ndi ndemanga zotsegulira nkhani zimenezi, osati zotsutsana; m’malo mwake, zonsezo ndizo kuoneratu kwa mbali iliyonse umboni umene akuyembekezera kupereka.

Mkati mwa ndemanga zotsegulira, uphungu umandandalika maumboni amene akufuna kutsimikizira, mboni zazikulu zimene adzaitana, ndi nthanthi zalamulo zimene zimachirikiza mlandu wawo. Ndemanga yotsegulira imapereka mutu wa nkhani ya mlandu wonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhani yotsekedwa, wotsutsa angasumike pa lonjezo loswedwa la woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi zivulazo zotulukapo, pamene kuli kwakuti wotetezerayo angatchule za kulephera m'pangano kapena mtsogoleri wa chikalata cha wolakwa.

Oweruza akulangizidwa kuti zimene maloya amanena siziri umboni / / / / ndi umboni wokhawo umene umakhala ndi kulemera koonekeratu pambuyo pake.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Chinsinsi cha mlandu uliwonse wa boma ndicho kupereka umboni. Mbali zonsezi zimalola mbali zonse ziŵiri kutsimikizira mikangano yawo yeniyeni kupyolera mwa mboni, zikalata, ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Woweruzayo amayamba, kupereka mlandu wake m’mutu, ndipo pambuyo pake wodzitetezerayo angapereke umboni wake ndi kuitana mboni.

Kupenda Kolondola

Mkati mwa kupenda kwachindunji, loya amafunsa mboni zawo kuti apeze umboni weniweni. Mafunso otsogolera (amene amalingalira yankho, monga, “Mwawona woimbidwa mlandu akugwiritsira ntchito nyali yofiira, kodi simunaletsedwe?” Mmalomwake, loyayo akufunsa mafunso otsegulidwa (m’malo mwake, “Kodi munawonanji pamene munayandikira tsidya?” kulola mboniyo kusimba nkhaniyo.

Mtanda-Kuwola

Kutsatira mwachindunji, loya wotsutsayo ali ndi mpata wa kudutsa ndi umboni. Kufufuza kwa mtanda kumalola uphungu kutsutsa kudalirika kwa umboni, kuvumbula kusagwirizana, kapena mfundo zomveka. Mafunso apamwamba amaloledwa, kupatsa woyesayo mphamvu. Kupenda kogwira mtima kungachititse kufooka kwakukulu kwa wotsutsayo.

Zoonetsera ndi Umboni Wosonyeza

Zikalata, zithunzi, mavidiyo, mavidiyo, mafaelo, ndi zinthu zina zamankhwala zimayambitsidwa monga zisonyezero. Chionetsero chilichonse chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti chisonyezedwe ndi zimene chigawirocho chikulingalira kukhala. Mwachitsanzo, intayi ingasungidwe ndi mboni imene inatumiza kapena kuilandira, kapena ndi umboni waluso wa metary metary yake.

Oweruza amasankha ngati umboni uli wovomerezeka pansi pa malamulo a umboni, amene amasiyana ndi ulamuliro. Zitsutso zofala zimaphatikizapo machenjezo, phindu, ndi kusoŵa maziko. Malamulo a woweruza pankhani zowonekera bwino angaumbe kwambiri zotsatira za kuzenga mlandu.

Mboni Zaluso

M'nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni, mboni zaluso zimapereka chidziŵitso chapadera kuthandiza oweruza kumvetsetsa nkhani zovuta , monga ngati miyezo ya zamankhwala yosagwira ntchito bwino, kulephera kwa uinjiniya, kapena kuwonongeka kwa ndalama. Akatswiri ayenera kukhala oyenerera ndipo umboni wawo uyenera kukwaniritsa Daubert muyezo wa (makhoti a boma) kapena ziyeso zofananazo m’makhoti a boma, kutsimikizira kudalirika ndi kuyenerera. Mabungwe aŵiri onsewa angatchule akatswiri opikisana, ndipo umboni wawo kaŵirikaŵiri umakhala malo ankhondo.

Gulu la Zochitika

Mwambo wotsatizana wa maumboni ndiwo:

  1. Nkhani ya m’mutu wa woyang’anira (wotsogolera ndi mtanda wa mboni za m’dziko la Plaff).
  2. Chitetezo cha mlandu (kutsogolo ndi mtanda wa mboni zotetezera).
  3. Kutsutsa kwa m’Plantiff (kolekezera ku nkhani zatsopano zoperekedwa ndi chitetezo).
  4. Kusuliza kwa Otetezera Kunali (ngati n’kololedwa).

Pamapeto pa mlandu wa woweruza, kudzitetezera kungatulukire chigamulo cholunjikitsidwa [1] (tsopano chotchedwa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo ), kutsutsa kuti umboni wa woweruzayo suli wokwanira kuchirikiza chigamulo cha juli. Ngati aloledwa, kuzenga mlandu kumangoweruza mwamsanga ndi chiweruzo cha chitetezo.

Kutseka Malire

Mosiyana ndi mawu oyamba, mawu omaliza amafotokoza mwachidule umboni, kutchula mozama zofooka za mbali inayo, ndi kulimbikitsa oweruza kuti alamulire.

Mtsogoleri wa bungwe la oweruza ayamba kulankhula ndipo angakhalenso ndi mkangano womaliza pambuyo pa kuyankha. Malo ameneŵa amapereka mpata wonena kuti akhale ndi liwu loyamba ndi lomaliza, lomwe lingakhale lothandiza kwambiri. Zigomeko zomaliza zimagwirizanitsa umboniwo ndi malangizo a ajuli. Lamulolo liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito / ndi apilo ku chiweruzo cha oweruza.

Malangizo a Pasukulu

Oweruza asanayambe kugamula mlandu, woweruza amaŵerenga [[FLT: 0] malangizo a chinsinsi (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa mawonjezero ). Malangizowa amafotokoza lamulo logwira ntchito: chimene chidzitetezero chiyenera kutsimikizira, mmene angapimire, mmene angapimire umboni, ndi mtolo wa umboni (“kutsimikizira umboni" kutanthauza kothekera kwambiri kuposa). Mapazi onse aŵiri amapanga malangizo, ndi woweruza amene angagamupatse.

Ngati malangizowo atchula lamulo lolakwika kapena asokoneza, pambuyo pake angasinthe chigamulocho ngati achita apilo.

Kudzikhululukira

Atalandira malangizo, ajuliwo amapuma pa chipinda chachinsinsi . Kukambitsiranako kuli kwachinsinsi; palibe akunja (kuphatikizapo oweruza kapena maloya) amene akukambitsirana za umboniwo. Oweruzawo akambirananso, kupendanso zionetsero, ndi kuyesa kufikira chigamulo chimodzi cha onse. "Ngati apolisiwo sanavomereze chigamulo chosayenera, chimene nchosoŵa.

Woweruza, wosankhidwa ndi oweruza, amagwirizanitsa kukambitsirana. Malo angatenge mphindi, maola, kapena masiku kudalira pa kucholoŵana kwa mlanduwo ndi ukulu wa kusagwirizana kwake. Ngati ajuliwo aikidwa m’ndende mosaphula kanthu (“juli yoweruza”), woweruzayo angalengeze mlandu wolakwika, ndipo mlanduwo ungabwezedwe.

Pokambirana, oweruza angatumize mafunso olembedwa kwa woweruzayo — mwinamwake kuti umboni uŵerengedwenso kapena kufotokoza malangizo alamulo.

Kutsutsa ndi Zotsatira Zapambuyo Po

Bungwe la oweruza likapeza chigamulo, iwo amadziŵitsa khoti ndi kusonkhana m’khoti. Chigamulo chimaŵerengedwa mokweza. M’nkhani ya boma, chigamulo chimatchula chipani chimene chikugwira ntchito ndipo, ngati wapolisiyo walandira, ndalama zolipidwa. Chigamulocho chingayankhenso mafunso apadera ofunsidwa ndi woweruza.

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, chipani chotayika chingalembe mchitidwe wa m'mabwalo . Zofala kwambiri ndi izi:

  • Kugamulapo kaamba ka Chiweruzo monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (Kukonzedwanso): Kutsutsa chigamulocho sikuli kogwirizana ndi umboni wokwanira wa lamulo.
  • [[MLT:0] Kuvomereza kaamba ka Mlandu Watsopano: zonena zolakwika mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu (m., kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni, kusamvera lamulo) kumene kunaletsa zotulukapo zabwino.
  • [1] Comment

Ngati woweruzayo akana kuchita zimenezo, kapena kuvomereza pang’ono, chiweruzocho chimakhala chomaliza, ndipo njira yoitanira itseguka.

Kukopa

Chikalata cha apilo sichiyeso chatsopano koma kupendanso mbiri ya mlandu wa milandu. Woimba mlandu (wokopa) ayenera kusonyeza kuti kulakwa kwakukulu kunachitika . Monga malangizo olakwika a ajuli, kuchotsa kosayenera umboni, kapena kusatsatira uphungu, kuti mwina anakhudza zotsatira. Khoti la a appellate limaŵerenga mfundo zachidule, kumva zonena za pakamwa, ndi kutsimikizira, kubwezera mlanduwo. Kupikiza kungatenge miyezi kapena zaka ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵetsamo kusanthula kovuta. Kufufuza kozama kwa njira ya appellaste, kufunsa kwa zikalata kuchokera ku [[FL:] Filgaw .

Kumaliza: Zimene Zimachitika Akaweruzidwa

Kuzenga mlandu kwa boma ndi njira yolimba kwambiri yothetsera mikangano kudzera mwa anthu, umboni wozikidwa. Kuchokera pa kugamula mlandu koyambirira mwa kutulukira, kusankha oweruza, kupereka umboni, ndi chigamulo chomaliza, kalabu iliyonse imatsimikizira kuti mbali zonse ziŵiri zili ndi mwaŵi wokwanira kupereka mlandu wawo. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumachepetsa dongosolo lalamulo ndi kugogomezera kufunika kwa kukonzekera bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito luso la kukonza zinthu.

Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni imakhazikika kuzenga mlandu kusanachitike, awo amene amapitiriza kuzenga mlandu amaimira kuyesayesa kwabwino koposa kwa dongosolo la zamalamulo kwa kutsutsa mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo mosalekeza. Kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m’kutsutsana kwachiŵeniŵeni [“ngakhale wokangana, woimbidwa mlandu, mboni, kapena woweruza milandu, amapanga maziko a kukhala ndi phande lokhutiritsa.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, ziŵiya zamphamvu zimaphatikizapo U.S. khoti loyang'anira milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi American Bar Association kupenda kwa milandu ya oweruza [1].