Raje Sabra: Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Kuimira Boma

Raje Sabra, kapena Council of States, ndi nyumba yapamwamba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya India ya bidamaral . Makonzedwe ake anakonzedwa mwadala ndi Constituent Assembly kuti apereke malo apamwamba kumene zigawo ndi magawo a mgwirizano angafotokozedwe monga dzikolo. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabhaha, imene imaimira anthu mwachindunji, Rajiya Sabra imaimira maboma monga mabungwe a boma. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene mamembala a Raja Sabra (MP) amagwirira ntchito monga mizere ya zolinga za chigawo chapakati pa malamulo a boma.

Mfundo 80 ya Indiya Constitution imaika ndandanda ya Rajeya Sabha . Imalongosola kuti mphamvu yaikulu ya nyumbayo ndi mamembala 250, amene 238 amasankhidwa ndi mamembala osankhidwa a misonkhano ya boma ndi makoleji osankhidwa kaamba ka magawo a mgwirizano. Mamembala 12 otsalawo amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti kaamba ka ukatswiri wawo m’minda monga ngati mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi utumiki wa kakhalidwe.

Chifuno chachikulu cha Raje Sabba ndicho kuchita monga chipinda chosonyezera ndi kupereka kuyang'anira kwa Lok Sabba mphamvu ya munthu. Choipitsitsa, chimagwira ntchito monga chitetezo ku boma. dongosolo la kuimira kwapadera logwiritsidwa ntchito pa chisankho [1] kusanthula (STV) . Kumatsimikizira kuti anthu ochepa ndi maboma aang'ono ali ndi mawu. Njira imeneyi ndi chitokoso choonekera mwachindunji kwa opambana onse m'Lok Sabbaha.

Chisankho cha Raje Sabha: Chigwirizano cha Malonda

Raje Sabra sasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu. M’malo mwake, amasankhidwa ndi MMM AS a Vidhan Sabba. Chisankho chachindunji chimenechi chimalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti Raje Sabha MPs amapatsidwa ulamuliro ndi bungwe la boma, osati ndi osankhidwa ndi dzikolo.

Ntchito Yoyenda Imodzi

Pansi pa STV system, kampani iliyonse imavota modzi koma ingathe kukhazikitsa oyembekezera kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi chifuniro. Chiŵerengero chofunikira kuti mupambane mpando chakugwiritsira ntchito njira: Mavoti onse ovomerezedwa ogawidwa ndi (Malo ambiri okhalirapo ndi limodzi), kuphatikizapo imodzi. Dongosolo limeneli limalola kuimira matanthauzo osiyanasiyana andale zadziko m'boma. Imaletsa chipani chochuluka kusesa mipando yonse ndi kutsimikizira kuti magulu a chigawo ndi odziimiranso apeza.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lili ndi 100 MMS ndi losankha asanu m’zigawo za Rajiya Sabba, chiŵerengero ndicho 100 /(5+1)+1 = 17 (pafupifupi). Wosankha aliyense wofuna kuvota 17 amasankhidwa. Mavoti a oyembekezera kupambana amasamutsidwira ku zinthu zina. Magulu ovuta ameneŵa amaloŵa mogwirizana ndi kumanganso mogwirizana ngakhale chiwalo chisanaloŵe m'Palamenti. Amachita monga microscom ya bungwe lolamulira.

Mapiko a Mapiko Ankagaŵidwa Motsatira Mfundo Zake

Kugaŵiridwa kwa Raje Sabba pakati pa maiko kunazikidwa pa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Maboma aakulu onga Uttar Pradesh amatumiza mamembala 31, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko aang'ono onga Sikkim amatumiza limodzi. Kuimira kosiyana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti maboma ambiri ali ndi chisonkhezero chogwirizana, koma STV imaletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Magawo a bungwe la Union monga Delhi ndi Puducherry, akuthandizira kusiyanasiyana kwa nyumba.

Commission ya Chisankho ya India [1] imayang'anira ntchito ya Rajeya Sabhaha. Mawu a chiŵalo ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi chigawo chimodzi chachitatu cha nyumbayo chitapuma zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Zimenezi zinagwedezeka zimapangitsa nyumba kukhala yokhazikika ndipo zimalola ziŵalozo kukulitsa ukatswiri wanthaŵi yaitali pa nkhani za boma.

Ntchito ya Rajeya Sabha Yoteteza Boma

Mamembala a Raje Sabra ali ndi mbali ziŵiri: iwo amachita nawo ntchito yopanga malamulo m’dzikolo ndipo panthaŵi imodzi amachita monga otumiza malamulo a maiko awo.

Kupenda Malamulo ndi Kukonzanso

Chikalata chilichonse choperekedwa ndi Lok Sabba (kusiyapo Mabuku Andalama) chiyenera kulingaliridwa ndi Raje Sabba . Mkati mwa njira imeneyi, ziŵalo za boma logawiridwa zingasunthe zitsutso zimene zimasamalira nkhani za chigawo. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵalo cha boma la kugombe chingapereke kusintha kwa malamulo a kuteteza ufulu wa kupha kwa kumaloko. Pamene kuli kwakuti Raje Sabba Sabba sangalanetse kotheratu Ndalama, zingavomereze kubwezedwa, ndipo Lok Sabba angavomereze kapena kukana. Pankhani zina, Rayya Sabha ali ndi mphamvu yofanana. Ngati kuli kuima kwa wakufa, mnzake wakukhala, koma kukwera kwa Loki Sabba. Ngakhale kulibe, chiwopsezo wamba cha boma la boma la chigamu.

Kukulitsa Nkhani Zofunika za Boma Pansi pa Hour Yapanthaŵi Yosachedwa ndi Zoyenda

Zero Imawa imathandiza mamembala kudzutsa nkhani zofunika kwambiri popanda kudziŵa. Raje Sabha MPs kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito zimenezi kugogomezera mavuto a boma monga chilala, ngozi za maindasitale, kapena mikangano ya m'malire. Zotsatira za kutumiza mauthenga, ngakhale kuti siziloledwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima, zingakopenso dziko ku mavuto a boma limodzi. Mabungwe a nyumba ya malamulo ameneŵa ndiwo chida chachikulu kwa mamembala kuti alowetse zinthu zenizeni zakomwe m’nkhani yaikulu.

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo a Ndalama ndi Ndalama

Ngakhale kuti Raje Sabba sakhoza kubwezera kapena kukana Faily Bill, ikhoza kukambirana za Bill ya Ndalama (imene si ya Ndalama) ndi ndalama zina zothandizira anthu. Ziŵalo zimagwiritsa ntchito makambitsirano ameneŵa kutsutsana ndi ndalama zambiri za boma, zaumoyo, ndi zamaphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵalo cha boma la kumpoto chakummaŵa cha kummaŵa chingakakamize kupatsidwa malo ambiri pansi pa malamulo apadera a . Makomiti oima amene amatsalira ndalama zofunikira za boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo matherere a boma operekedwa ndi Raja Sabra.

Maulamuliro a Anthu: Nkhani 249 ndi Nkhani 312

Pansi pa Mfundo 249, Raje Sabha angapatsire chigamulo chokhazikitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa ntchito pa nkhani ya boma kwa kanthaŵi kochepa ngati ili yosangalatsa dziko. Mphamvu imeneyi imaika mkaundu wa bungwelo ndi luso lapadera la kupanga malamulo pamene pakufunika. Koma ngati mamembala ake aŵiri chitatu agwirizana. Mofananamo, Rajiya Sabba ali ndi mbali m’kulenga mautumiki onse a India pansi pa Mfundo 312. Mamembala ochokera ku mayiko amphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa ntchito za mautumiki a yunifomu, akutsutsa kuti maboma ayenera kupitiriza kulamulira cad yawoya yawo. Nkhani zimenezi za m'kati mwa Raja Sabba zimakhudza mwachindunji unansi wa boma.

Makomiti a Nyumba Yamalamulo: Kumene Zikondwerero za Boma Zikusanthula Molongosoka

Ntchito yaikulu ya Raje Sabra yapansi pa nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Makomitiwa ndi "kuimirira, kusankhidwa, kugwirizana, ndi kujambula, ndi kutumiza ndalama. Makomiti a Chipani cha Rajiya Sabha abweretsa luso lawo la boma m'misonkhano imeneyi.

Makomiti Oimirira a Dipatimenti Yokhazikitsidwa

Pali makomiti 24 ogwirizana ndi madipatimenti otumikira. komiti iliyonse imaphatikizapo mamembala a nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Rajiya Sabba chiŵalo cha boma la mgodi wolemera monga Jarkand angatumikire pa Komiti ya Magetsi, kumene angatsimikizire kuti kugaŵira malamulo a malasha sikuwononga chitaganya chakwawo. Mofananamo, chiŵalo cha boma la alimi monga Punjab pa Komiti ya Zaulimi chingaumitse kaamba ka MSP (Min Molice Succe). Malamulo a [FLT: 0] Rajahabaha komiti ya komiti ya fuko.

Sankhani Makomiti Olemba Mabuku

Pamene lamulo lotsutsana linayambitsidwa, lingaperekedwe ku komiti yosankha. Mwachitsanzo, Goods and Services Trust (GST) Bill anafunsidwa ndi komiti yosankhidwa ya Rajiya Sabba yomwe inaphatikiza ziŵalo za maiko okhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za ndalama. Malamulo awo anatsogolera ku masinthidwe m'makonzedwe obwezera kaamba ka makampani opanga kutaikiridwa. Imeneyi ndi chitsanzo chotsimikizirika cha mmene zikondwerero za boma zimalembedwera m'lamulo kupyolera m’ntchito ya makomiti.

Ntchito ya Mpambo Woyendera Mafano a M’chigawo

Phata la Pulezidenti wa India ndi amene wakaledwa woimira boma wa Rajeya Sabba . Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabha Speaker, Siyala ali ndi mphamvu zochepa . Mwachitsanzo, sing'onong'ono . Komabe, Siyayayamu angalole kuti nkhani za boma zitchulidwe mwapadera ndipo angalole ndalama za mamembala a boma zimene zimachokera ku nkhaŵa za boma. Zosankha za Kayajaleman kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo za nthaŵi imene amapatsidwa ku nkhani za chigawo.

Kuyerekezera ndi Lok Sabba: Chifukwa Chake Raje Sabba Ali ndi Boma Lochuluka la Sensitive

Anthu ambiri samvetsa kuti Lok Sabha ndi amene amayendetsa ntchito yawo chifukwa chakuti imakhudza kwambiri ntchito.

  • [[FLT: 0] Direct vs Intect Ecostation: Lok Sabha MPs amasankhidwa ndi anthu; Raje Sabba MPs amasankhidwa ndi makhomagelamu a boma. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti zimenezi zikhale zodalira pa gulu la ndale zadziko.
  • Tritorial Linkdage :[FLT :1] Chiŵalo cha Rajiya Sabha chimaimira boma lonse, osati kuletsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti angachirikize nkhani za boma popanda kusokonezeka pakati pa zifunitso za boma ndi mizera ya zipani.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nyumba ya Permanent : Raja Sabba satha. Kupitirizabe kumeneku kumathandiza mamembala kumanga maunansi ndi mafaelo ofunikira kwa zaka zambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Maulamuliro a Chigawo: Raje Sabha yekha ndi amene angayambitse chigamulo pansi pa Mfundo 249 (lamulo la chifuniro cha dziko lonse pa mpambo wa boma) kapena kuvomereza kupangidwa kwa Mautumiki onse atsopano a India. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amachipatsa ntchito yapadera yosunga zipata pa kukula kwa boma.
  • Kuvomereza pa Malamulo a Malamulo: Zosintha zina zimafuna kupekedwa ndi theka la makhomageti a boma pambuyo podutsa nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Nthaŵi zambiri Raje Sabha amavota ndi kuyang'ana pa malamulo akuluakulu a boma m'boma lawo, kugwirizanitsa mipambo iŵiri ya boma.

Chifukwa cha kusiyana kumeneku, Raje Sabba nthaŵi zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati nkhonya ya botolo ya ngongole zimene zimapondereza ufulu wa boma. Boma liyenera kukhazikitsa chigwirizano chachikulu m’nyumbayi, kupatsa magulu aang’ono ndi apamwamba kwambiri.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Kuimira Zokondweretsa za Boma Kokhutiritsa

Kutsutsana kwa Anthu a ku Telangana

Pamene Andhradesh Reorganigtion Act inalembedwa, Raja Sabba a m'zigawo za Telanga ndi Andra adamenyana kwambiri. Amene anali maMP monga K. Kesava Rao ndi N. Chandrababu Naidu anagwiritsira ntchito nyumbayo kupempha madeti oonekeratu a kulengedwa kwa boma latsopano ndi maphukusi a ndalama. Kukambitsirana kwa Raja Sabba kunawo kunawongolera zopereka za ndalama pa kugawana ndi kuyang'anira zinthu za boma, kusonyeza mafisulo a chigawo chakuya kuti Lok Sabha, ndi chikwapusi chake cha chipani, sizingaperekere mawu mokwanira.

Kum’mwera chakum’mawa Kukufunika Chigawo Chapadera

Raje Sabra MPs zochokera ku maboma onga Nagaland, Mizoram, ndi Arunachal Pradesh mosalekeza anadzutsa nkhani ya Chigawo 371 (makonzedwe apadera). Iwo agwiritsira ntchito komiti mwachipambano kuloŵetsa makonzedwe m'Chikalata cha Zoyenera za nkhalango ndi Land Acquisition Act yomwe imalemekeza dongosolo la malo a eni. Popanda Rajiya Sabba, zikondwerero za kumaloko zimenezi zikanatsekedwa ndi munthu wambiri wa Lok Sabbaha.

Mkangano wa Kupikisana

Pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa GST, maboma angapo, makamaka amene anali ndi ndalama zambiri monga Gujarat ndi Maharashtra, anafuna malipiro a ndalama zimene anataya. Raje Sabbaram ndi ena amene anatulukira m'maboma monga P. Chiddaram anadzutsa nkhaniyi mobwerezabwereza potchula zapadera ndi kutsutsana. Lamulo lomaliza la GST linaphatikizapo njira ya malipiro kwa zaka zisanu.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza kwa Raje Sabha

Anthu ena amanena kuti Raje Sabba ndi nyumba yopuma pantchito ya andale imene siingapambane chisankho cha Lok Sabba.

Nkhani ina ndi yakuti [[FLT: 0] imasintha mawu a maboma aakulu . Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la STV limapatsa mawu zigawo zazing'ono, mpando wa mpando udakali maboma aakulu monga Uttar Pradesh, amene ali ndi mamembala 31. Maboma aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika kugwirizanitsa mawu amenewo. Ndiponso, kusoŵa kwa mawu okhazikika a nyumba (kusiyapo chiŵalo cha zaka khumi) kumatanthauza kuti mamembala ena amalephera kukhudzana ndi nkhani za dziko lokhudzana ndi dzikolo.

Palinso vuto la mphamvu ya ndalama ndi kutulutsa ndalama zotsatizana. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Rajiya Sabba waona zinenezo za chinyengo cha ndalama zothandizira anthu, kumene MMS imapatsidwa chiwombolo kwa wofunsira kuchokera ku gulu lina. Zimenezi zimawononga kugwirizana pakati pa nyumba ya malamulo ndi Rajiya Sabba membala. PRS Legis Legastic Research [ pa kuvotera kumene gulu limalephera kuonetsa mmene zifunsi za ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri zimalepherera pamene zisonkhetso za ndalama zili zazikulu.

Kusintha Zinthu Zoimira Boma Lolimbitsa M’nyumba ya Raje Sabba

Malingaliro angapo okonzanso aperekedwa kuti Raje Sabba agwire ntchito bwinopo m’kuimira zikondwerero za boma.

  • Kusankha Ziŵalo: Ena amatsutsa kuti ngati Raje Sabha amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu a boma, iwo akakhala ndi mlandu waukulu. Komabe, zimenezi zingasokoneze kusiyana kwa nyumba ziŵirizo ndi kuchepetsa makhalidwe a boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupeputsa kwa Chigwirizano cha Wip: Pansi pa malamulo amakono, chikwapu chimagwira ntchito mu Rajaya Sabba voti. Ngati mamembala aloledwa kuvota mwaufulu pa mapepala okhudza nkhani za boma, zikondwerero za boma zikanatetezedwa bwino. Economic ndi Political Weekly yafotokoza kufunsira kwa Raje Sabba.
  • Inapangidwa Tenure ya Junier :[FLT :1] Pulezidenti Wamkulu, monga exoffio Chairman, ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa. Munthu wanthaŵi yonse woikidwa kaamba ka chigawo chimodzi angayang'anizane bwino ndi malonda a boma.
  • Komiti Yolimbikitsa : Chiŵerengero cha makomiti ogwirizana ndi dipatimenti chikanafutukulidwa, ndipo Raje Sabba gwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Malipoti awo ayenera kukhala ogwirizana pa utumiki pokhapo ngati alamulidwa ndi njira yapadera.

Mayiko ena alamulanso kuti Raje Sabba athetsedwe, ndipo amati ndi mbali ya boma yopanda ulamuliro wa dziko lonse.

Kumaliza: Mbali Yofunika ya Raje Sabha m’Magulu Omenyera Nkhondo a India

Raje Sabba ndi nyumba ya mphira. Mamembala ake amasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, zimene zimawapatsa lamulo lapadera lothetsera mavuto a chigawo chapakati. Mwa kukangana kwa malamulo, kufufuza komiti, kutchula zapadera, ndi malamulo alamulo, amatsimikizira kuti malo osiyanasiyana a India . Kuchokera ku mapiri a Uttarakhand mpaka ku gombe la Keralah

Komabe, kupambana kwa chizindikiro chimenechi kumadalira pa kudalirika kwa masankho, kudziimira kwa mamembala a chipani, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa boma kumvetsera. Pamene lichita bwino, Rajiya Sabhaha imagwira ntchito monga posijeni m'dongosolo la India la quasi-federal, kulinganiza kuchirikiza kusankhidwa kwa nyumba yaing'ono ndi zolinga za mayiko. Aliyense wophunzira za ku India, kuzindikira Rajiya Sabba nkofunika kuti amvetsetse mmene boma lilili.