Mmene Mabuku Osakhala Ogwirizana Amakhudzira Kuloŵerera m’Zandale

Makomiti a ndale zadziko (PACs) akhala okhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'masankho a ku America, koma chisonkhezero chawo chimaposa ndalama za ndawala za ndawala. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC amasunga maunansi alamulo kwa oyembekezera, zipani, kapena maukwati a antchito, osalumikizidwa ndi ma PACITS akugwira ntchito modzipake, kukweza ndi kuwonongera ndalama zochirikiza malamulo ena popanda kugwirizana mwachindunji. Mabungwe ameneŵa akhala amphamvu kwambiri pokonza mmene zofalitsa nkhani za ndalensi, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi zofunika zowonjezereka ndi kusintha kwabwino. Kumvetsetsa njira zawo nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupenda mosamalitsa nkhani zimene amatsatira.

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amasiyana ndi APAC amwambo m’njira zambiri zofunika. Samachirikizidwa ndi bungwe, bungwe, kapena bungwe la malonda, limene limatanthauza kuti angatumize ndalama kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense kapena gulu (m'malamulo) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo kusonkhezera masankho kapena malamulo a anthu. Mosiyana ndi Super PaCs, imene ingalandire zopereka zosatha koma siingathe kugwirizanitsa mwachindunji ndi ofunsira, ma PC ali ndi malire. Komabe, kudziimira kwawo pa zipani kumaungwe za gulu kumawapatsa mphamvu yapadera ya ntchito ya zopanga ndi kufalitsa zimene sizingagwirizane ndi mapulatifomu a zipani za boma.

Kumvetsetsa Malembo Osakhala Ogwirizanitsidwa: Kulongosola ndi Malamulo

Pansi pa lamulo la chisankho cha boma, komiti iliyonse ya ndale zadziko yosagwirizanitsidwa yomwe si komiti ya wobatizidwa, komiti ya chipani, kapena bungwe logwirizana la gulu logawiridwa mwapadera. Federal Evolution Commission (FAC) imalongosola makomiti ameneŵa kukhala opanda ochirikiza kampani kapena antchito, ngakhale kuti angaumbidwe ndi mabungwe a malonda, mabungwe a ziŵalo, kapena magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi chikondwerero chimodzi cha ndalere. FEC imapereka chitsogozo chatsatanetsatane cha kulembetsa ndi kupereka ziyenero za makomiti oterowo .

M'mbiri, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa anakula mofulumira pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 1974 ku Federal EFomment Campaign Act, imene inalola makampani ndi maukwati kupanga PCs . Koma kuphulika kwenikweni kunabwera pambuyo pa 2010 wa Khoti Lapamwamba Citinisens United v. FEZ chosankha, chimene chinatsegulira khomo la ndalama zosamalirirapo ndi makampani ndi maukwati. Osagwirizana ndi PCs, limodzi ndi Super PPACs, , , , ndi , ndipo lerolino amaimira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zandale. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha OopenSAC.org, osagwirizana ndi PCs $.20,000,000,000 mu votimentiyo yokha, ndi yodzipatula pa kaunda ya ufulu wa 2020.

Kusiyana Kofunika ndi MapaC ndi Mapailo Oposa

Kuti timvetse chisonkhezero cha APAC osalumikizidwa, chimathandiza kumvetsetsa kaimidwe kawo:

  • Ogwirizana pa MaPAUKI [1] Ali ndi bungwe lapadera, bungwe la antchito, kapena gulu la anthu. Amalipiriridwa ndi zopereka zaufulu kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a gululo, mamembala, kapena othandizira. Kutumiza kwawo kumalamulidwa ndi zikondwerero za wopereka.
  • PCS angakweze ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati, koma ayenera kuvumbula opereka awo ndipo sangapereke mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi ndawala. Iwo amasumika maganizo pafupifupi pa zowonongedwa zaumwini, zonga ngati kulengeza kuukira kapena kuchirikiza mwachindunji oyembekezera.
  • A PACS ogwirizanitsidwa ndi Non ali okhoza kuikidwa pa malire a chisankho chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha mlingo wa chisankho ($5,000 pachaka) koma alibe gulu lochirikiza. Iwo angaloŵetse m'kuphatikizana zopereka zachindunji kwa oyembekezera ndi zowonongedwa zaumwini, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaika kulinganiza kwa osankha. Kusintha kumeneku kumawapangitsa kukhala magalimoto abwino opangira nkhani zanthaŵi yaitali zokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo, ufulu wa mfuti, kapena kusintha kwa zaumoyo.

Mmene Mabuku Osakhala Ogwirizana Amakhudzira Kuulutsidwa kwa Nkhani

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amagwiritsira ntchito machenjera ambiri kuumba nkhani za oulutsa nkhani, makambitsirano a m'nkhani, ndi kukulitsa nkhani zawo zokondeka. Mosiyana ndi kusatsa malonda aumwini, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala osinthasinthasintha, mauthenga a PAC osagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu angaoneke ngati “opanda pake” kapena“ atsamunda,” akukukongoletsani ndi atolankhani ndi anthu.

Kupereka Ndawala Zothandiza Polengeza

Njira yowoneka kwambiri ndiyo kugula zinthu zachindunji. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa amawononga kwambiri pa wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, ndi kusindikiza kusatsa malonda kuti asunge malo awo alamulo kapena oukira adani. Koma chisonkhezero chawo chimaposa kusatsa malondawo. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga malonda amene ali oyenerera kuulutsidwa — odzutsa mkangano, odabwitsa, kapena odzutsa maganizo — podziŵa kuti manyuzipepala adzaphimba mkanganowo, motero kukulitsa uthengawo popanda PC kulipira nthaŵi yowonjezereka ya kuulutsa mpweya.

Mwachitsanzo, PCA yopanda olumikizidwa pa zoyenera za mfuti ingayendetse nkhani yochenjeza akuluakulu a boma za zotulukapo za ziletso zatsopano. Ngakhale ngati ndege zoulutsa mawuzo zikhala m’madera oikidwiratu, kuulutsa nkhani kwa dziko kwa mawu a ad kungayambitse kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko kokulira. The New York Times yalemba mmene kutsatsa malonda koteroko kumadalira pa zisonkhezero za malingaliro zimene ziri zovuta kwa atolankhani kuwona m'nthaŵi yeniyeni [.

2. Kufalitsa Nkhani ndi Kutulutsa Makina

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga miagwero ya nyuzi za de coo . Amasindikiza kutulutsidwa, kuchititsa misonkhano yofalitsa nkhani, ndi kupereka anthu olankhula opezeka 24 / 7. Chifukwa chakuti atolankhani pansi pa kutsendereza kwa nthaŵi amafunikira mawu kuchokera ku “mbali ina,” MaPAC ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mawu awo akuphatikizidwa m’nkhani. Mkupita kwanthaŵi, iwo angakhale olemba nkhani zachindunji, akumakhazikitsa mokhutiritsa mfundo za mkanganowo.

MaPAC ambiri amene sawagwiritsa ntchito amasunganso mawebusaiti otsogola komanso malo a zaumoyo amene amayendetsa magalimoto kuti apeze zimene ali nazo. Mwa kuika pa pepala kufufuza koyambirira, olemba nyimbo, ndi mavidiyo, amapanga mabuku ambiri amene atolankhani angawakonzere. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito makamaka kwa anthu ofufuza zinthu kapena ovuta, monga ngati malamulo a mphamvu kapena kusintha misonkho, kumene atolankhani angadalire pa magulu achidwi kuti apeze chidziŵitso cha zinthu zakale.

3. Kusankha ndi Kuchirikiza Kufufuza Kwaubwenzi

Ma PAC kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza maphunziro, malipoti, ndi kufufuza kumene kumachirikiza zolinga zawo za lamulo. Pamene a PAC atulutsa “phunziro” limasonyeza kuti lamulo lina lingatayitse ntchito zikwi zambiri, zopezedwazo zingapezedwe ndi ofalitsa nkhani a kumaloko. Kudziimira kwa PaC paokha kwa boma kapena ochirikiza kampani kungachititse kufufuzako kuwoneka kukhala kotsimikizirika kwambiri kuposa mmene kuliridi, ngakhale pamene njirazo ziri zokayikitsa.

“ Kujambula magetsi [1] — kupanga mawonekedwe a udzu wachinyengo — kuli njira yofanana. PACI yosalumikizidwa ingapange gulu lapatsogolo lokhala ndi dzina longa “Malo Opereka Mphamvu” ndi kutumiza makampani osonyeza kuchirikiza anthu kaamba ka kupangidwa kwa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka. Kwa mtolankhani wotanganidwa, gulu limaoneka ngati gulu la anthu osaloŵerera. Maloshake ambiri otero ndi mayanjano awo ku PCS [1].

4. Kulinganiza Zochitika Kuti Zikomeze Kuwonedwa ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Malo, maholo a tauni, ndi zitsutso zapoyera ziri ziŵiya zapadera. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa angasonkhezere ochirikiza, basi mwa antchito odzifunira, ndi kulinganiza zochitika zolinganizidwa kukhala zokondweretsa wailesi yakanema. Msonkhano wotchuka kunja kwa kamera ya boma ungayambitse kuulutsidwa kwa nkhani za m'mafalitsira nkhani zimene zikuchirikiza nzika za dziko lonse, ngakhale ngati kutuluka kwa wailesi yakanema kwapangidwa.

Zochitika zimenezi zimaperekanso mpata kwa anthu wolankhula mawu amene amaulutsidwa mobwerezabwereza m’manyuzipepala.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafoni ndi Mafoni Amakono

Panyengo ya makompyuta, ma PAC adaphunzira kale makampani ogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti. Amagula malonda pa Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube kuti anthu a mtundu wa anthu amene akufunikira kupezeka ndi tizilombo tating’ono. Amagwiritsanso ntchito anthu olipira ndi mabot ogwirizana kuti ayambitse kachilombo ka HIV. Phokoso limeneli lingasonkhezere atolankhani kuti athetse nkhani imene inganyalanyaze.

Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa 2020 mzera wa chisankho, APC angapo osalumikizidwa ndi a zaumoyo anagwiritsira ntchito kusatsa malonda a Facebook kuukira Affordble Care Act . Mauthengawo anapangitsa zikwi zambiri za ndemanga ndi kugawana, kuyambitsa lingaliro la kukangana kwapoyera kumene manyuzipepala anafikiridwa. The Washington Post inalongosola mwatsatanetsatane mmene maluso a ndandanda a makompyuta ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amawonongera mtengo kuposa zoulutsira mawu zamwambo.

Kufufuza za Matenda a Ofalitsa Nkhani

Lamulo la Malo Okhala: Nkhondo Yaimvi Yomera Maluŵa

Ma PAC a mbali zonse ziŵiri zogwirizana ndi kutsutsana kwa malo okhala amapereka chitsanzo chowonekera. Sierra Club’s parence , mwachitsanzo, imagwira ntchito monga komiti yopanda ogwirizana yomwe imakweza ndalama kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya nyengo. Imapanga malonda, imapanga malonda oukira andale zadziko amene amakana sayansi ya zakuthambo, ndi kulinganiza magudumu amene amapanga mitu yankhani ya dziko. Kumbali inayo, American Energy Alliance , PC, imapanga maphunziro ndi kutsatsatsa malonda motsutsana ndi mphamvu zochirikiza magetsi zopenyerera. Atola nkhani awo opikisanawo amakakamiza kuti apeze mbali zonse, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kupenda bwino kugwirizana kwa sayansi. Chotulukapo ndicho kukhoza kukulitsa malo owonjezera.

Ufulu wa Kumenyana ndi Kulamulira

Komiti ya National Rifle Association ya ndale zadziko, ngakhale kuti inapangidwa ndi komiti yogwirizanitsidwa ndi PCA (yogwirizana ndi NRA yeniyeniyo), imagwira ntchito m’njira imene imaphimba malire. Koma ma PAC ambiri aang'ono osagwirizanitsidwa atulukira kuti achirikize ufulu wa mfuti ndi kuletsa mfuti. Magulu ameneŵa amapanga “mavidiyo a maphunziro a", amakonza kufufuza kosonyeza kuchirikiza malingaliro awo, ndi kuchirikiza kutsutsana nawo pa mayunivesite. Zopanga zawo za wailesi za wailesi za wailesi za dzikolo zikhoza kukhala zopanda mphamvu.

Kufuna Kulamulira Demokalase ndi Kusunga Umphumphu kwa Ofalitsa Nkhani

Chisonkhezero cha ma PC osagwirizana ndi nkhani za nyuzi chikudzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu ponena za thanzi la nkhani ya demokrase. Pamene oulutsa adalira pa PC-gedegion, iwo amaika pangozi yolamulira olemba nkhani kwa oseŵera. Anthu sangadziŵe kuti “gulu la anthu ambiri” logwidwa m'nkhani za m'nyuzi lilidi lachiyanjo cholembedwa bwino ndi mpambo wakutiwakuti.

Magetsi Osonyeza Kuyera kwa Malo ndi Zolambula

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amafunikira kuti alembe malipoti a FEC, koma malipotiwo kaŵirikaŵiri amachedwetsedwa, osakwanira, kapena ovuta kutsutsa. Ndiponso, APAC ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito magulu a njira zoloŵera kapena “magulu obisa [1] amene amabisa magwero oyambirira a ndalama. Pamene atolankhani ayesa kulondola ndalama kumbuyo kwa ndawala ya nyuzi, amawononga mapeto. Kusoŵa kwa kuwonekera kumafooketsa kuthekera kwa anthu kupenda kudalirika kwa chidziŵitso.

2022 Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Annenberg Public Policy Center kunapeza kuti ovota kaŵirikaŵiri sangasiyanitse pakati pa kusatsa malonda odzifunira ndi kusatsa malonda a mkupiti. Kufufuzako kunatsimikizira kuti magwero a ndalama zachiphamaso amachotsa chidaliro mwa zoulutsira mawu ndi masankho. kufufuza kopitirizabe kwa malo a kulankhulana kwa ndale zadziko kumagogomezera kufunika kwa kuvumbula bwinopo [.

Kuika Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo ndi Zolakwika

Mwakudzaza ndandanda ya nkhani ndi nkhani zogwirizana ndi zikondwerero zawo, APAC osagwirizana angakakamize zisonyezero za ofalitsa nkhani kuchotsa nkhani zimene zili zosafunika kwenikweni kwa anthu onse. A PAC amene akufuna kuletsa malamulo a nyengo angayambitse mkangano wokwanira kusungitsa nkhaniyo m’nkhani zankhani, ngakhale ngati osankha ambiri amasamala kwambiri za chuma kapena zaumoyo. Kufufuza kwa ndale zadziko kumasonyeza kuti kuulutsa nkhani za nyuzi kumasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi chuma chimene magulu achikondweretso amapereka ku maunansi a anthu onse, mokhutiritsa kupatsa magulu olemera mphamvu zazikulu pa mapulogalamu a anthu onse.

Kudziimira pa Paokha ndi Zovuta za Malingaliro

Atolankhani amayang'anizana ndi vuto la kulinganiza zinthu. Amafunikira magwero, ndipo ma PAC kaŵirikaŵiri ali magwero opezeka ndi ofotokoza bwino kwambiri pankhani za gulu lotentha. Komabe, kudalira kwambiri magwero ameneŵa kungatsogolere ku chimene akatswiri a nyuzi amatcha “chochititsa" — chikhoterero cha kufotokoza nkhani m’njira zimene zimachirikiza magulu ambiri olankhula mokweza. Mabungwe ambiri a nkhani ayamba kutsatira malamulo okhwima onena za kudziŵitsa PC ndi magwero awo a ndalama pamene akuzigwira mawu. Komabe, manyuzipepala a m'manyuzipepala akomweko kaŵirikaŵiri alibe ndalama zochitira zimenezi mosasinthasintha.

Kuitanira Kusintha ndi Kusintha

Masinthidwe angapo apangidwa kuchepetsa ziyambukiro zopotoka za ma PAC osalumikizidwa panyuzi. Izi zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuvumbula kopetsedwa: Kuvumbula PC kuvumbula magwero oyambirira a zopereka zonse pa khomo lina, ndi kupanga kuti zolembedwazo zipezeke panthaŵi yeniyeni kudzera ku ndandanda ya zinthu zofufuzidwa.
  • Miyezo yotsutsa: Malo olimbikitsa a nyuzi kuti adziŵitse gulu lirilonse logwidwa mawu m’nkhani monga komiti ya ndale zadziko ngati iwononga mlingo woposa mlingo wina wa bajeti yake pa kugawana.
  • Ndalama zothandizira za ndawala: Kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chonse cha opereka aakulu ndi a PCs mwa kupereka ndalama zofanana ndi za zopereka zazing'ono.
  • Ziyeneretso zomangira: Kulengeza kuti kusatsa malonda onse otsatsa malonda a PC — kuphatikizapo kusatsa malonda kwa magetsi a magetsi — kumakhala ndi zomangira zowonekera bwino zodziŵikitsa woperekayo ndi mkhalidwe wake monga komiti yosakhala yolankhulana.

FEC yachita masitepe angapo, koma kusungitsa sikunakhale kogwirizana. Malo alamulo pambuyo pa Citamies United imapanga kusintha kokulira popanda lamulo latsopano].

Kumaliza

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa samakhala kwenikweni ochenjera; amaimira mtundu wa kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko. Komabe, kukhoza kwawo kukonza nkhani zoulutsidwa popanda kufalitsa kudzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu. Olemba nkhani ndi atolankhani mofananamo ayenera kukhala akhama kwambiri kufunsa amene ali kumbuyo kwa mauthenga amene akumana nawo. Mwakumvetsetsa maluso ameneŵa a PCs akugwiritsira ntchito — kuyambira kutsatsatsa malonda ndi zochitika za ku kufufuza ndi manyuzi a za mayanjano — tingapende bwinopo chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko chimene chimatizinga.