Chiyambi: Njira ya Prezidenti wa U.S. Yosankha

Zaka zinayi zilizonse, Aamereka amapita ku mapendedwe kukasankha pulezidenti wawo. Njira imeneyi si chochitika chimodzi koma ndi mndandanda wa masitepe amene amafalikira pafupifupi zaka ziŵiri, kuphatikizapo mapulatifomu, misonkhano, masankho a onse, ndi njira yokha yosankhira yokha yotchedwa Electoral College . Kumvetsa mmene masitepe ameneŵa amayendera limodzi kumathandiza nzika kuona mmene mavoti awo amasinthira ku ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya dziko. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola mbali iliyonse m’chinenero chosavuta, kuchokera ku chilengezo cha woyembekezera ku kuimirira ku mwambo womalizira wa lumbiro.

Dongosololo lafotokozedwa ndi Lamulo la U.S., lamulo la boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Limalinganiza mphamvu ya maboma ndi chifuniro cha anthu, kupanga njira imene yakhala yosintha kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti maziko a maziko akhalabe osasunthika, kayendedwe ka chisankho kalikonse kamadzetsa kusintha kwatsopano, kuchokera ku njira za ndawala zopezera zitokoso za lamulo.

Njira Yaitali: Malo Osungiramo Upandu ndi Amalonda

Pambuyo pa chisankho chachisawawa, zipani za ndale zadziko ziyenera kusankha kutsata chilolezo chawo. Izi zimachitika mwa mipikisano yapamwamba ya boma yodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] upandu ndi ulusises [. Zochitika zimenezi zimalola mamembala a chipani kusonyeza kukonda kwawo kwa woloŵa. Zotulukapo zimasankha kuti ndi ochulukirapo a nthumwi a gululo angati amene alandira pa msonkhano wa dziko lonse.

Mafuta a maluwa opangidwa kuchokera ku maambulera

Upandu umayendetsedwa ndi maboma a boma ndipo umagwira ntchito monga chisankho chamwambo: ovota amapita ku malo ofunsira ndi kukaponya pepala lachinsinsi. Mabungwe a Caucuse ndi misonkhano yochitidwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko, kumene opezekapo amakambitsirana ndi oyembekezera ndipo kenaka kuvota, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kuonetsa manja kapena mwa kugawikana m’zigawo. Chifukwa chakuti ofufuzawo amawononga nthaŵi yochuluka ndi kufuna kutengamo mbali, iwo amakoka osankhidwa ocheperapo, oikizidwa owonjezereka.

Mayiko amasankha kuti azikhala ndi zipinda zogwirira ntchito kapena zolowera, ndipo malamulo awo amasiyana kwambiri. Ena amalola mamembala a chipani chovomerezeka kuvota (otsenderezedwa), pamene ena amalola anthu odziimira okha kutenga nawo mbali (otsegulira).

Kusankha Alendo ndi Kusankha

Pagulu lililonse limapatsa mphoto nthumwi zina za m'dziko lililonse chifukwa cha anthu ndi mphamvu ya chipani. Kuti munthu apatsidwe pa udindo, wobatizidwa ayenera kusungitsa nthumwi zambiri pamsonkhano wa dziko. Party ya Republican Party imapatsa nthumwi mphoto molingana m’mayiko ambiri, pamene gulu la Democratic Party limagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo logaŵikana lokhala ndi 15% wa mpata wa oyembekezera kuyenerera nthumwi. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene amapambana ochuluka m'ma Primes ndi m'mabungwe, msonkhanowo umakhala "kupidwa," kumene nthumwi zimakambirana mpaka kutuluka.

Misonkhano Yadziko: Kunyamulira Zopenyekera

Chigawo chilichonse chitatha, chipani chilichonse chimachita msonkhano wa dziko lonse. Nthumwi zikwizikwi zochokera m'dziko lonselo zimasonkhana kuti zipereke dzina la pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Misonkhanoyi imatsatiranso pulatifomu ya akuluakulu a chipani, chikalata chosonyeza mfundo zake zofunika m’zaka zikubwerazi.

Pamsonkhanowo, mtsogoleri wa bungwe la yunivesite akupereka mawu ovomereza amene amatchula nkhani za ndawalayo ndi masomphenya. Chochitikachi chimasonyezedwa kwambiri ndi ofalitsa nkhani ndipo chimagwirizanitsa chipani ndi ochirikiza asanayambe ndawala ya chisankho. Ngakhale kuti misonkhano yamakono imachitika makamaka, imakhalabe yofunika kwambiri m'kalendala yosankhidwa.

Mkupiti Waukulu wa Chisankho

Kuchokera pamene anthu asankha makampani opanga masankho, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, mpaka kukafika ku Tsiku la Chisankho cha November. Anthu opita kudzikolo, ayamba kukangana, kutsatsa malonda, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu odzifunira kuti alembe chisankhocho.

Mkupitiwu umasumika pa kupambana maboma aakulu . Mokulira awo okhala ndi mavoti ambiri kapena awo amene angayende kuchokera ku gulu lina kupita ku lina. Maikowa "akung'ana" amapatsidwa chisamaliro chifukwa chakuti kusintha pang'ono kwa khalidwe la wovota kukhoza kugamula zotsatira. Candidate amasintha mauthenga awo ndi kudera lakwawo, kuchokera ku kutulukira ku Midwaster mpaka kusamukira ku Southwester.

Ndalama zimachita mbali yaikulu m'makampani amakono. Amapanga ndalama kuchokera kwa opereka aumwini, makomiti a ndale zadziko (PACS), ndi makomiti a chipani. Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) amayang'anira za ndawala ndi kufuna kuvumbulidwa kwa zopereka ndi zowonongedwa. Chiyambire chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha 2010 mu Citimans United . FEC, makampani ndi maukwati angawononge ndalama zosamalitsa pa zowonongedwa paokhama, kutsogolera kukwera kwa Super PaCs.

M’mkupiti wonsewo, oyembekezera kulowanso m'mikangano ya pulezidenti. Zochitika zosonyezedwa patelevision zimenezi zimapatsa ovota kuyerekezera kwa mbali iliyonse kwa chidziŵitso, khalidwe, ndi ziganizo za oyembekezera. Kutsutsana kwalinganizidwa ndi bungwe losakhala lapartistan pa Pentellial Deserts, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe aposachedwapa awona kusintha m'kachitidwe ka kugawanamo.

Tsiku la Chisankho: Ntchito Yotchuka

Tsiku la chisankho ndi Lachiŵiri loyamba Lolemba litapita mu November. Nzika zimene zimalembetsedwa kuvota mavoti awo kaamba ka pulezidenti. Komabe, siziri kuvotera mwachindunji kwa wofunsira koma kwa chikalata cha [[FLT: 0] osankhira [[FLT: 1] olonjeza kwa wofunsirayo. Ameneŵa ndi mavoti otchuka.

Boma lililonse limapereka chisankho chake, kuyambira pa malamulo ovomerezeka a voti mpaka kulinganiza kwa kampani yovota. Mayiko ena amavota kotheratu mwa kutumiza makalata (m’chitsanzo, Oregon, Washington), pamene ena amafuna kuvota ndi kulephera kupezeka. Atamaliza mavoti, akuluakulu a voti amaŵerengera mavoti ndi kupereka lipoti la zotsatira za dera lililonse ndi boma. Izi sizichitika mpaka akuluakulu a boma atavomerezedwa, zimene zingatenge masiku kapena milungu chifukwa cha kutumiza mavoti ndi kutsata.

Wopambana wotchuka m'boma lililonse . Kusiyapo Maine ndi Nebraska . Maine ndi Nebraska amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lachigawo, akumapatsa mavoti aŵiri osankhidwa kwa wopambana wa boma lonse ndi mmodzi kwa wopambana wa chigawo chilichonse cha m'chigawo. Pafupifupi m'mayiko onse, wosankha amene alandira mavoti otchuka kwambiri amapambana chisankho chonse cha boma (winner-tall).

Kholiji ya Electoral: Wosankha Weniweni

Electoral College ndi njira yopangira mavoti, ndipo ili ndi anthu 538, mmodzi wa chiŵalo chilichonse cha Msonkhano ndi atatu a Washington, D.C. kuti apambane pautsogoleri, wosankhidwa ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti mavoti ambiri a voti: pafupifupi 270.

Mmene Openda Amasankhidwira

Chisankho chisanavotedwe, chipani chilichonse cha ndale zadziko chimasankha chikalata cha osankha m'boma lililonse. Ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi akuluakulu a chipani cha boma, ochirikiza andale, kapena ochirikiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Maina a osankhidwa amawonekera pa pepala la ovota, koma ovota amawona dzina la pulezidenti. Pamene wovota aponya chisankho cha wofunsira, iwo kwenikweni amakhala osankha kaamba ka zikalata za osankha.

Kukumana ndi Openduza

Mu December, osankha amakumana m'malikulu awo a boma kuti apange mavoti awo a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Iwo amasaina zikalata zisanu ndi chimodzi za chivoticho, zimene zimatumizidwa kwa akuluakulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti wa Khoti Lapampani (Prezidenti), National Archives and Records Administration , ndi mamaofesi a chisankho. Malamulo safuna osankhidwa kutsatira mavoti otchuka m’boma lawo, koma maboma 33 ndi Chigawo cha Columbia ali ndi malamulo otsimikizira otsimikizira zikole zawo. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo ameneŵa mu [20:0] Cafalo v. Washington . [FLT.1]

Opeka Chikhulupiriro

Nthaŵi zina, voti ya munthu wina wosakhala wobatizidwa amene analonjeza kuchirikiza. Kudziŵika monga "Wosankhitsa wopanda chikhulupiriro," ichi nchosoŵa ndipo sichinasinthe zotulukapo za chisankho cha pulezidenti. Komabe, kuthekerako kumawonjezera kukayikira. Mu 2016, osankhidwa asanu ndi aŵiri analephera pa zikalata zawo . Chosankha cha Supreme Court mu Chiafalo [1] akupatsa ulamuliro wa kuchotsa kapena kupatsa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kulakwa kwa kulakwa koteroko m'kasankha m'tsogolo.

Chikalata Chomaliza: Kuŵerenga Matambula

Mavoti a voti amatumizidwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi kuŵerengedwa pamodzi pa January 6 pambuyo pa chisankho. Pulezidenti, monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, amayang’anira kuŵerengera. Zikalata zosankhidwazo zimatsegulidwa ndi boma, ndipo olengeza mavotiwo amalengezedwa ndi onenera ku Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Ngati wobatizidwa ali ndi mavoti pafupifupi 270, Pulezidenti wa Reformation akulengeza kuti wopambanayo ndi mwambo, komano lingakhale lotsutsana ngati adzutsa zitsutso. Pansi pa Electoral Count Act (pamene anasinthidwa ndi Electoral Reformation Act ya 2022), zitsutso ziyenera kupangidwa m'kulemba ndi kusainidwa ndi chiŵalo chimodzi kapena 5 cha zipinda zonsezo. Ngati chitsutso chapangidwa, Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo zimatsutsana kuti zivomereze mavoti a mpikisano. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana, zipinda zonse ziŵiri; ngati zivoti, mavotiwo agwirizana, mavotiwo amachotsedwa.

Kuŵerengera kwa January 6 kwapezanso chisamaliro chatsopano pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Capitol 2021. Masinthidwe 2022 analongosola bwino ntchito ya Pulezidenti wa Vice monga wotumikira yekha, kuchotsapo kusamvetsetseka ponena za ulamuliro wa boma, ndi kukhazikitsa njira yokanira kuletsa mavuto osafunikira.

Kuperekedwa Kwaudindo: Chilango cha Ofesi

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa chisankho, pulezidenti atenga lumbiro la ntchito pa January 20 (kapena January 21 ngati 20 igwera pa Sande) pamwambo wapoyera wodziŵika monga kupatulidwa. Woweruza Wamkulu wa Khoti Lapamwambayo akulumbira: "Ndilumbira mwamphamvu (kapena kutsimikizira) kuti ndidzapereka Mokhulupirika Ofesi ya Pulezidenti wa United States, ndipo ndidzakwaniritsa maluso anga onse, kutetezera, kutetezera ndi kutetezera Malamulo a United States."

Ndi lumbirolo, pulezidenti watsopanoyo amatenga mphamvu zonse zalamulo ndi mathayo. Kutsegulidwako kumasonyeza kusamutsidwa kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro, chizindikiro cha demokrase ya Amereka. Imakhala ndi omwe kale anali mapresidenti, mamembala a Congress, nduna zazikulu, ndi zikwi za nzika pa National Mall ku Washington, D.C.

Kuganiziranso Zinthu Zina ndi Kusintha

Mgwirizano Wotchuka wa Boma la Interstate

Maiko ena agwirizana ndi pangano lotchedwa National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Pansi pa pepala limeneli, maboma avomereza kuvota awo onse osankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa amene apambana chivoti chotchuka cha dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu za amene adzapambana boma lawo. Kugwirizanako kudzakhala kogwirizana pamene maboma okwanira 270 agwirizana pa chivoti chonse cha osankhidwa. Pambuyo pa 2025, maboma 17 ndi District of Columbia akhazikitsa, kuimira mavoti 209 osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Mafunso alamulo ndi alamulo, koma akhalabe kuyesayesa kwamphamvu.

Zoyesayesa za Kupititsa Patsogolo Estorial College

Pakhala malingaliro ambiri oloŵa mmalo Electoral College ndi voti yotchuka ya dzikolo. Zambiri zimafunikira kusintha kwa malamulo, kumene kumafunikira anthu atatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kuswanitsidwa ndi magawo atatu a maboma. Ataona kugaŵikana kwa ndale ndi malo, kukonzanso koteroko sikungachitike posachedwapa. Komabe, mkanganowo ukupitirizabe, makamaka pambuyo pa masankhoti kumene wosankhidwa ndi anthu ambiri anataya chisankho (m.g. 2000, 2016).

Ufulu wa Kulandira ndi Kupeza

Chisankho chimadalira pa kukhoza kuvota. Nkhani monga malamulo a voti, kuvota koyamba, maposi, ndi masiku olembetsa zimakhudza ntchito. Malamulo a Help America Vote a 2002 ndi pambuyo pake akonza njira zopezera mavoti ndi kuteteza. Maboma akupitirizabe kukonza njira zawo zosankhira, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amatsutsa ufulu wosankha.

Chidule cha Njira Zofunika Kwambiri

  • [[FLT: 0] Primories & Caucuses (February-June): Ziŵalo za chipani zimasankha nthumwi ku misonkhano yadziko.
  • Misonkhano ya Dziko [[FLT :1] (July-August): Mapambo amavomereza mwalamulo pulezidenti wawo ndi oyembekezera kukhala achiŵiri kwa oloŵa ntchito.
  • Mkupiti Wachisawawa Wachisawawa (Sepber-November): Kukambitsirana, kulengeza, ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota.
  • Tsiku la chisankho (Lachiwiri loyamba Lolemba litapita mu November): Nzika zinasankha osankhidwa onse amene zinalonjeza.
  • Msonkhano wa College (m'pomwepo Decber): Ophunzitsa amakumana m’malikulu a boma kukavota mwalamulo.
  • Chikalata cha Chikalata (January 6): Nyumba za malamulo zimaŵerengera mavoti osankhidwa ndi kulengeza wopambana.
  • Kusintha (January 20): Wopanga pulezidenti amalumbira kuti alandire udindo ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu.

Kusankha pulezidenti wa United States nkovuta kwambiri mwa kulinganiza, mwadala ndi mochedwa ndi motsimikiza kuti palibe chochitika chimodzi kapena kulephera kumene kungasokoneze kusintha kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa amanena kuti Electoral College yatha ndi kuti dongosolo lakupotoza, ochirikiza amanena kuti limatetezera mbali ya maboma ndi kukakamiza anthu kuchita ndawala. Kumvetsa sitepe iliyonse . Kuchokera pa kanucus yoyamba kufika ku lumbiro lomaliza, kumathandiza ofufuza kuyamikira choloŵa ndi nzeru za dongosolo lapamwamba la masankhoti a dziko lapansi.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Kusintha:1]