Kupanga ndi kusankha kuli pa maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase, kupatsa nzika njira ya kusankha oimira awo ndi njira yopanga . Komabe njira, malamulo, ndi miyambo yozungulira masankho imasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse. Mayiko ena amaika zinthu zosavuta ndi zaliŵiro, pamene ena amagogomezera kulinganiza ndi kusamvana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku sikumangounikira mphamvu ndi zofooka za dongosolo lililonse komanso kumagogomezera mavuto ofala amene democracy imayang'anizana ndi kusokonezeka kwa sayansi. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene maiko osiyanasiyana amachitira ndi kusanthula ndi masankho, kutulukira m'mitundu ya madongosolo osankhidwa, ntchito a boma, mavuto osalekeza, ndi otulutsira zinthu.

Mitundu ya Njira Zotulutsira M’madzi

Njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m'mipando imaumba kwambiri dziko la ndale zadziko. Dongosolo lililonse limanyamula malonda pakati pa kuimira, bata, ndi kuŵerengera. Pansipa pali njira zovotera zotchuka kwambiri zogwiritsiridwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP, kapena kuvota, ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri: wosankha amene alandira mavoti ambiri mu chigawo chimodzi chopambana. Agwiritsiridwa ntchito ku United States, Canada, United Kingdom, ndi India (amene Lok Sabhaha , FPP imapanga masankho amphamvu a boma limodzi ndi kugawa mlandu. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera kutaya mavoti ndipo kungachititse gulu kupata malo ambiri okhala ndi ochepera pa unyinji wa chisankho chotchuka [1] chowoneka posachedwapa mu UK ndi masankhoti a US. Kumaletsanso magawo aang'ono ndi ogaŵana.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Pansi pa madongosolo a PR, mipando ya malamulo imagawiridwa kwa magawo mogwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti. Mitundu yofala imaphatikizapo mndandanda wa anthu a pa chipani PR (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Sweden, Netherlands, South Africa) ndi magawo osanganikirana (MMP, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany , New Zealand). PR imatsimikizira kuti mawu ambiri a mawu [1] kuphatikizapo anthu ochepa oimiridwa m'malamulo, koma angatsogolere ku maboma a magulu omwe angakhale osakhazikika kapena ochedwa kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, Voters ku Sweden, kuona kutembenuka ndi chikhutiro chachikulu, koma kugwirizana kungatalikitse kupangidwa ndi boma. Netherlands, ndi dongosolo lake lapadera, kaŵirikaŵiri limafunikira kupanga bungwe la kabati.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) / Rounoff Voting

Mu RCV, ovota osankhidwa m'njira yapadera. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene alandira voti lambiri la chisankho choyamba, wobatizidwa wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa kumbali ina. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wosankhidwayo afikire chisankho chochuluka. Australia imagwiritsira ntchito RCV pa nyumba yake yaing'ono (Nyumba ya Oimira), ndipo ikupeza trakiti m'mizinda ya US monga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis. RCV imalimbikitsa anthu kufunsira kupyola chigawo chawo ndi kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kusiyanitsa kwa masankho. Otsutsa angatsutse kuti ichititse kujambula ndi kutulutsa zimene sizimasonyeza malingaliro ambiri m’nkhani zina.

Malo Odulirapo Aŵiri (Guloff)

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku France, Brazil, ndi madongosolo ambiri a pulezidenti, madongosolo aŵiri ozungulira amafuna wobatizidwa kupambana ochuluka kwambiri m'mbali yoyamba. Ngati palibe amene apambana, aŵiri oyembekezera kubatizidwa apita ku chigawo chachiŵiri. Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti wopambanayo pomalizira pake ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu, koma lingakhale lokwera mtengo ndi lofuna zambiri, makamaka m'maiko aakulu. Masankho a pulezidenti a France, mwachitsanzo, onani kutsika kwachiŵiri.

Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana

Maiko angapo amaphatikiza mapulogalamu a PR ndi FPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ntchito Yosankha Imachitika Padziko Lonse

Kupatulapo njira yovotera, kuyang’anira kwenikweni kwa chisankho / kulembetsa, kulinganiza mavoti, njira zovotera, ndi kuŵerenga mokulira kwambiri. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikugogomezera kwambiri zochita za dziko.

United States

United States ili ndi imodzi ya njira zosankhira zoyenerera kwambiri m'dziko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pa Lover pa Loweruka Loyamba Loyamba Loyamba Loyamba. Chsankho la 2020. Kulembetsa kotsatira kutumiza makalata chifukwa cha mliri, kutsogolera ku mikangano yalamulo, ndi kuyang'anira pulogalamu yaitali, kampani yosankha, ndi kukhazikitsa chigawo chakusintha.

Sweden

Sweden imayendetsa dongosolo loimira gulu lokhala ndi 4% ya kuimira dziko. Zosankha zimachitika pa Sande yachiŵiri pa September. Kulembetsa kwa Voter kumachitidwa kwa nzika zonse za zaka 18 ndi zakale, kuchotsa zolembera. Maballot amasindikizidwa pasadakhale ndipo amafanana m'dziko lonselo / amasankha pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa ndandanda. Kuŵerengera kumachitidwa ndi makina openda pa maofesi ofufuza, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhalapo pa maola 85%. M'malo mwake amaposa 85% ya maphunziro ndi kukhulupirira kwambiri m'dongosolo. Sweden imalolanso kuvota pa masiteshoni ofufuza pa masiku 18 asanafike tsiku la E.

India

India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse yokhala ndi ovota pafupifupi 900 miliyoni, amapanga zisankho pamlingo waukulu. Bungwe la Ecomtion Commission of India (ECI) limayang'anira ntchitoyo paokha. Kusankha kwa Lok Sabba (nyumba yapamwamba) kugwiritsa ntchito FPP mu ufumu wa munthu mmodzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina ovota (EVP) ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'makompyuta (EVM) kuyambira 2004. OOVM amalemba pulogalamu ya wosankhidwa ndi kutulutsa kapepala kopitira kutsimikizira kuti ikhaledi. Kuyang'anira zopanga za kampani, masankhoti amasinthasintha kwambiri pa magawo ambiri (makompyuta) kufalikira kwa masabata asanu ndi atatu ndi atatu ndi atatu ndi magulu atatu ofufuza. OVM amapanga madera ena a kampani a votishiti ndi ovomerezeka. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto ena ovomerezeka, zigaŵero, ndipo zimaoneka bwino, zigalutso zina za dziko lonse, zimaoneka ndi ziganiza .

United Kingdom

UK imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP kaamba ka chisankho chake cha Nyumba ya Commons, ndi kusanthula kulikonse kwa osankhidwa MP. Chisankho chimachitidwa pafupifupi zaka zisanu zilizonse, ngakhale kuti masankho oyambirira angatchulidwe. Kulembetsa koyambirira kuli kwa munthu aliyense (osati kozikidwa pa banja kuyambira 2014) ndipo kuyenera kukonzedwanso chaka chilichonse. Njira zopanga zimaphatikizapo mu seŵero la pa Intaneti, kusanthula, ndi chisankho cha papepala. UK watsika poyerekezera ndi maiko a ku Nordic (pafupifupi 60-70% m'masankhoti amwa wamba). Kutsutsana kwaposachedwapa kwasumika pa kuyambitsa kulembetsa kopeta koyamba ndi kusanthula zaka 16. Masankho 2019 adawona kuwonjezereka kugwiritsira ntchito kwa manyuzipepala a za kampeni, kukweza nkhaŵa ponena za kuchotsa ntchito kwa progalamu ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko akunja.

Brazil

. . Brazil adapanga ntchito yofufuza mu 1996, ndipo lerolino pafupifupi kuvota kulikonse kumachitidwa kudzera pa ma depuresitala omwe sagwirizana ndi intaneti, zimene akuluakulu a boma amawapangitsa kukhala otetezeka. Njirayo imaikidwa kwambiri: kulowa nambala yofanana ndi ya munthu wofunsira, ndipo zotsatira zake zimaŵerengedwa m'maola angapo. Komabe, kuvota sikumatsimikizira kuti kuchitidwa kwapamwamba (kuphatikiza 80% ya ma Free Society omwe sanalowetsedwe pa Intaneti, koma zilango zake n’zochepa). Zovuta zovota zimaphatikizapo kuvota m'madera akutali ndi ziphuphu zandale.

Japan

Japan imagwiritsira ntchito njira yovota yofanana: 289 yolembera yokha yokha ndi yodzifunira (FPPP) ndi mipando 176 yosankhidwa ndi mndandanda wa gulu PR m'zigawo 11 . Kusankha Nyumba ya Oimira kumachitika zaka zinayi zilizonse, ngakhale kuti zigamulo zoyambirira n’zofala. Kulembetsa kozikidwa pa kulembetsa kwa anthu ndipo n’kwachibadwa; osankha amalandira khadi losankha m'makalata. M'makampani a voti ndi osankhidwa, koma amachoka ndi kuvota koyambirira. Masankhoti a ku Japan amadziŵika chifukwa cha malamulo awo a ndawala, kuphatikizapo kutsekereza khomo la khomo lofikira ku nyumba ndi malire pa kutsatsatsa kwapo anthu. Kujambula kwaposachedwapa, kwakhala kwa zaka makumi angapo, kujambula kwa pa Intaneti kwasinthasintha kwa pa 55.

Kulembetsa: Kuyang’ana Moyerekezera

Mmene dziko limalembera ovota ake angakhudzire kwambiri anthu osankhidwawo. Sweden ndi Germany ali ndi kulembetsa kodzifunira, kutsimikizira pafupifupi nzika zonse zoyenerera zili pa ndandanda. US ndi UK zimadalira pa kulembetsa kwa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, zimene zimapatsa mtolo wotsekera. Ku India, kulembetsa kuli kodzifunira koma kumafuna kuti nzika zifufuze ndi kukonzanso tsatanetsatane wawo. Mayiko ena, monga Burkina Faso ndi Philippines, amagwiritsira ntchito khomo la khomo loloŵera khomo ndi khomo. Vuto ndilo loletsa kupezeka ndi kupezeka kwachinyengo. Kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti ndi makompyuta kuli kofala, koma makompyuta angalekane kuti anthu osatetezeka.

Mavuto pa Zosankha za Ntchito Yopeka ndi Zosankha

Pano tikufufuza mavuto aakulu kwambiri amene maboma a demokalase amayang’anizana nawo lerolino.

Chibwana ndi Kutsika kwa M’mbuyo

Voter restaute yatsika m'mademokrase ambiri okhazikitsidwa, makamaka pakati pa ana. Kupita kwa masankho apakati pa United States sikumaposa 50%, ndipo ngakhale masankho a pulezidenti akuona pafupifupi 60-65%. Zifukwa zimaphatikizapo kusadalira boma, kuzindikira kuti voti ya munthu siifunika (makamaka m'madongosolo a FPP), ndi zopinga zonga masiku olembetsa ndi madeti a ntchito. Mayiko okhala ndi mavoti okakamiza, monga Australia, Belgium, ndi Brazil, kukwaniritsa kutembenuka kwapamwamba kwambiri [1] Koma zimenezi sizingatsimikizire chisankho ndi kupereka chilango pa anthu osagwirizana ndi mayiko.

Kusagwirizana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko Ena

Asayansi ayamba kufalitsa zinthu zabodza, kuyambira pa nkhani zokopa anthu mpaka mavidiyo a nyuzi. Chisankho cha 2016 cha United States chinasonyeza kuti kusokoneza mayiko ena kukhoza kuchitika kudzera m'masatsa ndi mapulogalamu a bot . Mayiko ena, monga France, Germany, ndi United Kingdom, akhazikitsa mabungwe ofufuza zinthu ndi mabungwe ofufuza zinthu kuti athetse nkhani zosokoneza pa nthawi ya makampani. India waona kufalikira kwa nkhani zopeka pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ngati Achsapp, nthaŵi zina kulimbikitsa chiwawa. Kuonetsa pulogalamu ya zandale pa Intaneti, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kulemba mawu kwa olemba nkhani zapangika kukutengedwa pang'onopang'ono monga mapulogalamu.

Kupezeka kwa Anthu Olumala

Makina ovotera ayenera kukhala ufulu wa anthu onse, koma a ku United Kingdom apita patsogolo mwa kupereka thandizo, kuvotera, ndi kusanthula malo oyendera. Makina a United Kingdom athandiza anthu. Makina a United America Vote akufunika ngakhale makina amodzi osavuta oonera mu 2002, koma makina a VVPAT amapereka zizindikiro zaluso ndi zakhungu. Komabe, mamiliyoni a anthu ojambula ndi opunduka amene amayang'anizana ndi mavuto amene amachepetsa ntchito yawo.

Chinyengo cha Ndale ndi Kuchepetsa Kukhulupirika

Ziphuphu zingafooketse chidaliro m'masankho. M'maiko ambiri omatukuka, kugula mavoti, kufunkha katundu, ndi kuopseza zidakali mavuto osatha. Makampani a Independent ofufuza zinthu, monga aja a ku India, South Africa, ndi Costa Rica, amathandiza kusunga umphumphu. Openyerera a mitundu yonse (kuchokera ku UN, OSCE, kapena African Union) kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anira masankhoti kuti atsimikizire chilungamo. Komabe, zinenezo za ziphuphu zingachitidwe mwa kutaya oyembekezera kuchotsa zipambano, monga momwe kwa 20202020 mu masankhoti a United States ndi 2022 kusankhoti ya Kenya. Kulimbikitsa kupenda komiti ya zachiweruzo, kuwonana kwa ndalama, ndi kuteteza kwa magetsi kupitirizabe.

Kusintha Mitengo ya Chigawo

M'makompyuta a FPTP, kujambula malire a chigawo cha magetsi kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuyanja chipani chimodzi . Ndi kachitidwe kotchedwa gerrymanidering . Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lagamula kuti kugawana kuli funso la ndale zadziko osati m'manja mwa makhoti a boma, kusiya maboma kuti alamulire. Mayiko ena, monga United Kingdom ndi Canada, amagwiritsira ntchito makomiti odziimira paokha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya gulu la oukira boma. Mabungwe a Supyring ndi ogwirizana mwachibadwa amachepetsa mphamvu ya gegerrymandering chifukwa mipando imaikidwa modalirana pa mavoti onse.

Kukonzanso Zochita za Kukonza Zinthu

Njira zatsopano zamakono ndi zatsopano zikuyendetsedwa kuti pakhale kuvota kotetezereka, koyenera, ndi koonekera bwino.

Makina Otulutsa Makompyuta (EVM)

ZAMBIRI, nkhaŵa za kuwonongeka kwa makompyuta ndi kusoŵa kuonekera kwachititsa mayiko ena (monga Netherlands) kusiya maEVM ndi kubwereranso ku mapepala. Nkhaniyi imayambitsa ngati kufulumira kwa kuthamanga ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zamagetsi ndi kuwonjezera mavuto a kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi.

Kutulutsa Magetsi pa Intaneti

Estonia ndi amene amatsogolera ntchito yovota pa Intaneti. Opereka mavoti a boma amalola anthu kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti posankha anthu. Ofufuza angavote kuchokera pamalo alionse mpaka masiku 10 tsiku la chisankho lisanafike. Pafupifupi 46% a mavoti pa mavoti a nyumba ya malamulo anaikidwa pa Intaneti. Malamulo a chitetezo amaphatikizapo kulembedwa kofinya ndi kutsekera mitengo yonga yokhayokha. Ngakhale kuti n’kotheka, kuvota pa Intaneti kumawonjezera mantha okhudza kukakamiza anthu kuti avoti, makompyuta oletsedwa ndi kuswa ziwitso zaoto, ndi kupha magetsi ambiri a otsatsa malonda. Mayi ena kuphatikizapo Switzerland ndi France, achita mayeso opaleshoni otetezedwa chifukwa cha chitetezo.

Kutulutsa Malo Otsekeredwa ndi Malo Otsekemera

Technology Blockchain akulonjeza wosintha kampani, wotsogolera wowoneratu mavoti. Oyendetsa ndege ang'onoang'ono agwiritsiridwa ntchito ku West Virginia (US jovota kumaiko akunja) ndi m'mabungwe ena aumwini. Komabe, kuletsa kuthekera kwa munthu kwa kuvomereza wovota kapena zinsinsi za pulogalamu. Otsutsa amanena kuti blchain ndi yankho la vutolo . Oyendetsa ndege apepala okhala ndi kuchepetsa kupenda kwa Virginia ali osungika kale. Luso la zofufuza za masankho ofala.

Kulemba Magetsi a Magalimoto a M’manja ndi Kutsimikizira Kuti Zinthu Zili ndi Maselo Osiyanasiyana

M’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene, kulembetsa kwa zilembo za m’manja, mipata ya maso a munthu ndi yairs) kwachepetsa kulembetsa kofanana ndi chinyengo. Ghana, Kenya, ndi Nigeria amagwiritsa ntchito pepala losonyeza zinthu zamoyo. Dokotala wa ku India amagwirizanitsa zinthu zasayansi ndi makampani ovota, ngakhale kuti amasamala zachinsinsi. Makompyuta a m'manja a anthu olembetsa amalola kuti alembetse zinthu zawo popanda kuyendera maofesi a boma. M'madera ena, makiyikito onyamulidwa ndi zinthu zamagetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulembetsa ovota pa malowa.

Kulemba Mafuta Okhala ndi Tsiku Limodzi ndi Odzipangira

Kuti athetse mavuto, mayiko ambiri a ku United States avomereza kulembetsa tsiku limodzi (kulola kulembetsa pa Tsiku la Chisankho) ndi kulembetsa modzifunira pamene nzika zigwirizana ndi galimoto kapena mabungwe a ntchito za anthu. Oregon anachita upainiya wolembetsa kulemberana ndi anthu mu 2016 ndipo anaona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu. Masinthidwe ameneŵa ndi otsika ndipo amathandiza kwambiri kuti achinyamata ndi ongosankhidwa.

Kumaliza

Malo a dziko lonse opanga masankho ndi masankho ndi masinthidwe ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana, miyambo, ndi kusintha. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe chitsanzo chimodzi chimene chili changwiro, maiko angaphunzire kuchokera ku chipambano ndi kulephera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kulembetsa, ndi mapulani a kusanthula kukupangitsa masankho kukhala ofikirika ndi odalirika, komanso amayambitsanso masinthidwe atsopano. Potsirizira pake, thanzi la demokrase iliyonse limadalira pa kudalira kwa nzika zake mchitidwe wa voti [1] Kudalira kumene kuyenera kuchitidwa mwa kuwonekera bwino, chilungamo, ndi kuwongokera kopitirizabe.