Misonkho imaonedwa kukhala mtolo wa ndalama, komabe imapanga maziko a chipambano chamakono. Kuchokera ku misewu imene timapita ku sukulu zimene zimaphunzitsa ana athu, ndalama za msonkho mwachindunji ndi mautumiki a boma amene amapangitsa moyo wa anthu kukhala wotheka ndi wosakondera. Kumvetsa phindu la misonkho pa mautumiki ameneŵa kwa anthu si kungokhala maziko a maphunziro a unzika wodziŵa bwino. Kufufuza kumeneku kumapenda kugwirizana kodabwitsa pakati pa malamulo a msonkho ndi katundu wa anthu onse, kusinthika kwa mbiri yakale kwa unansi umenewu, ndi mavuto amene chuma chamakono chikuyang'anizana nawo posunga dongosolo la kayendetsedwe kabwino ndi kokhomakhomakhoma.

Kumvetsa Misonkho: Kuposa Udindo

Pamlingo wake waukulu, msonkho uli malipiro a ndalama okakamiza kapena mtundu wina wa levy woikidwa pa wopereka msonkho (munthu kapena bungwe lalamulo) ndi gulu la boma kuti lipereke ndalama zosiyanasiyana zowonongedwa ndi anthu. Koma misonkho ndi yoposa kugulitsana wamba. Imeneyi imaimira pangano la kakhalidwe: nzika zimapereka gawo la ndalama zawo kapena chuma posinthanitsa mapindu a gulu amene palibe munthu aliyense angadziperekere okha.

Interal Revenuence Service (IRS) [[FLT ,1] ya United States, mwachitsanzo, inasonkhanitsa ndalama zoposa $4.9 biliyoni m'makampani aakulu m'chaka cha 2023, ndalama zimene zinaperekedwa ku chilichonse kuchokera ku chitetezo cha dziko lonse mpaka ku kuyendera chakudya. Malinga ndi Msonkhozo wa OCD ndi za boma [, mayiko a m'mayiko akusonkhanitsa avareji ya 34% ya GDP m'S, chiŵerengero chimene chimagogomezera mlingo waukulu wa ndalama zofunikira kusungitsa mabizinesi amakono ndi ntchito za boma.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Misonkho ndi Zolinga Zake Zosiyana

Kumvetsa mitundu iliyonse ya misonkho kumathandiza anthu kudziwa kumene ndalama zawo zimapita ndiponso chifukwa chake misonkho ina ilipo.

  • Ndalama zopezedwa: Msonkho pa malipiro a munthu ndi a makampani. Izi zili kwenikweni ziŵerengero zowonjezereka, zotanthauza kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama, zimene zimalinganizidwira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zopezedwa ndi kusungitsa mautumiki ozikidwa pa maphunziro ndi chisungiko cha anthu.
  • Msonkho: Msonkho wogwiritsidwa ntchito woperekedwa pa kugulitsa katundu ndi mautumiki. Kaŵirikaŵiri umabwereranso, monga mmene mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa amawonongera ndalama zawo zambiri pa zinthu zokhomedwa. Maboma ambiri amasankha zofunika monga kugula ndi mankhwala kuti achepetse zotsatirapo zimenezi.
  • Msonkho wowonetsera: A levy yozikidwa pa kukhala ndi katundu, kwakukulukulu malo. Imeneyi ndi magwero aakulu a ndalama za ntchito za kumaloko zonga masukulu a boma, apolisi, madipatimenti a moto, ndi malaibulale. Chifukwa chakuti mtengo wa katundu umasonyeza mikhalidwe ya zachuma ya kumaloko, misonkho ya katundu ikhoza kutsogolera ku ku kugaŵa ndalama zazikulu za sukulu pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka.
  • Msonkho woikidwiratu: Msonkho woikidwiratu pa zinthu zakutizakuti, zonga petulo, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya. Kaŵirikaŵiri imapangidwa kuletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zovulaza pamene ikukweza ndalama kaamba ka ndalama zoyendera (m'b., msonkho wa ndalama zosungitsa misewu; misonkho ya fodya ya zopereka za zaumoyo).
  • Tchata cha Msonkho: msonkho pa malipiro ndi malipiro ogwiritsiridwa ntchito makamaka kusungitsa maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya mayanjano onga Social Security ndi Medicare . Olembedwa ntchito ndi olemba ntchito onse aŵiri amapereka zopereka, ndipo ndalama zimenezi zimasungidwa kudalira kaamba ka oloŵa mapindu mtsogolo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Catestat ndi Msonkho wa Msonkho: Msonkho wopatsira chuma kuchokera ku mbadwo umodzi kumka ku wina. Magawo ochepa ali oyenera kukhoma msonkho umenewu chifukwa cha kusatengamo katundu wochuluka, koma udakali chiŵiya choperekera ndalama.

Mfundo Yothandiza Kupereka Mphoto

Mfundo yaikulu pa malamulo a msonkho ndi "kukhoza kupereka msonkho" .Iwo okhala ndi ndalama zambiri ayenera kuthandizira kwambiri ntchito za boma. Mfundo imeneyi imachititsa madongosolo a misonkho opita patsogolo. Katswiri wa zachuma Adam Smith anandandalika motchuka malamulo anayi a misonkho: kuyenera, kutsimikizira, kusangalatsa, ndi chuma. Kulephera kulamula kuti misonkho ikhale yolingana ndi luso la wokhometsa msonkho, kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo siliika chitsenderezo chosayenerera kwa awo okhoza kulipira moyenerera.

Malinga ndi Office ya Banki (CBO) , dongosolo la msonkho la United States kaŵirikaŵiri limayendera limodzi, limodzi ndi 1% ya mabanja akulipira ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zimene amapeza pafupifupi 30% pamene mlingo wa pansi pa 20% ukulipira ngongole zofunikira monga ngati Inviged Inhover for Treasure. Kupereka kumeneku kumathandiza kusungitsa ndalama zimene zimathandizira mabanja ocheperapo, monga chithandizo cha chakudya ndi nyumba za anthu onse.

Ntchito ya Misonkho Popereka Ndalama

Mautumiki a boma ndi njira zothandiza pa zamalonda. Popanda msonkho, maboma sangakhale okhoza kupereka zinthu zofunika zimene misika imagulitsa mwakupereka [1] monga mpweya woyera, zipatala, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse. Unansi pakati pa msonkho ndi ntchito ndi wapadziko lonse ndi ngwoona: pamene ndalama za msonkho zichepa kapena ziwonongedwa, mautumiki a boma amanyonyotsoka, kuvulaza nzika zosavuta kupambana.

Maphunziro: Maziko a Mwayi Wochita Zinthu

Maphunziro a boma ndi limodzi la mautumiki ofunika kwambiri okhometsedwa msonkho. Ku United States, pafupifupi 90% ya K-12 ya sukulu za boma imachokera ku boma ndi malo akwawo, misonkho yochuluka ya katundu. National Center for Education Statistics imachitira lipoti kuti sukulu za boma zowonongedwa pafupifupi $15,000 pasukulu iliyonse mu 2020, ndi ndalama zosiyanasiyana ndi chigawo ndi chigawo chonse, pamene ena amawononga ndalama zochepera pa $8,000 pa ophunzira onse pamene ena akupitirira $300,000. Kusokonekera kumeneku kuli chotulukapo chachindukudalira misonkho ya katundu yakwawo, imene imachititsa mayendedwe a kusalingana kwa zigawo: sukulu zolemera, zikukopa anthu olemera ndi katundu wokwera chuma, pamene madera osauka akulimbana ndi kusungitsa chuma cha maphunziro.

Kupitirira K-12, makoleji a misonkho, mayunivesite a boma, ndi chithandizo cha ophunzira. Masukulu apamwamba a zachuma amadalira pa ndalama za msonkho zimene boma limalandira. Dongosolo la maphunziro otchuka limatulutsa ntchito zaluso, kuchepetsa umphaŵi, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuyenda. Koma maphunziro otsalira maphunziro amachititsa kutsika kwa mayeso, kuchepetsa chitukuko cha chuma, ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama za anthu monga kumanga sitolo ndi kudalira chithandizo cha mankhwala.

Kusamalira Thanzi: Nkhani ya Moyo ndi Kukhalitsa

Madongosolo a zaumoyo oyendetsedwa ndi misonkho amasiyanasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse, koma maiko onse otukuka amagwiritsa ntchito msonkho kutsimikizira kuti pali njira zamankhwala zofunika. Ku United States, Medicare (kwa okalamba) ndi Medicaid (a anthu olandira ndalama zochepa) amayendetsedwa makamaka mwa kukhoma misonkho ndi ndalama za onse. Boma la United States linawononga pafupifupi $1.8 miliyoni ya ndalama za za zaumoyo mu 2023 kudzera m'maprogramuzi, kuŵerengera pafupifupi 28% a ndalama za boma. Mayiko okhala ndi antchito amodzi kapena aumoyo a dziko lonse, onga Canada ndi United Kingdom, ndalama zaumoyo pafupifupi kupyolera pafupifupi pa misonkhongo ya anthu onse.

Nyumba zaumoyo za boma . . . . . . . . . . ndi msonkho . Mliri wa COVID . Unasonyeza kuti ndalama zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri: kuwonjezeka ndi kugawidwa kwa mankhwala a katemera kunapangidwa ndi ndalama zambiri za boma zoyendetsera ndalama za msonkho. Popanda misonkho, anthu angayang'ane ndi matenda otetezeka ndi imfa zapanthaŵi yake, ndipo ndalama zosamalira thanzi zidzagulitsidwa kwa anthu onse, zomwe zingachititse kusowa ndalama ndi kusoŵa kwa mankhwala.

Malo Opangira Zinthu: Luso la Zamalonda ndi Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Misewu, mabuloho, mabwalo a ndege, madongosolo a madzi, kutumiza anthu, ndi magetsi ali ndi msonkho wochuluka. Msonkho wa petulo wa United States wa 18.4 senti pa lita imodzi (osati kusinthidwa chiyambire 1993) ukudyetsa Highway Trust Fund, ndalama zimene zimapanga misewu yaikulu ndi kukonza. Msonkho wa gasi wa m'dzikolo umawonjezeranso chigawo china. Komabe, pamene galimoto zikukwera mafuta ndi magetsi, kukwera kwa petuloku kukuchepa, kuyambitsa vuto la ndalama za magetsi.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) imapatsa malo apamwamba a C ndi kuyerekezera mpata wa ndalama zokwana madola 2.6 biliyoni zaka khumi. Kuikizira zinthu za m'mafakitale kumapereka ndalama zambiri: Ndalama iliyonse yowonongedwa posamalira galimoto m'makonzedwe a galimoto imasunga $3 ($2,000) m'makampani a anthu onse. Malo osungidwa bwino amachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kutsika kwa makampani, ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu ku ntchito ndi maphunziro.

Chitetezo cha Anthu: Chinsinsi Chokhazikitsa Zinthu

Madipatimenti a apolisi, ozimitsa moto, chithandizo cha mankhwala, ndi a khoti amathandizidwa kwambiri makamaka mwa misonkho ya malo akwawo ndi misonkho ya boma. Mautumiki ameneŵa amagwira ntchito usiku ndi usiku kuteteza miyoyo ndi katundu. Malinga ndi Bureau of Justice Statistics, boma ndi maboma akomwewa anawononga ndalama zoposa $950,000 biliyoni pa apolisi, zidzudzudzulo, ndi makhoti mu 2020. Popanda mautumiki ameneŵa, upandu ukanaletsedwa, moto ukhoza kufalikira popanda kuyankha, ndipo mikangano ya anthu idzakhala chiwawa chachigawenga.

Komabe kugwirizana pakati pa kupereka msonkho ndi chitetezo cha anthu n’kovuta. Kuchepetsa ndalama zimene apolisi amapereka kungachititse kuti achepetse malamulo ndiponso kuti achepetseko nthawi zochitira zinthu mwamsanga. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito apolisi popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira zothandizira anthu ovutika maganizo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kungayambitse kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri popanda zifukwa zazikulu. Malingaliro a boma akuona kuti malamulo a msonkho kuti atetezere anthu ndi kuwathandiza kukonza zinthu.

Mmene Misonkho Imayendera

Kwa anthu, misonkho si chilango kapena kuba; ndiyo mtengo wa chitaganya chotsungula. Afilosofi a Thomas Hobbes mpaka John Rawl atsutsa kuti anthu akuvomereza kupatsidwa msonkho kuti apeze mapindu a kukhala pansi pa boma lokhazikika limene limapereka lamulo, dongosolo, ndi katundu wa anthu. pangano limeneli limafuna nzika kupereka gawo lawo loyenera ndipo, m’njira yomweyo, zimafuna kuti anthu aonedwe bwino ndi kuŵerengeredwa mlandu ndi boma ponena za mmene ndalamazo zikugwiritsidwira ntchito.

Ubwino wa Kuloŵa M’chigwirizano cha Msonkho

Anthu akazindikira mmene misonkho imathandizira anthu, nthawi zambiri amalowa m’gulu la demokalase.

  • Kuvota m'masankho akwanuko pa zomangira za sukulu, zoikizira za maziko, ndi zifuno za msonkho.
  • Kuthandiza m'maweruzidwe a anthu kumene kugawiridwa kwa bajeti kukukambidwa.
  • Kuchirikiza masinthidwe a msonkho amene amatsekereza njira zotsekezera kapena kupanga dongosolo kukhala loyenera.
  • Kuwonjezera mautumiki a boma m'midzi yosafunika.

Nzika zogwirizana zingakakamize kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizanitsa misonkho ndi zosoŵa za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, nzika za m'maiko ena zachirikiza mwachipambano kuwonjezera msonkho wa gasi kuti zisonkhezere kuwongolera mayendedwe kapena kudutsa "milina ya ndalama" kuthandizira maphunziro a anthu onse. Pamene nzika sizili zofunsira, malamulo a msonkho kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira maganyu olembedwa bwino mmalo mwa ubwino wa anthu.

Kulimbikitsa Kuonana Bwino ndi Kukhulupirirana

Kusonyeza mmene misonkho imawonongedwera nkofunika kuti anthu asungire kukhulupirika. Maboma amene amalankhula momvekera bwino kumene ndalama za msonkho zimapita / kudzera pa Intaneti, malipoti a pachaka, ndi ofalitsidwa ndi bajeti. Mayeso a Pew Research Center anapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la anthu a ku America amakhulupirira kuti boma limawononga ndalama za msonkho mwanzeru. Kusakhulupirira kumeneku kumachotsedwa ndi malamulo ovuta a msonkho ndi madongosolo a ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za bajeti ndi kulinganiza kwa ndalama.

Pamene nzika ziwona zotulukapo zenizeni ." msonkho wa katundu wanu ulipiridwa kaamba ka lole yozimira moto yatsopano yomwe inafika m'mphindi zitatu kupulumutsa nyumba ya mnansi wanu" "" iwo ali ofunitsitsa kuchirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho. Mosiyana ndi, maupandu ophatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ndalama za msonkho (monga ngati 2023 kupezedwa kwa mamiliyoni m'mabanki owononga ndalama za chithandizo m'maiko ena) amawononga kudalirana ndi kutulutsa mphamvu yoletsa msonkho, imene imachititsa kusoŵa kwa anthu ofunikira ndalama.

Mavuto a M’makhoti ndi Othandiza Anthu

Ngakhale m'madongosolo olinganizidwa bwino, pamabuka mavuto amene amachepetsa kugwira ntchito kwa misonkho. Kusamalira nkhani zimenezi kuli kofunika kutsimikizira kuti misonkho imatumikira chikondwerero cha anthu mofanana.

Kuchotsa Msonkho ndi Kupeŵa

Kulephera kupereka msonkho . . . ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo pochepetsa ngongole. Ziwiyazo zimachepetsa ndalama zimene anthu amapereka popereka msonkho. IRS imayerekezera kuti kusiyana kwa misonkho (kusiyana pakati pa misonkho ndi misonkho yolipiridwa) kumaposa $600 biliyoni pachaka ku United States kokha. Maakaunti a m’mphepete mwa nyanja, makampani a makhomo, ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu kwa misonkhoma (mphingo, kusintha phindu la ndalama za msonkho) zimene zingapereke ndalama zothandizira sukulu, zipatala, ndi makampani a za kampani.

Maiko otukuka akuvutika molingana kwambiri: mogwirizana ndi World Bank [FLT ], msonkho wopeŵedwa ndi makampani a mitundu yonse umatayitsa maiko osatukuka $200 biliyoni pachaka (kuposa chiwonkhetso chonse cha chithandizo chachilendo chimene amalandira. Kutsegulira njira zimenezi kupyolera m'chigwirizano cha mitundu yonse (monga ngati Base Erosiation ndi Intelligence Shifting) nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti kuyendetsa dziko sikuwononga ndalama za anthu onse.

Kusalingana M’zopereka ndi Kugaŵira Utumiki

Si misonkho yonse yotsalira misonkho yofanana. Monga misonkho yogulitsa ndi misonkho yotsala, ikhaleni mtolo wolemera pa mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa, amene amawononga mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zawo pogwiritsira ntchito. Panthaŵi ino, anthu olemera kaŵirikaŵiri amapindula ndi misonkho yotsika mwa kupindula ndi ndalama, mapindu, ndi nyumba za msonkho. Kusalingana kumeneku kumachititsa kuti pakhale kusalingana kwa utumiki. Magulu achuma atha kugula masukulu abwino, misewu yabwino, ndi malo oyeretsera nyumba chifukwa chakuti chuma chawo chapamwamba chimapanga ndalama zambiri za msonkho. Amphaŵi, ndi mapindu apamwamba ndi ntchito zachuma, amasiyidwa ndi mautumiki apamwamba, kupititsa patsogolo umphaŵi.

Madongosolo a misonkho opita patsogolo . Kumene kuli kukwera ndi ndalama zopezedwa [1] kungathandizire kuwonjezera malo oseŵerawa, koma kokha ngati ndalamazo zikufalitsidwa mofanana kumadera onse. Njira za boma ndi ndalama zoperekera ndalama zolingana (monga Ditut I ya sukulu zolandira zotsika) zimayesa kutchula zimenezi, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zotsika kapena zopikisana ndi ndale.

Ntchito Yopanga Chuma ndi Msonkho

Kukula kwa e-commerce, ntchito yakutali, ndi makompyuta kwayambitsa mavuto atsopano kaamba ka kusonkhetsa msonkho kwa mwambo. Malamulo a msonkho analinganizidwa kaamba ka masitolo a njerwa ndi mbanda; kugwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi a pa Intaneti anafunikiritsa chigamulo cha Supreme Court 2018 mu South Dakota v. Wayfair , chomwe chimalola kugulitsa msonkho. Mofananamo, kukula kwa chuma cha geg (Oyendetsa galimoto, mapulatifomu a odzifunira) kumapanga ndalama zoyendera ku njira, kutsogolera ku ku ku kulengeza kumbuyo kwa manyuzipepala.

Nkhongole ya misonkho imapanikizidwanso pamene maatomu akupanga ndalama m'maiko amene ali ndi chuma chochepa. Chivomerezo cha OECD cha 2021 pa mlingo wa msonkho wapamwamba wa makampani 15% padziko lonse chikufunitsitsa kuletsa fukoli, koma kukwaniritsa kumakhala kosagwirizana. Ngati nyumba za msonkho zikunyonyotsoka mofulumira kuposa mmene maboma angachitire, mautumiki a boma adzayang'anizana ndi kusoŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Ntchito Yopereka Msonkho Padziko Lonse

Kufufuza mmene mayiko osiyanasiyana amasonkhetsera ndalama ndiponso kupereka misonkho kumasonyeza kuti anthu amakhoma misonkho chifukwa cha malonda awo ndiponso chifukwa cha malamulo ena okhudza msonkho.

Chitsanzo Chabwino Kwambiri cha Ku Scandinavia: Misonkho Yambiri, ndi Ntchito Zapamwamba

Maiko onga Sweden, Denmark, ndi Norway ali ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri za msonkho wa GDP padziko lonse (oposa 40%). Pobwerera, amapereka maphunziro aulere aulere, kupatsa makolo tchuthi, ndi mapindu aakulu a ulova. Maiko ameneŵa nthaŵi zonse amaika malo apamwamba a chimwemwe cha padziko lonse ndi zisonyezero za anthu. Otsutsa amanena kuti misonkho yapamwamba imalepheretsa malonda, koma ochirikiza amawona kuti masikito amphamvu amakhalidwe abwino amapangitsa kuthekera ndi kuwonjezereka mwa kuchepetsa mtengo wa kulephera kwa munthuwekha.

United States: Kuchepetsa Misonkho, Ntchito Yopatula

Msonkho wa United States pa 28% ya GDP, pansi pa avereji ya OECD, ndipo umadalira kwambiri pa inshuwalansi ya boma yozikidwa pa bwana ndi ndalama zoyendetsera bwino za masukulu. Chotulukapo chake ndicho njira yokhala ndi kusatsa malonda kokulira: mautumiki abwino m'madera olemera ndi kupereŵera kwakukulu kwa osauka. The American Rerection Plan ndi Inflaiction Reduction Act yapanga ndalama za boma kukhala zachitukuko ndi za nyengo, koma kulephera kwanthaŵi yaitali kumawopseza kutetezeredwa kwa Social Social ndi Medicareas.

Singapore: Kutsika kwa Magetsi, Kupulumuka Kosalimba

Singapore ali ndi misonkho yotsika ya ndalama (pamwamba pa 22%) koma yokulira ya lamulo ku Central Presentent Fund yake, imene imakhudza zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi kupuma pantchito. Boma limadaliranso pa kubwezeredwa kwa ndalama za dziko ndi chuma cha mbuye. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimakwaniritsa mautumiki a anthu apamwamba ndi misonkho ya msonkho yotsika kwambiri kwa anthu, koma otsutsa amanena kuti chimatsendereza malipiro ndi kusumika maganizo pa chuma.

Kumaliza: Kukhomereza Kuphunzira Msonkho

Chiyambukiro cha misonkho pa mautumiki a boma sichili kokha nkhani ya bajeti ya ndandanda ya ndalama . Ili umboni wa makhalidwe a chitaganya. Mmene mtundu umasankhira kukhoma msonkho nzika zake ndi kuikizira ndalama zake zimasankha bwino masukulu ake, thanzi la anthu ake, kutetezereka kwa makwalala ake, ndi mphamvu ya maziko ake. Kuchokera kwa anthu, kuzindikira unansi umenewu sikuli kodzisankhira; uli ntchito ya nzika iriyonse mu demokrase.

Nzika zodziŵa bwino malamulo a msonkho amene ali abwino, okhutiritsa, ndi okwanira kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za gulu. Angaimbe mlandu atsogoleri kaamba ka kuwononga ndalama ndi kukakamiza kuwonekera m’njira imene ndalama za anthu zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito. Ndipo angadziŵe kuti kulipira misonkho sikuli kudzimana koma kuikizira ndalama za mtsogolo mogaŵikana, tsogolo limene mwana aliyense ali ndi maphunziro abwino, banja lirilonse lingakhoze kusamala zaumoyo, ndipo chitaganya chirichonse chingadalire pa misewu yotetezereka ndi mautumiki angozi.

Malingaliro a boma akutikumbutsa kuti tonsefe tili ndi mphamvu zosonkhezera lamulo la msonkho, ndi kuti mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho ili m’manja mwa nzika zotomerana ndi zachidziŵitso.