Mlanduwo wa Ufulu wa Anthu Unawachititsa Kusamvera M’dziko

Kuswa lamulo kwachiŵeniŵeni kwadala, kuswa lamulo kwapoyera monga mtundu wa chitsutso . Njira yaikulu m'mbiri ya Amereka. Kuyambira ku Boston Tea Party mpaka ku malo osungira chakudya chamasana a m'ma 1960 ndi kuyambika kwa nyengo yamakono, machitidwe a lamulo la chikumbumtima choswa ndi kulinganiza mobwerezabwereza ndi kukonza malamulo a dziko. Bill of Rights, wovomerezedwa mu 1791, amapereka malamulo otetezera ndi kutsendereza ntchito zoterozo. Mwa kutsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, sindikiza, ndi kuchonderera, Bill of Rights indecriture malo kumene kusemphanako kunganenedwe popanda chiwawa . Ngakhale pamene kusemphanako kumathetsa malamulowo. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kwafotokozedwa kwa nthaŵi zonse kulongosola nthaŵi yalamulo popanda kuletsa kuletsa kulakwa kwachiŵeruzidwa kwachiweni kwa lamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Mpukutu Woyamba Umene Unasintha Zinthu Umakhala M’malo

Chisinthiko choyamba chimakhala maziko aakulu a lamulo oletsa kusamvera boma. Ziganizo zake zisanu . "chipembedzo, mawu, nyuzi, msonkhano, ndi pempho [1] Kutetezani ntchito zazikulu zimene zimachititsa chitsutso kukhala chotheka. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonza kwa malemba kuli kosavuta (“Khonsalo silidzapanga lamulo lililonse... kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa kufalitsa nkhani; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libwezetse mavuto a anthu ”), kuletsa kwake kusamvera lamulo sikunasinthe.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kalankhulidwe Kophiphiritsira

Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti Kusintha Koyamba kumateteza osati kokha kulankhula kapena kulemba komanso khalidwe lomveka. Mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa kusamvera kwa anthu, kumene kachitidweko , mbendera, kuvala mikono, kugwada mkati mwa nyimbo ya dziko, kufalitsa uthenga. [FLT] [[FLD] [1] "[1] "Tinker] v. Des Moindement Community School [[FLT:] [69]] [69], Bwalo linakhulupirira kuti ophunzira amavala malamba akuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam adachitidwa m'kulimbana ndi “kutetezedwa koyera, pokhapokhapo ngati sukulu ingasonyeze kuti khalidwe la “kudzitetezera ndi kusokoneza kwambiri. Nkhani yophunzitsayi yakhazikitsidwa, yophiphiritsira, yokhudza kutsutsa mfundo zonse yowombera kuti igwiritsiriridwa ku .

Sizochitika zonse zophiphiritsira zimene zimatetezeredwa. Bomalo lingapereke ziletso zoyenerera pa “nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira” pa kulankhula poyera, malinga ngati zili zophatikizidwa, zolinganizidwa kuthandizira chikondwerero chachikulu cha boma, ndi kusiya njira zina zolankhulirana. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti osamvera boma sangafune ufulu wa kutsekereza magalimoto kapena kukhala ndi boma kosatha; boma lingalamulire njira zotsutsa popanda kutsendereza uthengawo.

Msonkhano Wamtendere ndi Ufulu Wosonkhanitsa

Chikalata cha lamulo chotetezera kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa m'magulu ofotokoza. Ichi ndicho maziko alamulo a magudumu, zikondwerero, ndi zitsutso. Zigamulo zamwambo monga . Komiti ya Industrial Organization [1] [1939] [1939]) zinatsimikizira kuti makwalala, m’misewu, ndi m'mapaki ndi malo osungiramo anthu kumene nzika zingakumane kuti zikakambirane nkhani zaponse. Khoti linamenyana pansi pa Jersey City Lavior linkafuna chilolezo cha msonkhano uliwonse kapena mchitidwe, kugamula kwa ufulu wa boma pa ufulu wa boma popanda lamulo lomveka bwino. Nkhaniyi inayo inandalikidwa pa malamulo amene a boma alephera kutsutsa boma.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, First Amendment imateteza kokha “kusonkhana kwa mtendere”. Kusamvera kwa nzika kumene kumasintha kukhala kwachiwawa kumataya chitetezo cha lamulo. Mzera umenewo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri umatsutsidwa, umachirikiza chiphunzitso chamwambo cha kusamenyana: kuswa lamulo mosamenya kumatetezera lamulo la makhalidwe abwino ndi lalamulo lakutetezera.

Ufulu Wopempha Boma

Chikalatacho [1] Nthaŵi zambiri chimanyalanyazidwa koma nchofunika m'mbiri, kuyenera kwa “kubwezera ku boma chifukwa cha milandu.” Kuyenera kumeneku kwamasuliridwa mokulira kuphatikizapo kuweruza milandu, kukopa, ndi kuchonderera mwachindunji mwa chitsutso. Njira ya NAACP mkati mwa Chigwirizano cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko, chimene chinaphatikizapo kutsendereza, zionetsero zapoyera, ndi kuchonderera, kuonetsa mmene kupemphako kungagwiritsidwire ntchito kutsutsa malamulo osalungama kudzera m'njira zambiri. [NACP] v. Battp [[FL:2] [FL:3] [193] [193]), Khoti yosa

Masinthidwe Owonjezereka Amene Amasonkhezera Kusamvera Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Ngakhale kuti Lamulo Loyamba la Mpando wa Malamulo ndi lofunika kwambiri, malamulo ena a m’Bungwe la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe amaumbanso malamulo a anthu ophwanya malamulo.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Kuchinjiriza Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kubisa

Ofufuza, makamaka amene amatsutsa lamulo la boma, ngosavuta kugwidwa ndi kufunafuna. M'Chilamulo chachinayi chimafunikira kuti kugwidwa ndi kufufuzidwa kukhale kozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera ndi kuti kufufuzidwa kuchitidwe ndi chilolezo (kapena m'zosiyana zokhazikitsidwa). Zimenezi zimaletsa boma kuletsa kutsutsa mwa kutsendedwa kwa anthu ambiri kapena kufufuzidwa kosasankha. [[FLT]] [[FLT] v.[FLT] [[1968]], Khoti linazindikira kuti apolisi angachite “kuleka ndi kufufuza kosasankha. Kukayikira koyenera kwa ntchito zaupandu, muyezo lomwe likufunabe, luso lokhoza kutsutsa. Komabe, pakati pa milandu yovomerezekayi ndi yoletsedwa ndi yosaloleka kuweruza milandu; kaŵirikaŵiri, makhoti apolisi anachititsa chiŵero chachikulu pakati pa kukhazikitsa chitetezero, ndi kupitirizabe kukhazikitsa lamulo.

Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndipo chiletso choletsa kudzitsutsa n’chofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa anthu osamvera boma amene angamangidwe. Ofufuza nthaŵi zambiri amakana kuyankha mafunso monga mawu alamulo. Chitsimikiziro cha Fite Amendment cha njira yoyenera chikufunanso kuti boma lisalande munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda malamulo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti otsutsa ogwidwa ali ndi ufulu womva nkhani, kuimirana mwalamulo, ndi mpata wopereka chitetezero.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa 88 kumaletsa kuchuluka kwa belo, kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa aperekedwa poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito otsutsa, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito mpweya wa misozi, zipolopolo, ndi magulu ena. Mu [FLT]] . Pelzer [[FLT :2] [2] [200], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti “kunyalanyaza dala kuyendetsa zinthu za m’ndende kukhoza kuchititsa kutetezeredwa kwankhanza ndi chilango chachilendo. Pamene kulibe kuti kutsutsako kuponderezedwa kwamphamvu kopambanitsa kungasokoneze ku Khirisiti yachimo. M'nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti kuphwanya malamulo auchimo. M'nkhaniyi ikulu ya kusamvera chiweretsochi.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapakhoti Lalikulu Yomwe Inafotokoza Ntchito Yosainira

Zigamulo zingapo za khoti Lalikulu zakhudzana mwachindunji ndi mfundo za m’chikalata chotchedwa Bill of Rights ndi kuphwanya malamulo a boma.

Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham[[FL:1] (1 969)

Pankhani imeneyi, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth anatsogolera ulendo ku Birmingham, Alabama, popanda chilolezo pambuyo pakuti akuluakulu a mzinda anakana mobwerezabwereza chilolezo cha magulu a anthu oyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chigamulo chake, likumati lamulo la mzindalo linapatsa akuluakuluwo ufulu wosazengereza kukana chilolezo chozikidwa pa mawuwo. Khotilo linagamula kuti lamulolo linali losayenera kupatsidwa chilango chifukwa cha kuswa lamulolo. Nkhaniyi inagogomezera lamulo limene limalola kuti malamulo azikhala ndi kukwaniritsidwa ndi dzina la Glo lokhudza lamulolo, ndipo linapereka chitetezero champhamvu kwa otsutsa otsutsa milandu amene anayang’anizana ndi mlandu wa mlandu.

Hague v. Komiti ya Industrial Organization (1939])

Monga momwe taonera, nkhaniyi inatsimikizira kuti misewu, mapaki, ndi misewu ndizo mwambo wa anthu. Woweruza Roberts analemba motchuka kuti kugwiritsira ntchito malo oterowo “kuchokera kunthaŵi zakale, kwakhala mbali ya mwaŵi, katemera, ufulu, ndi ufulu wa nzika. Chigamulochi chinafooketsa dongosolo lolola kuti olinganiza apeze chilolezo kwa “mtsogoleri ndi mkulu wa chitetezo cha anthu,” amene angakane. Mlanduwu udakali maziko a ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa ndi kutsutsa m’malo a anthu onse.

.Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)

“ Mlandu wankhondo wa Opaleshoni” unapereka chitetezo ku mawu ophiphiritsira m’masukulu a boma. Khotilo linanena kuti ophunzira “sachotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula kapena kulankhula pa chipata cha sukulu. Chigamulo chimenechi chakhala chikuperekedwa osati m’zitsutso za sukulu zokha komanso m’makambitsirano aakulu onena za mkhalidwe wophiphiritsira. Chimasonyeza kuti ngakhale achinyamata, m’nkhani imene kuli koyenera, ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosayenera.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Mwinamwake mlandu waukulu wokhudza chitsutso ndi First Amendment, Texts v. Johnson anaimbidwa mlandu pa lamulo la Texas chifukwa chotentha mbendera ya ku America pa kuonetsedwa kwa ndale. Khoti Lalikulu linasintha, kunyamula kuti kutentha mbendera kumateteza ndi Malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera. Khotilo linaganiza kuti boma silingaletseretu mfundoyi chifukwa chakuti chitaganya chikuona kuti n’choipa. Lamulo limeneli linayambitsa mkangano waukulu ndipo linatumiza kukalamula kuti litetezere mbendera, koma mfundo yaikulu ya lamulolo imateteza kuti ngakhale machitidwe ophiphiritsa kwambiri a .

NAACP v. Alabama (1958)

Ngakhale kuti si mlandu wotsutsa mwachindunji, mlanduwu unateteza ufulu woyanjana nawo mwaufulu. Boma la Alabama linafuna kukakamiza NAACP kuvumbula mpambo wa ziŵalo zake, umene khotilo linasunga ukaswa ufulu wa kukonza Koyamba. Chigamulocho chinazindikira kuti kukakamiza kuvumbula kukhoza kuletsa anthu kulowa m’magulu a anthu amwambo, mwakutero kuchititsa chipongwe. Nkhani imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa magulu a anthu chifukwa imateteza gulu ndi magulu amene amatsutsa.

Maziko a Chiphunzitso ndi Kulinganiza Malamulo

Malamulo opangidwa ndi Bill of Rights amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mwambo wa anthu osamvera malamulo wotchulidwa ndi anthu anzeru monga Henry David Thoreau, Mahtma Gandhi, ndi Martin Luther King Jr. Chikalata cha Thoreau cha 1849 “Kusamvera . Chikalata cha Thoreau chinanena kuti anthu ali ndi udindo wokana malamulo osalungama, ngakhale ngati kutsutsako kumatanthauza kumangidwa. Iye analemba motchuka kuti, “M’boma limene limatsendereza munthu wosalakwa, malo enieni a munthu ndi ndende. Mfundo imeneyi imayendera mfundo ya malamulo a malamulo a Habeas corpus ndi kutsutsa kumangidwa kwa munthu.

Martin Luther King Jr., mu “Letter ya ku Birmingham Jail,” anakhazikitsa poyera kutsutsa kwake kwa kupanduka kwa boma m'malamulo onse aŵiri a makhalidwe abwino ndi a lamulo. Anatsutsa kuti lamulo losalungama ndi“pali lamulo lililonse” ndi kuti kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu kunali kulimbana kwakukulukulu kwa malonjezano a Malamulo ndi Chilengezo cha Upatuko. Mfumu inaitana kaamba ka “kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu. Kukakamiza chitaganya kulimbana ndi chisalungamo ndi kupangitsa kukhala kotheka kokha chifukwa chakuti Bill of Rights ilo lotetezera ndi kusonkhanitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, ngakhale pamene kuchita zimenezi kunaswa malamulo akwaniza lamulo a dziko. Zigamu za [FLT:] [FLD: 0] ndi [FLD:]

Kusamenyana, kogwirizana ndi nthanthi ya Gandhi ndi King, kumagwirizananso ndi chofunika cha First Amendment cha “kuyanja”. Mwakukana kubwezera, osamvera boma amasunga chilengezo chalamulo cha kutetezera ndi kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha makhalidwe abwino chimene chingasonkhezere kuwongolera kwalamulo ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Bill of Rights savomereza chiwawa; mwa kutetezera mawu opanda chiwawa, chimatsutsa m’njira zimene zingatsutsidwe kupyolera m’makhoti ndi nkhani zapoyera.

Magulu Amakono ndi Nkhondo Zalamulo

Buku la Bill of Rights likupitirizabe kusonkhezera mmene magulu a anthu a m’nthaŵi ino amachitira kusamvera boma.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Ma 1950 ndi 1960 adawona kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachindunji kwa chitetezo cha First Amendment ku kusamvera kwa anthu. Sit à systems pa malo ogulitsa chakudya chamasana oletsedwa, ufulu woyenda, ndi magudumu onse anachitidwa mosamalitsa kuswa malamulo omwe anadalira pa zoyenera za msonkhano ndi kupempha. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mlandu mu . Garner v. Louisiana [1961]) anagwetsa zikhululukiro za kukhala pansi pa anthu otengamo mbali, kugamula kuti boma silinapereke umboni wa kuswa mtendere pamene otsogolera ziwanda anakhala mwabata. Kuweruza kumeneku kopanda mphamvu kwa boma la anthu ndi kutsutsa kotetezeredwa kwa mtendere.

Nkhondo za ku Vietnam

Mu 1970, zitsutso zotsutsana ndi Nkhondo ya Vietnam zinayesa malire a kulankhula kophiphiritsira. Kutentha kwa mawu, kuipitsa mbendera, ndi zisonyezero zambiri ku Pentagon ndi m'makoleji zonse zinatsogolera ku kutchula. Cohen v. California[ [1971] anatetezera kuyenera kwa kuvala jekete lokhala ndi mawu akuti “Tambala,” kutetezera chinenero chimene ena amachiona kukhala chonyansa. Brandenburg v. Ohio [FL:] [1] [1969])) amakhazikitsa muyezo wamakono wa kusonkhezera mawu oletsa: kachitidwe kachitidwe kopatsiridwe kawo kapena kakuchita zinthu zosayeruzika ndipo zimasonkhezera chigaŵerengo. Osati kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵalo chowopsa, ngakhale chida cha nthaŵi yaitali, okhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chida chaku

Magulu a Pambuyo Pake: Magazi a Magazi Okhala ndi Moyo Amafuna Kusintha Mkhalidwe

Zitsutso zaposachedwapa, kuphatikizapo zija zotsogozedwa ndi Black Live Matter (BLM) ndi gulu la achichepere la nyengo, zadzutsa mafunso atsopano a zamalamulo. BLM, yoyambitsidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa George Floyd, inali yaikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya United States, kuphatikizapo maulendo amtendere ndi zochitika zachiwawa ndi kuphana. Makhoti alimbana ndi kuletsa kuikidwa kwa malamulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi malamulo. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu akhala akuimbidwa kuti atsutse njira zankhanza zapolisi; mwachitsanzo, makhoti apereka malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito gasi ndi zipolopolo motsutsana ndi lamulo loletsa kuphwanya lamulo. Makhoti achisanu a malamulo aletsa kuletsa njirikiti yosatsana ndi kulakwa kwaunjikana mlandu wa “kulimbana ndi kuletsa kutsutsa kwa lamulo.

Ochirikiza zanyengo, monga aja amene amathetsa Chipanduko ndi Sunrise Movement, akhala akuchita zinthu zosamvera boma mwachisawawa, kutsekereza nyumba za boma, ndi kusokoneza zochitika za anthu pa dziko lapansi. Kufuna kuti apangepo kanthu pa kusintha kwa nyengo. Kaŵirikaŵiri zotetezera zalamulo zimazikidwa pa chitetezo cha First Amendment ndi chikalata cha mawu oimira; amatsutsa kuti kusachita zinthu kumalepheretsa ufulu waukulu, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa moyo ndi katundu, ndi kuti njira zodzitetezera zolowera n’zofunika chifukwa njira zolowera zalephera. Makhoti ena azindikira “kutetezera kwabwino kwa . ” m'nkhani zachiŵeruzo zogwirizana ndi zaka 75, zikulola oimba mlandu kuti ntchito zawo zoletsedwazo zinali zoyenerera kuletsa kuvulaza kwakukulu. Komabe, makhoti a boma akana kutetezerako, kugogomezera kuti njira yosagwirizana ndi yoletsedwa, kutsutsa njira yoletsedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo.

Kuvutika Maganizo Kopitirizabe ndi Kumasulira Kosintha

Pa nthawiyi, anthu ambiri sagwirizana pa nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kulinganiza Ufulu Woletsa Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti zitsutso ziyenera kuikidwa kuletsa kusokonezeka, kutetezera chisungiko cha anthu, ndi kusunga dongosolo. “nthaŵi, malo, ndi mkhalidwe” chiphunzitso chimalola zophatikizidwa 93neuthal, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kungakhale kotsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, kulola kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zimene zingaletse zitsutso zopanda kutchuka. MCullen v. Cooctley . Coloradom . [FLT:] [20] [2010] [20], Khoti linagwetsa lamulo la Massachusetts amene anapanga malo 35 ound mphepete a zipatalansi zochotsa mimba, kuweruza kuti lamulolo likhale lolemetsa kulankhula koposa. Komabe Khotilo lina linachirikiza chigamu cha poyamba mu [FLD:2] . Coloraccod . [FF]

Kuzenga Mlandu wa Kusamvera Kwachiŵeniŵeni

Oweruza nthaŵi zina anena kuti otsutsa achita maupandu monga ngati khalidwe lotayirira, kuswa lamulo, kapena kutsekereza misewu. Kupambana kwa First Amendment kumadalira pa mfundo zenizeni. Kupanda lamulo kwachisawawa, kwamtendere, kosavulaza, kumene sikumalepheretsa ena kapena kuwononga katundu, n’kosavuta kutetezedwa. Komabe, otsutsa ambiri mwadala amaswa malamulo amene amawaona kuti ndi osalungama, kuvomereza chilango monga mbali ya njira yawo. Buku la ufulu wa anthu silimatsimikizira kuti boma lingatetezedwe ndi anthu otsutsa boma chifukwa cha maganizo awo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zamakono ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu

Kutsutsa kwa pa Intaneti [1] Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, kulinganiza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta pogwirizanitsa ntchito zachilendo. Chitetezero chachinayi choletsa kufufuza popanda chifukwa china chinaperekedwa ku foni zam’manja ( Riley v. California, 2014]), koma kukhoza kwa boma kuyang'anira zochita pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mitu yapamwamba, malo, ndi kulembedwa kwachinsinsi kwachititsa pulogalamu yochititsa mantha. Mpando Woyamba uteteza ufulu wa kulankhula mosadziwika bwino pa Intaneti, koma kuti kuteteza sikuli kotheratu. Pamene kusamvera kwa anthu kulowa m'malamulo, makhoti afunikira kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo akale ku mfundo zatsopano.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa

Bill of Rights yaumba kwambiri mwambo wa ku America wa kusamvera boma. Mwa kugwirizanitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kusonkhana, ndi kupempha, ndi mwa kupereka chitetezo cha boma kudzera pa Lachinayi, Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu, ndi Lachisanu, oyambitsawo anapanga malo ogwirizana kumene kusamverana kungakule bwino [1] ngati nthaŵi zonse sikuli kopanda mtengo. Mbiri ya kusamvera kwa anthu ku United States ndiyo chipangano cha pakati pa ufulu walamulo ndi kuchirikiza makhalidwe abwino. Kuchokera m’misewu ya Birmingham mpaka ku zitsutso zamakono, ochirikiza ufulu wa ufulu wa kuyenerera ufulu wa anthu monga chikopa ndi lupanga: chitetezero ku kachitidwe ka boma kopanda lamulo ndi lupanga kuti afune kuti dziko likhale ndi ufulu wake waukulu.

Magulu amakono akapitiriza kukakamiza zitsutso zovomerezeka, mfundo za maziko za mu 1791 sizikuthandiza anthu osamvera boma kupambana, koma zimawatsimikizira kuti atha kupambana. Ndipo ngati pali malamulo amene akufunika kusintha, padzakhala nzika zofunitsitsa kuswa zionetserozo.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]