Malamulo Okhazikitsa Mphamvu za Chisungiko

M’madongosolo a democracy, malamulo amapatsa maulamuliro apadera pa chitetezo cha dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Mfundo I ya Malamulo a U.S., imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu zolengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa gulu lankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo a kulamulira kwa asilikali. Makonzedwe ofananawo alipo m'mademokrase ena, kumene nyumba zamalamulo zimagwira ntchito yachikwama ndipo ziyenera kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa magulu ankhondo. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti oimira anthu ali ndi mfundo yeniyeni pankhani za moyo ndi imfa, kuletsa mkulu wankhondo aliyense kulamulira kwa boma kuletsa kuyendetsa ulamuliro wankhondo wosaletsedwa.

Pambuyo pa maulamuliro a nkhondo, malumbiro a malamulo amamasulira dongosolo la malamulo la mabungwe a luntha, maprogramu ofufuza, ndi ntchito zolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga. Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA ) mu United States, mwachitsanzo, adakhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba za malamulo kuti ayang'ane pa magetsi, ndipo amafunikira kuti nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi alembenso ndi kuyang'anira. Mu United Kingdom, Maulamuliro a ku Instigatory Act 2016 [1] mofananamo amakhazikitsa malire alamulo otsekereza njira zolankhulira mawu. Malamulo ameneŵa saikidwa pamodzi; malamulo nthaŵi zonse amawatumiza ku ziopsezo, kufunikira chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Moyenera

Mwinamwake makina oyendetsera zida zankhondo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oyendetsa ndalama za dziko. Otetezera amasankha zonse kuchokera ku mlingo wa gulu ndi zipangizo zofunikira kufufuza ku madongosolo a zida a mbadwo wotsatira. Ku United States, National Defense Implifiguration Act (NDA) ndi chigawo chachikulu cha lamulo lomwe limakhazikitsa zofunika ndi kulola kuwonongedwa kwa Dipatimenti ya Zotetezera. Malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito NDA kuumba, kuletsa ntchito zina (monga ngati kuzunza kapena kutsekedwa kwa zipinda), ndi malipoti kuchokera ku nthambi yapamwamba.

Malamulo a bajeti amathandizanso monga malo oyang'anira. Makomiti amafunsa akuluakulu oteteza anthu pa chilichonse kuyambira pa kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu pa pulogalamu ya F-35 mpaka kukonzetsa zida za nyukiliya. Kuopsa kwa bajeti kungakakamize mkulu kusintha malamulo kapena kupereka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo. M'madongosolo a palamente, komiti ya zachuma imafufuza njira zodzitetezera, kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zopereka msonkho zimawonongedwa bwino ndi kuti zikhale zofunika.

Mwachitsanzo, mliri wa COVID-19 unachititsa kuti mabungwe ambiri a boma apereke ndalama zotetezera thanzi la anthu, kusonyeza kuti zosankha za bajeti zimasonyeza makhalidwe a anthu ndiponso zinthu zoopseza mwamsanga. Zochita zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu za boma zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu za mphamvu za boma zikhale zosatheka kuvomereza ndi kukhudza mphamvu zenizeni za asilikaliwo.

Kuyendetsa Makina Motsatira Malamulo

Kumva, Kufufuza, ndi Kufufuza kwa Kazembe Wankhondo

Kuyang'anira kuli maziko a mphamvu yalamulo. Makomiti oima m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress, monga ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo Yokhala ndi Zida ndi House Homeland Security Committee, amamvetsera nthaŵi zonse pankhani za chisungiko. Kumva kumeneku kumabweretsa akuluakulu a boma [1] kuphatikizapo Mlembi wa Defense, Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence, ndi akuluakulu ankhondo akuchitira umboni pansi pa lumbiro. Mawu ndi malipoti adziŵitsa anthu onse ndipo angatsogolere ku kusintha kwa malamulo.

Kufufuza kuli chida china chofunika kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa September 11, Congress inakhazikitsa Commission kuti ifufuze kulephera kwa luntha. Malamulo a bungwelo anatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence ndi Ofesi ya Director of National Intelligence , kubwezeranso nzeru za bungwe la zanzeru la U.S. Mofananamo, UK Palamente’s Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) akufufuza ntchito ya MI5, MHQ, ndi GCQ, kufalitsa kuti pakhale kuwongolera pamene kuli kutetezera chidziŵitso.

Ntchito ya Ofufuza Onse

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa malo olondera odziimira okha pakati pa mabungwe a zachitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Defense Office of Inspector General, imafufuza ndi kufufuza zinenezo za chinyengo, kutayidwa, ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza. DoD Inspecter General imachitira lipoti nthaŵi zonse ku Msonkhano, kupereka opanga malamulo mayeso aumwini pa malamulo a bwanamkuthupi. Doctive . Mabuktowa amatsimikizira kuti ntchito zachitetezo zauchisungiko zimagwirizana ndi lamulo ndipo kuti cholakwa chilichonse chikuchitidwa mwamsanga.

Kutsutsana pa Mphamvu za M’nthaŵi Yadzidzidzi

Limodzi la malo ankhondo a boma otsutsana kwambiri okhudza mphamvu za boma. Malamulo ndi malamulo amapatsa akuluakulu mphamvu ya kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pavuto, koma makhoma a boma ayenera kulongosola ukulu ndi utali wa maulamuliro oterowo. Ku United States, National Emertications Act (19976) imafuna kuti pulezidenti alengeze mwamsanga m'kulemba ndi kuika malamulo kuti Nyumba za Ufumu zithetsedwe mwachigamulo chimodzi. Komabe, mabishopu ambiri agwiritsira ntchito zikalata zamwaŵi kudula ndalama, kukhazikitsa ziletso, kapena kutumiza asilikali a National Guvers, kaŵirikaŵiri kuyesa malire a genements.

Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezeranso kusagwirizana pakati pa thanzi la anthu ndi chisungiko. Malamulo padziko lonse anafunikira kulinganiza ufulu wokhazikitsa malamulo otsekera ndi kuletsa kuyenda pamene akuyang'anira. Opanga malamulo ena anabwezera ku malamulo a akuluakulu amene anayesa kuti afike patali, kukakamiza mikangano m'bwalo ponena za nthaŵi ya ngozi. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira ntchito ya bungwe la malamulo kukhala chitetezo pa ulamuliro, ngakhale panthaŵi ya chiwopsezo.

Chitsanzo china ndi chikalata cha UK cha Civil Continpocuments Act 2004, chimene chimalola boma kupanga malamulo a zamwadzidzidzi koma chimafuna kuti liperekedwe ku Nyumba ya Malamulo mwamsanga ngati n’kotheka.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Msonkhano wa United States ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya UK

Msonkhano wa ku United States

Bungwe la United States lagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake kukhazikitsa asilikali kudzera m'Chikalata chovomereza kuti agwiritse ntchito asilikali ankhondo (AMF). 2001 AUMF , inadutsa patatha 9 / 11, inapatsa pulezidenti mphamvu yolamulira kuti agwiritse ntchito “mphamvu zonse zofunikira ndi zoyenera” polimbana ndi anthu amene anaukira. Lamulo limeneli lagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa ntchito zankhondo ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Siriya, ndi kupitirira, ngakhale magulu amene anali asanapezekepo mu 2001, gulu la bipartarian mu Congress yayambanso kapena kulowa mmalo mwa 2001 AUMF, potsutsa kuti lakhala lofufuza la nkhondo yosatha. Mkanganowonjezetsa mphamvu ndi udindo wa onse aŵiriwo wa kukonzanso malamulo kuti agwirizane pa nkhondo.

Nyumba ya Malamulo imachitanso mbali yaikulu m'kulola ndi kuyang'anira zochita zachinsinsi. Pansi pa National Security Act ya 1947, pulezidentiyo ayenera kupereka lipoti “panthaŵi ino” ku makomiti a luntha a bungwe pa ntchito iliyonse yobisa. Chifuniro chimenechi, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chimasulizidwa kukhala chosamveka bwino, chimapatsa opanga malamulo windo m'ntchito zimene zikanakhala zobisa. Makomiti angaletse ndalama zothandizira ntchito yobisa mwa kugwirizanitsa ziletso, kuwapatsa iwo chiŵiya champhamvu pa chitaganya chanzeru.

Nyumba ya malamulo ya UK

Ku United Kingdom, mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo imasonyezedwa ndi Mfumu mu ulamuliro wachifumu, koma misonkhano ya malamulo yasintha kuti ikhale yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kaamba ka nkhondo. Mu 2003, boma linafuna ndi kupempha chivoti cha Zigamulo chovomereza kuukira Iraq, ngakhale kuti chivoticho sichinali chogwirizana ndi mfundo zachindunji. Posachedwapa, mu 2013, Nyumba ya Commons inasankha kuletsa boma kuloŵerera m'nkhondo ku Syria, ndipo inaletsa boma kuti lisagwirizane ndi ndege.

Nyumba ya malamulo ya UK imafufuzanso chitetezo kupyolera m'Komiti ya Defence, imene imakhala ndi mafunso pa nkhani zoyambira mtsogolo za kuletsa zida za nyukliya ku zotengera. Komiti ya Decifence [[FLT: 1] imafalitsa malipoti amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwake pa programu ya galimoto ya Ajax yonyamula zida zankhondo kuvumbula kuchedwa ndi nkhani za chisungiko, zimene zimasonkhezera Ministry of Defence kufikira ku Revotiate ndi kuwongolera zikalata za boma.

Mavuto Amakono: Kuopa Kutha Mphamvu, Kuopsa kwa Madzi, ndi Nzeru

Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Malamulo

Malo a magetsi ayamba kukhala maziko a chitetezo cha dziko. Malamulo ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo amene amateteza zinthu zofunika kwambiri, amafuna kudziŵitsidwa, ndi kulola ntchito za pa Intaneti yolakwika. Ku United States, Cybersecurity Information Survivation Act (CISA) ya 2015 amalimbikitsa makampani achinsinsi kuti agaŵane ndi boma zinthu zoopseza boma, pamene ASCYbersecurity Frame . Komabe, makambitsirano a ku chinsinsi, madata, ndi kuyang'anira kupitirizabe. Opanga malamulo ena amachirikiza “kulankhulana kobisa za boma, pamene ena amatsutsa kusungidwa kwa olemba mawu kumene kungafooketse chitetezo.

Pakali pano, bungwe la European Union linapereka bungwe la Network and Information Security (NIS) mu 2016, likulamula kuti mayiko a m'dzikolo atenge mphamvu za pa Intaneti ndi nkhani za nyuzipepala. Lamuloli linasintha mu 2022 kuti lithe kuphatikiza zigawo zambiri ndi kukhazikitsa zilango zokhwima kwambiri. Malamulo a boma afunika kuchita zimenezi chifukwa chakuti zinthu zimene zisokoneza za pa Intaneti zimasintha mofulumira, ndipo malamulo atha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo, zida zodzitetezera, ndiponso kutha kuukira kwa pa Intaneti.

Kuopsa ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Kuopseza chitetezo kwamakono kumasokoneza kwambiri nkhondo ndi mtendere. Kulimbana ndi magulu ankhondo ogwirizana ndi nkhondo za pa Intaneti, kusokoneza nkhani za boma, ndi kukakamiza anthu kuti asinthe zinthu zachuma. Kuyankha, makhoma a malamulo akhazikitsa malamulo oloŵerera m’mayiko ena pa masankho, kuvomereza anthu ndi mabungwe amene akuchotsa mfundo zachinsinsi, ndi kulimbikitsa mabungwe oletsa mabodza.

Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la UK loona za kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu ndi kuteteza anthu ku mayiko ena linayambitsa milandu yatsopano yokhudza kufalitsa mabuku a zigaŵenga ndi kuphunzitsa anthu uchigawenga. Ntchito imeneyi inachitidwanso pa Intaneti. Mofananamo, bungwe la U.S. lakhala likumvetsera za ntchito ya anthu pa kufalitsa nkhani zachilendo, zimene zikuchititsa kuti boma lifune kuti anthu aziona bwino kwambiri ndiponso kuti malamulo ayendetse. Malamulo ameneŵa amafunika kusamala kuti apeŵe kutseka kulankhula mwaufulu pamene akutetezabe chitetezo cha dziko.

Kuvomereza ndi Kusintha Zinthu Mwanzeru

Mabungwe a zanzeru amene amayang'anira malamulo amene amamasulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. M'chaka cha 1947, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ya mu 2004, ndi malamulo otsatira asintha bungwe la United States la luntha la chigawo. Zilolezo za nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi za luntha zapatsa okhazikitsa malamulo mpata kukonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri, malipoti olamulira, ndi malo auyang'anira. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Nyumba ya Malamulo yasumika maganizo pa kusintha bungwe la Foreign Surveillance Court , kutsimikizira kuti maprogramungwe onga ngati Pecture 702 ya FISA SA saphwanya ufulu wa nzika za ku America popanda chitetezo choyenerera.

Pambuyo pa zivumbulutso za Snowden, maiko angapo anakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano auyang'aniro. Mapangano a Federal Intelligence Service anakonzedwanso kukhazikitsa komiti yoyang’anira nyumba ndi kuika malamulo okhwima omvetsera. Ku Australia, Intelligence Services Act 2001 inasinthidwa kuwonjezera ntchito ya Inspecter-Jner of Intelligence and Security. Masinthidwe ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti malamulo a boma angagwirizanitse malamulo ndi zimene anthu onse akufunikira kuyankha komanso kukonza nzeru zogwira ntchito.

Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko ndi Mapangano Otere

Chisungiko cha dziko si nkhani yapanyumba yokha. Malamulo amatenga mbali m'kulamulira kwa dziko lonse kupyolera m'kukhazikitsa pangano, chivomerezo cha mapangano otetezera, ndi kukhala ziŵalo m'misonkhano yapakati. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States iyenera kuvomereza mapangano monga ngati kuchepetsa zida za nyukiliya ndi Russia, kuipatsa ntchito yachindunji m'kulamulira zida zankhondo. Mofananamo, Nyumba ya malamulo ya UK imachita makambitsirano pa NATAO ndi mavoti a kuchirikiza mapangano a kuchirikiza zida za nyukiliya.

Malamulo ambiri alinso mamembala a Msonkhano wa Palamende wa NATO, umene umasonkhanitsa opanga malamulo ochokera ku maiko a chiŵalo kuti akambirane za zitokoso za chisungiko ndi kuvomereza malamulo. Malipoti a msonkhanowo a nkhani zonga chiwopsezo cha ku Russia kapena matanthauzo a Belt ndi Road Initivery a China amadziŵitsa mayiko ndi mayanjano a malamulo. Mu European Union, Komiti ya Palamente ya European on Foreign Affairs imasamalira nkhani za chisungiko, kuphatikizapo kuchirikiza Ukraine ndi ziletso zotsutsana ndi maiko oukira boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola malamulo a boma kusonkhezera kupyola malire awo, kutsimikizira kuyang'anira kwa democracy muuniyo.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu yalamulo si mwambo chabe pa chisungiko cha dziko; ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito yopanga zofunika za chitetezo, kulinganiza, ndi malamulo. Kuchokera pa kugawidwa kwa malamulo a mphamvu zankhondo kufikira ku kuyang'anira kwatsatanetsatane kwa maluso, ma makhonsati amatsimikizira kuti malamulo a chisungiko akhalebe oŵerengera kwa anthu ndi olamulidwa ndi lamulo. Kuvomerezedwa kwa banki kumawapatsa mphamvu ya kulamulira kaimidwe kankhondo, pamene kumva ndi kufufuza kumavumbula zonse ziŵiri chipambano ndi kulephera. Maulamuliro a zamwambo ndi mavuto amakono monga ziwo zowopseza za pa Intaneti zimafuna chisamaliro chanthaŵi zonse, kutsimikizira kuti njira za chisungiko zikhale zosintha popanda kutsutsa malamulo a demokrase.

Nkhani za bungwe la United States Congress ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya UK zikusonyeza mmene malamulo asinthira mphamvu zawo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuyankha ziwopsezo zatsopano pamene akulimbana ndi mafunso okhalitsa onena za kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu. M’nyengo ya nkhondo za zipani, kuchotsa, ndi kusintha kwa luso lamakono, ntchito ya malamulo ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Opanga malamulo ayenera kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wawo mwanzeru ndi kuoneratu zamtsogolo, akumatsimikizira kuti njira za chitetezo za dziko sizili zothandiza chabe komanso n’zomveka bwino, zooneka bwino, ndiponso zozikidwa pa kuvomereza ulamuliro wa olamulira. Kumvetsa ntchito imeneyi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mmene mitundu imadzitetezera m’dziko langozi.