Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro wa Amereka

Boma limapanga mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa ku America, kuyambira pa misewu imene timayendera mpaka ku mpweya wabwino umene timapuma ndi sukulu zimene ana athu amaphunzira. Komabe nzika zambiri zimavutika kumvetsa mmene magawo osiyanasiyana a boma amagwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndiponso kumene udindo wa ntchito zina n’zofunika kwambiri. Malo amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu athe kutenga nawo mbali m’malamulo a ku United States ndiponso kuti azikhala ndi nyumba zoyamwirira za boma.

United States amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma, mtundu wa boma umene ulamuliro umagawidwa pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi magulu andale aunyinji . Maboma ameneŵa amaikidwa mu Lamulo la U.S., limene limatchula maulamuliro a boma a boma pamene likusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena kwa anthu kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa Malamulo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, dongosolo limeneli lakhala likusintha mwa malamulo, malamulo a Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi zofunika, kupanga maulamuliro amphamvu ndi ogwirizana, kupanga madongosolo a maudindo.

Chiyeso cha Bungwe: Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Pachimake cha akuluakulu a boma akukhala boma la boma, likulu lake ku Washington, D.C. nthambi zake zitatu zolingana , polisi, ndi jaji . Iliyonse imachita mbali zosiyanasiyana. Nthambi ya malamulo, yodziŵika monga Congress, ndi bungwe loimira mwachindunji kwambiri pamlingo wa dziko. Kuphatikiza Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435 ogawidwa ndi boma) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (mamembala 100, aŵiri a boma lililonse), ndi mlandu wopanga malamulo a dzikolo.

Nyumbayi imayambitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndipo imaphatikizapo misonkho, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kukhazikitsa nkhondo, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi achilendo, ndi kusungitsa magulu ankhondo. Nyumba imayambitsa ndalama za ndalama ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yokha ya kufunsira, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano. Mapangano a biobaral ameneŵa anali kulolerana pakati pa mayiko akuluakulu ndi aang'ono pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787, kutsimikizira kuti onse aŵiri anthu ndi ulamuliro wa boma akuimiridwa.

Pambali pa kukhazikitsa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imachita ntchito zosuliza. Makomiti m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri amafufuza zochita za nthambi za akuluakulu, kuweruza milandu, ndi kupempha umboni kuchokera kwa alembi ndi akuluakulu a bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, Boma Auntantication (GAO) ndi Congregational Bal Bal Office (CBO) amapereka kufufuza kosakhala kwa apartistan kumene kumathandiza opanga malamulo kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi maziko a macheke ndi dongosolo lapamwamba, kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kuwonjezera ulamuliro.

Ntchito ya Nthambi Yotsogolera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress ikulemba malamulo, nthambi yapamwamba yoikidwa ndi Pulezidenti . Pulezidenti, wosankhidwa pa zaka zinayi zilizonse, amatumikira monga Mkulu wa Gulu la asilikali, akuchititsa malamulo achilendo, ndipo angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Nthambi yaikulu imaphatikizanso madipatimenti 15 a kabutali (monga ngati Defense, Boma, Ndalama, ndi Education) ndi mabungwe mazana ambiri a boma monga ngati Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Federal Bureaunt of Investigation (FBI). Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo aukulu operekedwa ndi Congress.

Unansi pakati pa Congress ndi Pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri umadziŵika ndi kukambitsirana ndipo nthaŵi zina mikangano. Mtsogoleri wa dziko angasokonezeke ndi anthu atatu okha m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri, kupangitsa kuti akhale chiŵiya champhamvu. Koma, Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira bajeti ndipo ingathe kuchepetsa zolinga za mabwana. Kulimbana kumeneku n’kwadala: kumakakamiza ndi kuletsa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma kapena popanda kukonza.

Nthambi Yoweruza ndi Mafotokozedwe a Lamulo

Oweruza a boma amamasulira malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti akugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba, khoti lalikulu, limamva milandu imene imaloŵetsamo mafunso alamulo kapena mikangano pakati pa maboma. Makhoti a pansi pa boma . Makhoti a boma . "makhoti a m'chigawo ndi makhoti a m'madera a milandu yochonderera / kutchula milandu yambiri. Mwa mphamvu yachiweruzo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison . [183], makhoti angagamule malamulo operekedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kapena zochita ngati aswa malamulo. Ntchito imeneyi ili ndi matanthauzo aakulu pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ikukhudza ufulu wa kugawa kwa zauzira kuchipatala.

Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954) chinalengeza kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a boma popanda malamulo a boma, kupitirira pawokha ndi kusonkhezera kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Posachedwapa, malamulo a boma asintha malamulo a dziko ndi zachuma m'dziko lonse. Motero, judicariary imagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira kofunikira pa nthambi zina ziŵiri, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi ntchito zapamwamba zikukhalabe m'malamulo.

Maboma: Magulu a Demokalase

Pansi pa mlingo wa boma, maboma 50 a boma amayendetsa malamulo awoawo, osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi madongosolo a zamalamulo. Mpando wa Tenth Amendment umapatsa mphamvu zonse zosaperekedwa mwachindunji ku boma, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro pa maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, zoyendera, kusungitsa lamulo, ndi gulu la boma lakwawo. Woweruza Louis Brandeis anafotokoza motchuka kuti maboma ndi “maluso a demokrase,” kumene malamulo osiyanasiyana angayesedwe asanavomerezedwe m’dzikolo.

Maboma amatsanzira dongosolo la boma m’njira zina: iriyonse iri ndi bwanamkubwa (wodula), nyumba ya malamulo ya boma (kaŵirikaŵiri ya bidamal, kusiyapo dongosolo la Nebraska la unidamal), ndi dongosolo la khoti la boma lokhala ndi bwalo lalikulu. Komabe, maboma ali ndi kusinthika kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, maboma amakhazikitsa ndalama zawo za msonkho, amagamula kuti apeze ndalama zoyenerera za Médicaid pansi pa zitsogozo za boma, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo ya sukulu za anthu. Maboma ena, monga California, atsatira malamulo a dziko lapansi, mwaukali malamulo opitira malamulo oposa malamulo a boma, pamene ena, mofanana ndi Texas, ali ndi misonkho yamali yamali ya boma ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana: chiweruzo cha upandu, ufulu wa katundu, ukwati, ntchito zosamalira, ndi masankho. Alinso ndi mphamvu yopereka ndalama za boma kaamba ka dongosolo la zinthu, maphunziro, ndi mautumiki a kakhalidwe. Kazembe angasaine kapena kulipira ndalama, ndipo m'mayiko ambiri, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lingachotse chisankho cha zinthu zazikulu. Dongosolo limeneli limalola maboma kupanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chawo chapadera, chuma, ndi miyambo ya ndale zadziko.

Maudindo a Boma

Maphunziro ndi limodzi la maudindo aakulu koposa a boma. Boma lililonse limayang'anira sukulu zake zapoyera Kû12, limakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, limapatsa aphunzitsi mayeso oyenera, ndi kupereka mayeso otsatizana. Maphunziro apamwamba . . Mayunivesite apamwamba ndi makoleji a boma ndi makoleji a anthu omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, ndi ndalama zochokera ku bajeti ya boma ndi ku ndandanda ya za boma. Maprogramu a Federal onga ngati Tit I amapereka ndalama zowonjezera pa masukulu olandira otsika, koma maboma amasunga ulamuliro waukulu.

Zoyendera ndi ntchito ina yaikulu ya boma. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera amayang'anira misewu ya m’madera akutali (m'kugwirizana ndi boma la boma), misewu ya boma, ndi maulalo ambiri. Iwonso amayang'anira madongosolo a zaulendo a anthu onse, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madoko. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya California ya Zoyendera (Caltrans) imayang'anira imodzi ya mipatuko yaikulu ya msewu padziko lonse, pamene Dipatimenti ya Texas of Transport (TT) imayang'anira ntchito yoposa makilomita 800,000 a msewu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amadalira misonkho ya boma, ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto, ndi ndalama zothandizira zigwirizano.

Ubwino wa boma ndi udindo wa boma. Mabungwe a boma kapena a m’misewu yaikulu amaonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma akutsatiridwa ndi kufufuza milandu ya boma. Makhoti amaweruza milandu pansi pa lamulo la boma, ndipo ndende zimasunga olakwa. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko amayang'anira mabungwe oyendetsa zangozi (monga California Office of Emergency Services) amene amayankha ku masoka achilengedwe monga kupsa kwa moto, mphepo zamkuntho, ndi kusefukira kwa madzi.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Kumene Boma Limakumana ndi Anthu a M’khwalala

Maboma a m’dziko ndi amene ali apamwamba kwambiri ndiponso ooneka kwambiri a kulamulira anthu ambiri a ku America. Amaphatikizapo magawo, matauni, matauni, zigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera (kwa madzi, moto, mapaki, ndi zina zotero). Mosiyana ndi maboma a boma ndi zolengedwa za boma; boma limawapatsa ulamuliro kudzera m'malamulo kapena malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ndi nyumba za maboma za m’deralo zimasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku boma lina kupita ku dziko lina, ndipo ngakhale m’mayiko ena.

Ku New England, matauni kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi demokrase mwachindunji kupyolera m'misonkhano ya tauni, pamene kuli kwakuti ku South ndi Kumadzulo, makhonsati achigawo ali mbali yaikulu. Matauni aakulu onga New York, Los Angeles, ndi Chicago ali ndi madongosolo amphamvu a mameya, kumene meya ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, pamene ena amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la bungwe la kampani wa mizinda, kumene manijala waluso wa mizinda woikidwa ndi bungwe la tauni amathandiza kuyang'anira tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kumeneku, maboma onse akugawana nawo pa kupereka ntchito zofunika zofunika zofunika pamoyo wa anthu okhala m’dzikolo.

Ntchito za Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Makampani a boma ndi ma thireti a maziko. Maboma a m’deralo amapereka madzi akumwa oyera, amakonza madzi onyansa, amasonkhanitsa zinyalala, ndi kukonza makwalala. Amayendetsanso madzi apamchere ndi kuchotsa chipale chofeŵa. Kwa anthu ambiri okhala m’madera akumidzi, mautumiki ameneŵa ndiwo phindu loonekera kwambiri la boma lakwawo.

Kukonza nyumba ndi malo ndi ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe omanga nyumba ndi mabungwe a boma amasankha kuti ndi nyumba zotani zimene zingamangidwe, kumene makampani angayendetsedwe, ndiponso kukula kwake. Zosankha zimenezi zimaumba madera, zimakhudza zinthu, ndi kukhudza magalimoto. Malamulo a Zoring angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuchirikiza nyumba zosavuta, kuteteza madera a m'mbiri, kapena kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, mizinda monga Portland, Oregon, yayamba kukulitsa malire a mizinda kuti itetezere kumera kwa nyumba, pamene Houston, Texas, yotchuka ilibe ndi malamulo apadera.

Mabungwe otetezera anthu onse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mapaki ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa amayang'anira malo a maseŵera, madamu osambira, malo apamwamba, ndi zochitika za m'mudzi. Malo ameneŵa amathandiza kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino, agwirizane, ndi kunyadira anthu. Malaibulale, kaŵirikaŵiri amayendetsedwa ndi boma lakwawo kapena madera apadera, amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kuwerenga kwaulere mabuku, Intaneti, ndi maphunziro.

Ntchito ya Nyumba ya Mzinda

Mzinda wa Hall umatumikira monga likulu la boma lakumaloko. Ilo liri ndi ofesi ya meya, zipinda za bungwe la mzinda, ndi madipatimenti onga ngati kulinganiza, kulinganiza zandalama, ntchito za anthu onse, ndi kutukuka kwa chitaganya. Bungwe la mzinda, losankhidwa ndi madanga kapena kukulira, limapatsira malamulo a dziko omwe amalamulira zinthu zonse kuyambira pamlingo wa phokoso ndi kumanga malamulo. Misonkhano ya msonkhano ya bungwe ndi yotsegulidwa kwa anthu onse, ndipo mizinda yambiri imaulutsa imawalemba pa Intaneti, kulola nzika zawo kuonana zawo ndi kuvota pa nkhani ngati maatoko, mapangano, ndi zosankha zapansi pa nthaka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Nyumba ya Mzinda. Maboma amakonza bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka imene imapatsa ndalama madipatimenti malinga ndi zinthu zofunika komanso njira zopezera ndalama. Misonkho ya katundu ndi yokhayo imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’madera ambiri, yowonjezera pa misonkho, yolipirira mautumiki (monga zilolezo zomanga kapena magalimoto), ndiponso yotumiza ku boma kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Zosankha za kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zimakhudza kwambiri malo amene apolisi amakonzanso, kuti apeze ndalama zimene amalandira, ndiponso ngati kukonza misewu kuyenera kukhala.

Malo ambiri ochitira pangano la anthu a m’mizinda ayamba kuonedwa kukhala ofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m’mizinda ya New York City, mabungwe ambiri akhazikitsa ndalama zothandizira anthu kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito zikuluzikulu kapena mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.

Kuthandizana ndi Kuthandizana

Boma silimalamulira mopatula. Boma la boma limapatsa ndalama zothandizira ku maboma ndi madera, kaŵirikaŵiri zimene zili ndi mikhalidwe yogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, Highway Trust Fund imapereka ndalama za maprojekiti a misewu a boma, koma mayiko ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma pa kutetezeka, kusatsa malonda, ndi kupenda malo. Mofananamo, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro imapatsa ndalama za Thet I za maphunziro olandira ndalama zochepa, zikufunikira kuti maboma apereke mayeso ndi zotsatirapo.

Maboma amalimbikitsanso maboma akomweko. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a mmene mizinda ingakhoze kukhoma misonkho, kulanda malo, ndi kubwereka ndalama. Iwo angachotsenso malamulo a kumaloko . Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kwa kumaloko matumba apulasitiki kapena kuletsa kulipira. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa boma ndi boma kwakula m’zaka zaposachedwapa chifukwa cha nkhani monga malipiro ochepa, malamulo a mizinda yopatulika, ndi kuyang'anira mfuti. Chiphunzitso cha Dillon’s Laul, chimene chimanena kuti maboma akukhala ndi mphamvu zovomerezedwa ndi boma lokha, chimagwirabe ntchito m'zigawo ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ali ndi malamulo a nyumba amene amapereka ufulu waukulu.

Malamulo a boma angapangitsenso katundu wosafunika wa maboma ndi malo. Chikalata cha Cease Water and Clease Air Act chifuna boma ndi maboma akomwe kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya malo okhala, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo siimapereka ndalama zokwanira kuti apereke ndalama zolipirira zinthuzo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku kutchula zinthu pamene maboma akumalo akufunafuna thandizo kapena njira zosinthasintha kwambiri.

Phunziro la Nkhani: Kupereka Zopereka Zokonzedwa ndi Federal Fractures

Chitsanzo chotsimikizirika cha kugwirizana kwa boma ndicho Infrablicare Investment ndi Jobs Act (IJA) yosainidwa m'lamulo mu 2021. Mabungwe amenewa amathandizira boma kupereka ndalama za misewu, mabuloho, kumanga, kutumiza madzi, ndi galimoto zamagetsi. Pamene ndalama zikutuluka ku Washington, maprojekiti enieniwo akulinganizidwa, kukonzedwa, ndi kuphedwa ndi madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera ndi mabungwe a kumaloko. Maboma ayenera kutumiza, kukwaniritsa zofunika za boma (monga ngati kugula mapangano a America), ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amayendera mbali ya ndalama. Maboma a m'dziko amafunsira ndalama za mpikisano kapena kulandira magawo oikizidwa. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuti madipatimenti a dziko lonse ayendetsedwe ndi chidziŵitso cha kumaloko.

Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wina wonga Pittsburgh unagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za m’dziko la IIJA kuti ulowe m’malo mwa milatho yokalamba ndi kukonzanso malo ake opangira madzi.

Chigwirizano cha Msanganizo wa Chinyontho: Nkhosa Yomangirira Dongosolo Limodzi

Malamulo onse a dziko la America olamulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe la Congress mpaka ku holo ya mzinda. Kulankhula ndi boma, boma, ndi masankho ndi malo amodzi ndiyo njira yosavuta kwambiri yothandizira. Koma pangano limakhudza kuposa bokosi lolembedwa: kupezeka pa misonkhano ya sukulu, kupereka umboni pa misonkhano ya mabungwe a mumzinda, kugwirizana ndi bungwe la mnansi, kapena kulankhula ndi chiŵalo cha Congress ponena za mmene boma limagwirira ntchito.

Malamulo a boma amalamula kuti mabungwe afunefune mfundo za anthu pa malamulo operekedwa, kuyambitsa mipata ya kufotokoza ngakhale malamulo a zaumisiri. Pa chigawo chakumaloko, mabungwe okonzekera ndi mabungwe a ku malowo azikhala ndi milandu ya anthu pa zopereka za chitukuko.

Kuzindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi mathayo a boma lililonse nkofunika kuti pakhale kuyendetsa bwino mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, nzika yodera nkhaŵa ndi kuipitsa mpweya, iyenera kudziŵa kuti EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko pansi pa Deseat, koma mabungwe a boma ndi akomweko amagwiritsa ntchito ndi kuichirikiza. Mofananamo, munthu amene akufuna kuwongolera paki yawo yakumaloko ayenera kulankhula ndi maofesi a mizinda, osati membala wa bungwe la Congress. Kudziŵa kagulu ka ntchitoku kumalimbikitsa nzika kuyang’anira ntchito zawo kumene zidzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo la Mphamvu ndi Thayo Logawana

Dongosolo la boma la America si likulu la boma losavuta kumene malamulo akuchokera ku Washington. Mmalomwake, ndi mgwirizano wocholoŵana, wogwirizana ndi wogwirizana mmene mlingo uliwonse . "federal, boma, ndi malo akwawo, uli ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana koma zotsatizana. Nyumba za malamulo zimakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko ndi kugaŵira zinthu, malamulo a boma amasintha malamulowo ndi kusintha madongosolo a malo akwawo ndi mautumiki ovuta monga maphunziro ndi zoyendera, ndipo maholo a mzinda amayendetsa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu akhale okhoza. Masewera ndi oyendera limodzi mkati ndi pakati pa milingo imaletsa gulu lililonse kuyang'anira, koma amafunikiranso mautumiki ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana nthaŵi zonse.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kakonzedwe kameneka kuli kofunikira kwambiri . Ndi maziko a unzika wogwira mtima. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene zosankha zimapangidwira kuchokera ku Nyumba za Malamulo mpaka ku zipinda za holo ya mzinda, anthu angayende bwinopo, kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kuthandiza ntchito yopitirizabe ya kudzilamulira. Nthaŵi yotsatira pamene mutsegula mpope, kuyendetsa galimoto pa mlatho, kapena kutumiza mwana wanu kusukulu, kumbukirani kuti ntchito zimenezi ndizo ntchito zopangidwa bwino kwambiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuŵerenganso za kakonzedwe ka boma ndi mbali ya anthu, kuchezera . Gov kupenda kwa nthambi za boma , Congress ya boma. Gov ya chidziŵitso cha lamulo , ndi [FLT:] Conference of Legislatures ya chigawo. Convision of Commoration of State .]