Maboma padziko lonse anapangidwa mopanga magawo, limodzi ndi limodzi lokhala ndi magawo odziŵika bwino ndi maudindo. Kumvetsetsa mitu imeneyi ndi kofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene malamulo a boma amachitidwira ndi mmene ntchito zimafikira nzika. M'madongosolo a boma monga United States, mphamvu zimagawidwa pakati pa dziko, boma, ndi mayiko. Maboma ameneŵa, odziŵika monga a boma, amapanga kulinganiza kwakukulu kumene mlingo uliwonse uli ndi maulamuliro ake, ena okha ndi ena ogaŵana nawo. Mwa kupenda bwinobwino zitsanzo za maulamuliro a boma pamilingo yosiyanasiyana, nzika zingayendetse bwino ufulu wawo, zifuno, ndi mipata ya kugawana nawo. Nkhaniyi imapereka maulamuliro ang'onong'onong'ono kwambiri amene amayang'anizana ndi dziko, boma, ndi maboma, ndi mapulogalamu a boma, onse pamodzi ndi mapulogalamu enieni a dziko ndi madongosolo a boma omwe amawachirikiza.

Maboma Awo

Maboma a m’deralo — kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera, matauni, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera — ndiwo apafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Mphamvu zawo zimaperekedwa mwalamulo kapena malamulo a boma, ndipo amalamulira nkhani zimene zimayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Maboma a m’dzikolo ali ndi thayo la ntchito zambiri zimene zimaumba anthu ndi kusungitsa mautumiki ofunika.

Kusintha Malo ndi Dziko

Limodzi la maulamuliro owoneka kwambiri ndilo kukhoza kwa kulinganiza malo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa malamulo a malo. Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha kaya malo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kaamba ka malo okhala, malonda, maindasitale, kapena aulimi. Kumanganso kuyang'anira kukwera kwa nyumba, kulemera, ndi kulephera. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lolinganiza malo a kumaloko lingavomereze kupangidwa kwa nyumba pambuyo pa kutsimikizira malo abwino oyenerera ndi malo okhala. Mphamvu imeneyi imathandizira kuyang'anira kukula kwa mzinda, kutetezera mapindu a katundu, ndi kusungitsa makhalidwe a chitaganya. Popanda kumanga nyumba, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosagwirizana kungayambika, monga fakitale yoyandikana ndi sukulu.

Kusamala Anthu Onse ndi Mautumiki a Zamsanga

Maboma a polisi akuyang'anira madipatimenti apolisi, malo ozimira moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala. Amakhazikitsa malamulo akomweko amene amafotokoza milandu ya upandu, kuyang'anira ntchito yoyendetsa magalimoto, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapolisi za m'deralo. Madipatimenti a moto amayang'anira ntchito yozimitsa moto komanso zipangizo zoopsa komanso njira zopulumutsira. Mabungwe a zangozi amagwirizanitsa zochita za ngozi zachilengedwe, kuyambira pa mphepo zamkuntho mpaka pa mikuntho yamoto. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti asungire ndi kutetezeka m’deralo.

Maphunziro ndi Zigawo za Sukulu

Maphunziro a boma ndi udindo wa m'mayiko ambiri. Makomiti a sukulu za m’deralo, osankhidwa kapena oikidwa, amakhazikitsa bajeti, olemba ntchito, ovomereza masukulu, ndi kuyang’anira malo. Iwo amakhoma msonkho wa katundu kuti apereke ndalama ku masukulu. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ya m’deralo ingasankhe kugwiritsa ntchito programu yatsopano ya STEM kapena kumanga sukulu ya sekondale. Masukulu a m’deralo amasintha zinthu ndi kukhutiritsa anthu, ndipo amapanga maphunziro amodzi mwa maulamuliro a boma apadera kwambiri.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Ukhondo

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amakhazikitsa malamulo aukhondo, malesitilanti, matenda opatsirana, ndi kupereka akatemera. Amayang'aniranso kutaya zinyalala, madzi abwino, ndi kuletsa tizilombo. Panthaŵi ya mavuto aumoyo wa anthu, monga mliri wa COVID , maboma a m'maderawo anakhazikitsa malamulo a zachinsinsi, malo opimira, ndi zipatala zothandizira akatemera. Maulamuliro a zaumoyo ameneŵa ndi ofunika kuletsa matenda ndi kusungitsa malo abwino, otetezeka.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Maboma a m’deralo amasunga misewu, misewu, makwalala, ndi zizindikiro za pamsewu. Amayendetsa madongosolo a anthu oyenda monga mabasi ndi njanji yonyamulika, ndipo amakonzekera za njira za njinga ndi kutetezeka kwa anthu oyenda pansi. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungakhazikitse njira zochepetsera magalimoto pafupi ndi sukulu kapena misewu yowonongeka. Madera apadera — monga akuluakulu a padoko kapena akuluakulu a za kayendedwe — amagwiritsiranso ntchito mphamvu za kayendedwe. Zosankha za kuyendetsa sitima zimakhudza nthaŵi zapansi, kulimba kwa ndege, ndi kutukuka kwa chuma.

Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa

Maboma ambiri amayang’anira mapaki, malo ochitira masewera, malo ochitirako masewera, amakonza mapulogalamu ongosangalatsa anthu, misasa ya m’chilimwe, ndiponso miyambo ya chikhalidwe.

Maboma

Maboma amachititsa maulamuliro aakulu pansi pa Malamulo a U.S., makamaka aja amene sanagaŵiridwe ku boma la boma. Awa amadziŵika monga mphamvu zosungidwa , zofotokozedwa mu Tenth Amendment . Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wolamulira nkhani za thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa onse — kaŵirikaŵiri zotchedwa mphamvu za boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo ake, kayendetsedwe, kazembe, ndi jadiary, zimene zimaumba maulamuliro ameneŵa.

Kupereka Malamulo ndi Kupanga Malamulo

Maboma angapange malamulo m'madera onga maphunziro, zoyendera, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ntchito, ndi malamulo a banja. Mwachitsanzo, boma limakhazikitsa zaka zamwa mowa, ziyeneretso za ukwati, ndi njira zosudzula. Iwo amakhazikitsanso malamulo aupandu — kulongosola upandu kuchokera ku umbava kukupha — ndi kukhazikitsa zilango. Nyumba za malamulo a boma zikakangana ndi kukhazikitsa bajeti zimene zimasungitsa misewu, masukulu, ndi ndende. Chaka chilichonse, ndalama za ngongole zimalingaliridwa, zikuyambukira chirichonse kuchokera ku malamulo otsimikizirika ndi kutetezera ogula.

Msonkho ndi Ndalama Zogulitsidwa

Mayiko ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa misonkho pa ndalama, malonda, katundu, ndi mafuta. Amapeza ndalama kuti apereke mautumiki a boma monga maphunziro, zaumoyo (Medicaid), ndi zachuma. Mayiko ena ali ndi misonkho yopita patsogolo, pamene ena amadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya malonda. Maboma amakhazikitsanso malamulo a ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zazikulu za misonkho.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kuti Azisangalala

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a boma onga a Karty Affect for Needy Families (TANF), zidindo za chakudya (SNAP), ndi inshuwalansi ya ulova. Iwo amayendetsanso madongosolo a zaumoyo wa ana, chisamaliro, ndi mautumiki kwa okalamba ndi opunduka. Mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti ya mautumiki a kakhalidwe ka anthu imakhazikitsa kuthekera kwa Medicaid ndi kuyang'anira njira za umoyo wa chitaganya. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ovutika.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kuwongolera

Maboma amayang'anira mabungwe osungitsa malamulo (monga ngati apolisi kapena magalimoto aakulu), maloya a chigawo, makhoti a boma, ndi ndende. Amakhazikitsa zitsogozo ndi njira zopimira milandu. Oimira boma akakamiza malamulo otetezera ogula ndi kubweretsa milandu pa makampani. Dongosolo la milandu la milandu la boma limachita ndi upandu wambiri mu United States, kuyambira kuswa malamulo mpaka kuphana.

Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Maboma amamanga ndi kukonza misewu, maulalo, mabwalo a ndege, ndi madoko. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amayendetsa ntchito zazikulu monga malo a sitima zapamtunda ndi njanji yapamwamba. Amalamuliranso kulembetsa galimoto, kutumiza magalimoto, ndi kuchepetsa kulemera kwa malole. Mwachitsanzo, boma la DOT lingapereke ndalama zowonjezera njira ya chigawo chapakati cha dziko kuti lichepetse kuchuluka kwa galimoto.

Maphunziro ndi Maphunziro Apamwamba

Pamene zigawo zakumaloko zikuchita ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, ziyeneretso za kumaliza maphunziro, ndi zikalata za mphunzitsi. Makomiti a maphunziro akuvomereza mabukhu ndi kupereka mayeso oyeza. Maboma amathandiziranso mayunivesite a anthu onse ndi makoleji a m'chitaganya, kukhazikitsa malamulo a mwambo ndi kufufuza. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amatsimikizira mkhalidwe wosasintha wa maphunziro m'dziko lonselo ndi kukonzekeretsa ophunzira kaamba ka antchito.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Maboma amayang'anira mpweya ndi madzi, kutaya zinyalala, ndi kusungitsa malo. Amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma monga ngati Canea Water Act pansi pa ulamuliro woperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la boma lingapereke chilolezo kaamba ka malo otulukiridwa ndi maindasitale kapena kuyeretsa malo a Supermer. Maboma amayang'aniranso mapaki ndi kusungidwa kwa nyama zakuthengo, kulinganiza kupita patsogolo kwa chuma ndi kusungidwa kwa chilengedwe.

Maboma Olamulira

Maulamuliro a boma andandalitsidwa mwachindunji mu Constitution (maulamuliro okhalapo) limodzinso ndi mphamvu zotengedwa kuchokera ku Mfuno ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ali ofunika kusungitsa uchifumu wa mtundu, kupititsa patsogolo malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa nzika. Kufikira kwa boma kuli ndi malire koma kwakuya m’mbali za nkhaŵa ya dzikolo.

Kutetezera Dziko

Boma la boma limasungitsa magulu ankhondo — Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force — ndipo liri ndi thayo la kutetezera dziko ku ziwopsezo zachilendo. Congress imalengeza nkhondo, ndalama za asilikali, ndi kuyang'anira dongosolo la chitetezo. Pulezidenti, monga Mtsogoleri wa Mfumu, amatsogolera ntchito zankhondo. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Defense imachita ntchito zolimbana ndi upandu ndi kusungitsa zida za nyukiliya. Maulamuliro a boma amaphatikizaponso a Corost ndi zoyesayesa zachitetezo za dziko lawo.

Nkhani Zakunja ndi Zochititsa Chidwi

Boma la boma limapereka ulamuliro wokha pa malamulo a dziko lina. Pulezidenti akukambirana mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), kukhazikitsa akazembe, ndi kuvomereza maboma achilendo. Nyumba ya boma imayang'anira malonda ndi mitundu ina ndi kulamula. Dipatimenti ya Boma imayang'anira ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mapangano a mitundu yonse, ziletso, ndi chithandizo cha kumaiko ena zonse zimaloŵa pansi pa boma la boma. Maboma sakhoza kuloŵa m'mapangano kapena kuchita malamulo achilendo paokha.

Malonda a Externotestate

Bungwe la Commerce Claus limapereka mphamvu yolamulira malonda m’mayiko ambiri, kulola boma kuyang’anira mbali monga zoyendera, njira zolankhulirana, malonda a mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi ntchito za ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo pa galimoto zogulitsidwa m’madera osiyanasiyana a boma, limalamulira wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema, ndiponso limakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudalirana kwa mayiko amene akulimbana ndi mpikisano.

Kusamuka Kwachilengedwe

Federal law governs who may enter, stay, or become a citizen of the United States. The Department of Homeland Security oversees customs, border patrol, and visa processing. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) enforces immigration laws. Citizenship is conferred by federal authority, and states cannot create their own immigration policies, though they may cooperate with federal enforcement in limited ways.

Misonkho Yosiyanasiyana ndi Lamulo la Kukhoma Msonkho

Bungwe lina limaperekanso ndalama zothandizira kulipira ndalama (lovomerezedwa ndi kuwonjezera pa mamendulo a 16), misonkho ya makampani, misonkho (yothandiza anthu ndi ma Medicare), ndiponso misonkho. Boma limasonkhanitsanso ndalama zopimira kugulitsidwa. Ndalama zimenezi zimasunga ndalama za dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo zotetezera, za Social Security, zaumoyo (Medicaid, Medicaid), ndi zothandizira pa ngongole ya dzikolo. Boma la boma lingabwerekenso ndalama ndi kusindikiza ndalama — mphamvu za dziko lonse.

Utumiki wa Papositi ndi Ndalama

Boma la boma la United States Postal Service (USPS) ndipo liri ndi kuyenera kwapadera kwa kukhoma ndalama ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake. USPS imagaŵira makalata ku keyala iriyonse m'dziko, utumiki wofunika wa malonda ndi kulankhulana. Dipatimenti ya Treasury imapanga ndalama ndi kusindikiza ndalama, ndipo Federal Reserve imayang'anira njira ya ndalama kuchepetsa kukwera kwa mtengo ndi ulova.

Olemba m’manja, Patents, ndi Intelting Prejuals

Kuti athandize anthu kusintha zinthu, bungwe la Congress limapereka ufulu wokhudza ntchito zawo ndi zinthu zimene atulukira kwa kanthawi kochepa.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo: Mathayo Ogawana

Maulamuliro ena amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma — ameneŵa amatchedwa mphamvu zapanthaŵiyo . Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa mabanki. M'madera ameneŵa, lamulo la boma limayamba kutsogolera pa nthaŵi ya mikangano, chifukwa cha Classiace [1] ya Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma angakhoze kukhoma msonkho, koma lamulo la boma lingachotseretu malamulo a boma pankhani zina.

Mphamvu ina yofunika ndiyo kumanga mabwalo a zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amamanga maulalo, ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimabwera ndi mikhalidwe. Mofananamo, milingo yonse iŵiri imagwira ntchito m’mabwalo amilandu, koma makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu pa milandu yophatikizapo malamulo a boma, mapangano, kapena mikangano pakati pa maboma.

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana kwa Mphamvu ndi Kutchuka kwa Claus

Maupandu amabuka nthaŵi zina pamene boma ndi maulamuliro a boma amenyana. Supremacy Claus ikhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kutanthauza malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma nlopanda ntchito. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho kukhazikitsa chalamulo cha cha chamba. Mosasamala kanthu za maboma ambiri amene amavomereza zamankhwala kapena za zosangulutsa za anthu, limakhalabe Segedy Inimaked Ine kulamulira pansi pa lamulo la boma, kutsogolera kutsatsa kutsatsa kutsatsa malamulo a boma koma kuyenera kwa kuweruza. Chitsanzo china ndicho kusamuka — chikufotokoza kuti sichingayambitse malamulo awo a kusamuka chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro wa boma unzake gawo la boma linzani nkhondo zimenezi, kutsimikizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo.

Kuyerekezera Kwapadziko Lonse

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani ino ikunena za chitsanzo cha U.S., madongosolo ena a boma amagaŵira maulamuliro mosiyana. Ku Germany, Länder (maiko) ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro ndi polisi, pamene boma likulamulira chitetezo ndi malamulo akunja. Ku India, maboma ali ndi mphamvu zolimba za malamulo, koma boma lingachotse malamulo a boma pa anthu ena. Madongosolo a bungwe la Unitary onga United Kingdom kapena France amasumika mphamvu pamlingo wa dziko, ndipo maboma akumaloko amapatsa ulamuliro wokha. Kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza kuzindikira kuyenera kwa boma ndi mapindu ake poyang'anira anthu osiyanasiyana.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira zitsanzo za maulamuliro a boma pamiyezo yosiyanasiyana kumapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kuchita moyenerera ndi boma lawo. Kuyambira pazosankha zopangidwa ndi bungwe la mzinda kufikira pa njira za dziko zotetezera zolinganizidwa ku Washington, D.C., mlingo uliwonse umachita mbali yosiyana ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kudziŵa mlingo umene umatsogolera chimene chimatheketsa anthu kuchirikiza mogwira mtima — kaya mwa kupezeka pa msonkhano wa sukulu, kusanthula m'masankhoti a boma, kapena kukumana ndi nthumwi zawo m'ma Congress. Chidziŵitso chokhazikika ndilo cha democracy, ndi kumvetsetsa kugaŵira mphamvu kuli sitepi loyamba lofunika.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani USA.gov tsamba pa maulamuliro a boma , , Likulu la Malamulo la Ufulu wa Dzikolo [[FLT:] la malamulo a Utupi, kapena [[FLT:] U.S. Ofesi ya Umbalensi ya Boma kaamba ka kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mayanjano a boma.